midterm Flashcards
Lifespan development can BEST be defined as the study of:
a. human growth throughout life.
b. infancy.
c. childhood and adolescence.
d. aging.
a. human growth throughout life.
Which of the following is a non-normative transition?
a. retirement
b. entering kindergarten
c. divorce
d. puberty
c. divorce
Dr. Thomas and his colleagues want to study the effects of spanking on child temperament. As Dr. Thomas cannot randomly assign children to either be spanked or not, he must conduct a(n) _____ study.
correlational
Dr. Faulkner believes that directly observable events—stimuli and responses—are the appropriate focus of the study of development. Dr. Faulkner probably follows the __________ perspective of development.
behaviorism
Sandra is a very busy mom with three children who are very successful in school. She tries to remember to praise them for their accomplishments, but she does not always remember. The children are experiencing what B.F. Skinner would call what?
Variable reinforcement
Three-year-old Charles gets a cookie every time he uses the potty. Charles is being _____ for using the potty
reinforced
Professor Carter and her research assistants are conducting a study that involves watching children in a first-grade classroom. This study involves:
Naturalistic observation
A biochemist and a nurse are both studying Alzheimer’s disease. This is a reflection that lifespan development is:
Multidisciplinary
Which of the following is NOT an example of a bidirectional relationship?
a. Mrs. Taylor enjoys doing homework with her son in the evening.
b. When Mary sees her upbeat friend, she feels happy.
c. John gets distressed when he sees his moody and unpredictable neighbor.
d. Professor Erikson notices that she does not make eye contact with her shy students
a. Mrs. Taylor enjoys doing homework with her son in the evening
Cross-sectional studies cannot tell a researcher about _____ differences in development.
individual
Dr. Holder is interested in the relative importance of genetic and environmental factors on human development. This is known as the __________ controversy
Nature-nurture
A culture that values social harmony over individual achievement is called:
collectivist
Gabriella thinks by acting on the world with her eyes, ears, hands, and mouth. Gabriella is in the __________ stage of cognitive development
sensorimotor
James and his identical twin brother Henry were raised by different parents. If James and Henry met as adults, they would tend to be MOST similar in:
a. personality
b. extraversion
c. SAT scores
d. intelligence quotient (IQ)
d. intelligence quotient (IQ)
What has been the number one economic problem in the United States since the 1970s?
income inequality
To determine whether shy children become shy adults, Dr. Mulvaney followed a group of participants from age 5 to age 25. This is an example of a __________ design.
longitudinal
ones _____ is one’s age group—the people with whom one travels through life.
cohort
Sixteen-year-old Bethany is struggling with whom she wants to be. According to Erikson, Bethany is facing the developmental task of
identity
According to ecological, developmental systems theory, interactions between Marina and her child occur in the
Microsystem
Due to advances in _____, people can now find out whether they carry the genes for certain illnesses.
genetic testing
A developing fetus absorbs nutrients through the __________, a structure that projects from the uterine wall during pregnancy
placenta
Mrs. King’s labor is not progressing, so her doctor recommends a cesarean section. The doctor will be
making an incision in the abdominal wall and the uterus and removing the fetus manually.
What is the MOST important factor that determines a woman’s emotional state during pregnancy
feeling cared about and loved
A(n) _____ provides emotional and physical support during a woman’s labor without performing actual health-care tasks such as delivery or exams
Doula
Amniocentesis involves:
inserting a syringe into the uterus and extracting a sample of amniotic fluid.
Who determines the baby’s sex?
father
When Karen gives her newborn a bath, she cleans the baby’s belly button, which is where the _____ used to be
Umbilical cord
________ is a white, downy hair that covers the body of the fetus around 4-6 months of prenatal development.
Lanugo
During the delivery of her baby, Natasha’s nurse recommended she consider a(n) _____, which involves injecting a painkilling medication into a space outside the spinal cord to numb her body below the waist.
epidural
Implantation involves:
a blastocyst embedding in the uterine wall
During the delivery of Mikayla’s baby, the doctor made an incision in the perineum to widen the opening. Mikayla had a(n):
episiotomy
Martha is about 18 weeks pregnant and has experienced quickening. This means that Martha feels:
the fetus moving
Jeanine recently had surgery on a slim, pipe-like structure that her eggs travel down to enter her uterus. Jeanine has had surgery on her
fallopian tube
Which statement about teratogens is false?
a. They are most likely to cause damage during the embryonic stage.
b. Their damage is unpredictable.
c. They operate in a dose-response fashion.
d. They rarely cause damage after the first trimester.
d. They rarely cause damage after the first trimester.
Jessie’s baby’s scalp is just emerging from the birth canal. Jessie’s baby is:
crowning
The time during prenatal development when the major body structures form is the _____ stage
embryonic
The main consequence of smoking during pregnancy is having a baby that:
smaller baby
Laticia’s fetus is descending through the uterus and entering the birth canal. Laticia is experiencing stage two of labor, which is:
birth
The pear-shaped muscular organ in a woman’s abdomen that holds a developing fetus is called the:
uterus
Although Mrs. Nelson is pregnant, her husband complains of morning sickness. Her husband is suffering from:
couvade
The risk of miscarriage is MOST common during:
First
Baby LeBron was just born. What is used to evaluate his condition?
the Apgar scale
The earliest date at which a baby can possibly live outside the womb is the:
age of viability
All of the behaviors listed may quiet a young baby EXCEPT:
a. kangaroo care.
b. infant massage.
c. swaddling.
d. letting the baby “cry it out.”
d. letting the baby “cry it out.”
Why do moms and dads use infant-directed speech?
Babies pay attention when spoken to like this.
In Piaget’s theory, habits such as thumb sucking that center around the child’s body are called
primary circular reactions
Completing major motor milestones (such as crawling or walking) early is _____ to later intelligence.
unrelated
Baby Marcie recently surprised her mother by saying, “me milk.” This first word-combining stage is called _____ speech, and Marcie is probably _____ old.
telegraphic; between 1½ and 2 years
Baby Sam loves to say “oooo.” This is an example of:
cooing
When baby Rodrigo’s mother touches his lips, he suckles his mother’s finger. Rodrigo is showing the _____ reflex.
sucking
In selecting a good day-care center, parents should do everything EXCEPT:
a. look for small child-teacher ratios.
b. look for frequent staff turnover to ensure that a child’s primary attachment is to mom and dad.
c. look for patient, caring, and empathic caretakers.
d. consider their child’s temperament.
b. look for frequent staff turnover to ensure that
Malika and her 7-month-old son are totally in tune with one another, alert and sensitive to each other’s signals. This joyful attunement is called:
synchrony
After being separated, children who don’t seem to care when their primary caregiver re-enters the room may have a(n) _____ attachment style.
avoidant
Clara is beginning to feel ashamed of herself for the first time. Clara is probably:
2 to 3 years old
Early Head Start:
supports low-income pregnant women, infants, and toddlers.
Brenda is 2 years old and is trying to dress herself. When her mother tries to help, Brenda screams and pushes her away. Brenda is demonstrating:
autonomy
Early-childhood poverty in the United States has its MOST dramatic impact on:
academic performance
The federal program that provides free high-quality preschool specifically to low-income children in the United States is called:
head start
An insecurely attached child is at risk for later problems in relationships with peers. Which of the following can aid an insecure child’s adjustment?
a secure attachment with a teacher
Baby Jamey has recently become visibly upset when her mother leaves the room. Jamey is approximately _____ months old and experiencing _____
7; separation anxiety
Baby Lydia is having her 1-year checkup. As the pediatrician puts the stethoscope on Lydia’s chest, she looks to her mother to see if the situation is safe. Baby Lydia is showing:
social referencing
___________ is the extent to which a child’s temperament is compatible with the demands and expectations of the social world
Goodness of fit
Josie is thrilled that her baby now smiles when she sees any person appear. This is called _____ and begins at about _____ months of age
the social smile; 2
For a baby with a difficult temperament:
particularly sensitive caregiving can promote a secure attachment.
When frightened by a neighbor’s large dog, 4-year-old Amy cried and ran to her mother. Amy showed:
proximity-seeking behavior.
Harry Harlow’s research with isolation-reared monkeys showed that:
the behaviorist idea that one gets attached through being fed was wrong.
What is the BEST child-rearing strategy to adopt with a temperamentally fearful toddler?
Gently push the child into a few stressful situations.
Casey is almost 4 years old. Her mother has placed a plate of cookies on the table and tells Casey, “Don’t touch the cookies,” and then leaves the room. Casey stares at the plate of cookies but does NOT take one. Casey is demonstrating
conscience
When their caregiver re-enters a room after being separated, babies with an anxious-ambivalent attachment style
have trouble being soothed.
During the first 3 months of life, babies are in what Bowlby called the _____ phase.
preattachment
Ghadia joyfully runs to her primary caregiver after being separated. Ghadia is showing a(n) _____ attachment.
secure
Mrs. Humperdinck gives help to her class when needed and then backs off when a student masters a given skill. Mrs. Humperdinck is using a teaching technique called:
scaffolding
Jenny says, “Me want more milk.” This sentence has four:
morphemes
Two-year-old Anthony says “doggy” every time he sees a four-legged animal. This specific language problem is called:
overextension
Five-year-old Casey believes that a drinking glass now holds more juice simply because it was poured into a taller glass. Casey is in Piaget’s _____ stage of development.
preoperational
Earliest memories are of age
3 or 4 years
When a child states “Daddy made the moon,” she is showing:
artificialism
Professor Mary tests children’s reasoning abilities. She changes the shape of a mound of clay in front of a child and asks if the quantity of clay has changed. Professor Mary is investigating cognitive abilities using a _____ task
conservation
Brandon is in the third grade. What stage of development is he in?
middle childhood
When 3-year-old Edward’s father asked his son what he had done that day, Edward replied, “I sawed two deer outside and goed to see them.” These classic language mistakes are called:
overregulation
Child art can be wonderful. At age 3, young children often struggle with drawing circles but by the time they are in third grade they can draw people with both bodies and faces. This is an example of the _____ principle.
mass-to-specific
Jeremy’s mother asks her son where he put his new dump truck. Jeremy replies, “It is sleeping.” Jeremy is showing signs of _____, and he is probably _____.
animism; in preschool
Shelly is a home-school advocate and has taught her own children for the past 7 years. Currently, her youngest is 6 years old. Right now, “school” centers around play, reading to her daughter, and field trips. Shelly believes that real school work should begin around age _____ because this is the age when children enter concrete operations.
7
James and Sarah are both 8 years old. Statistically speaking, James is:
roughly the same size as Sarah.
Jeremy is celebrating his third birthday. Which life stage is he entering?
early childhood
The zone of proximal development refers to the gap between a child’s ability to solve a problem:
on his own versus after being taught.
Chelsea has noticed that when she and her son go to the swimming pool, instead of saying, “no in water” when he protests about going in, he has begun to say, “Don’t put me in the water.” Chelsea’s son is mastering grammar, also known as:
syntax
Three-year-old children typically have relatively large heads, while 6-year-old children have relatively longer, thin bodies. This difference in physical appearance with age reveals the _______ principle.
cephalocaudal
Girls’ play often involves:
cooperating and collaborating in small groups
Three-year-old Micah thinks his father turned into a monster when he put on a clown mask. Micah’s inability to grasp that a person’s core self stays the same despite changes in appearance shows he is too young to understand:
identity constancy
Four-year-old Jose just received a game that involves placing foam numbers into a template. As Jose looks for where each number belongs, his mother notices that he is mumbling “eight,” “six,” and so forth. Jose is showing what Vygotsky called _____ to master this task.
inner speech
Collaborative pretend play involves ______ and develops around age _____.
two children fantasizing together; 4
Which child is MOST likely to be more popular during preschool and early elementary school?
Brenda, who has superior theory-of-mind skills.
Becky is in kindergarten and is learning how to write her name. She is developing:
fine motor skill
“Mr. Sun goes to bed because I do.” This 3-year-old’s statement shows signs of:
egocentrism
Which of the following is a factor that can hinder children’s growth and motor skills?
a lack of outdoor play and a lack of food
The devastating condition that hinders theory-of-mind abilities is:
autism
Zack is 4 years old and can do cartwheels, back flips, back-hand springs, and one-handed cart wheels. He has had no formal training to develop these gymnastic skills. All represent:
gross motor skills
When asked to explain why Josie is her best friend, Shareese answers, “Because she makes me laugh and is nice to me.” These girls are MOST likely _____ children, because they describe their friendship in terms of _____qualities.
older; internal
Ian goes to school and pulls the hair of a younger child. When Ian returns home, his brother’s friends push Ian around and pretend they are going to punch him. The next day at school, Ian trips another child on the school bus. Ian’s behavior appears to be that of a(n):
bully-victim
Mr. and Mrs. Franklin are taking their son to see a psychiatrist who helps children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The psychiatrist might consider all of the following interventions EXCEPT:
recommending the child be exposed to demanding timed tasks.
Fostering school self-efficacy involves praising children for:
working hard
Lee is 10 years old. According to Piaget, which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Lee’s cognition?
A. He can think abstractly in a scientific way.
b. He can reason conceptually about concrete objects.
c. He has a realistic understanding of the world.
d. His thinking is similar to adults.
He can think abstractly in a scientific way.
Lara sees a highway crash and feels incredibly frightened. Tonia feels terrible for the people who were hurt and rushes to help. Pick the label for each girl’s response.
Lara = empathy; Tonia = sympathy
Rhashan, a 3-year-old, is continually testing his abilities in the wider world. Josh, a second grader, is learning that he has to work for what he wants. Pick Erikson’s psychosocial stages for each boy.
Rhashan = initiative; Josh = industry
John is 7 years old and does NOT like new social situations. Every time he and his mother are in a new situation he stays next to his mother and has even hidden behind her. He is demonstrating _____ tendencies.
internalizing
Tawanda uses induction when disciplining her child. After witnessing her daughter teasing a playmate, she says:
“Think of how terrible that child feels being teased.”
Brandon is in the third grade. What stage of development is he in?
middle childhood
When asked why Jorge likes his friend Victor, he replies, “Because we both love playing with swords.” These boys are probably _____ children because they describe their friendships in terms of _____ qualities.
younger; external
Why does self-esteem decline during elementary school?
Children can realistically compare their abilities to their peers.
According to Susan Harter, children base their self-esteem on all of the following factors EXCEPT:
a. behavioral conduct.
b. physical appearance.
c. scholastic competence.
d. organizational abilities.
d. organizational abilities.
Nine-year-old Nanette realizes that she is not a scholar, but she is a star athlete, which is the life domain she really cares about. Nanette MOST likely has:
high self-esteem
Tamika felt humiliated when her teacher yelled at her in front of the class. Jebron felt terrible about insulting his younger brother. Tamika experienced _____, while Jebron felt _____.
shame; guilt
Characterized by excessive restlessness and distractibility, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is MOST commonly diagnosed among _____ with _____ being affected MOST often.
elementary schoolers; boys
A child’s ability to filter out extraneous information and focus on what he or she needs to know is called:
selective attention
_____ children land in the disliked category often and never appear in the preferred list. They also stand out among their classmates in a negative way.
rejected
This is aggressive behavior that is repeatedly carried out via electronic media and is potentially more harmful than traditional bullying.
cyberbullying
Synaptogenesis refers to the process of:
making billions of connections between neurons.
Eleven-year-old Sarah loves to tattle on her older sister. Last week, Sarah told her sister’s boyfriend that her sister had kissed another boy. Sarah showed _____ aggression.
relational
Children who believe that they are powerless to affect their fate and thus give up on tasks without trying have developed:
learned helplessness
Five-year-old Brenda is often loud, rude, aggressive, and disruptive. She probably has _____ tendencies.
externalizing
The frontal lobes develop:
slowly; they let people consider options and inhibit immediate responses.
Working memory _____ during preschool and early elementary school.
expands dramatically
When do MOST people master learning strategies such as rehearsal and selective attention?
in elementary school
Samantha can observe her own actions and abilities from an outside frame of reference and can reflect on her feelings. Samantha is showing:
self-awareness
Obesity rates among children:
increased dramatically in the 1980s.
Children who rebound from serious early life traumas and construct a successful adult life are:
resilient
Raquel has a natural ability to understand other people. Gardner would view Raquel as high in _____ intelligence.
interpersonal
Which statement is true?
a. A child’s temperament is the main factor in predicting abuse.
b. A child’s temperament can influence the risk of being abused.
c. A child usually invites parental abuse.
d. A child has no influence on his or her risk of being abused.
b. A child’s temperament can influence the risk of being abused.
Vincent enjoys playing the guitar and practices for hours at a time. Practicing is a very pleasurable activity for him, and he does not do so for any kind of tangible reward. Vincent is _____ motivated to play the guitar.
intrinsically
Judith Harris proposed that the main force shaping children’s behavior is their _____ rather than their parents.
peer
Paula’s IQ is 114, yet she reads on a third-grade level in seventh grade. Paula MOST likely:
has a learning disability
_____ is a measure that evaluates a child’s knowledge in specific school-related areas.
An achievement test
To help a child rebound from the trauma of a divorce, parents should:
keep consistency in the child’s life.
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a community that promotes upward mobility?
a. There are high-ranked schools in the community.
b. The community has more two-parent than single-parent families.
c. The community has more crime.
d. There is less poverty in the community.
c. The community has more crime.
Nolan, a 10-year-old, is the envy of his classmates because he doesn’t have a set bedtime and is free to stay up as late as he wants. Nolan is a well-adjusted child who feels that his parents love him. Based on this description, his parents are MOST likely:
permissive
Marsha is a single mother of three. Her youngest is 3 years old. Every time her youngest daughter asks to hug, kiss, or be helped, Marsha pushes her away. There are also no expectations for her youngest child. Which of the following BEST describes Marsha’s parenting style?
rejecting-neglecting
What form of child maltreatment may be the MOST common?
emotional abuse
Crystal and Jeremy are divorcing due to Jeremy’s affair. Crystal has frank discussions with her children about the reasons for the divorce and about what to expect afterwards. She never misses an opportunity to put the blame for the divorce on Jeremy and to suggest that her children should be angry with their father. Crystal needs to know that:
using her children as pawns to express her anger is detrimental to them.
Makayla is in the gifted program at her school. This means she:
has an IQ of at least 130.
“It takes a village to raise a child” best references:
collective efficacy
William expects instant obedience from his children when he tells them to clean up their rooms. Richard is willing to negotiate with his children regarding household chores. In Baumrind’s parenting styles framework, William is _____ and Richard is _____.
authoritarian; authoritative
Over the last 100 years, IQ test scores have been steadily increasing. This is referred to as the _____ effect.
flynn
Which of the following is NOT a tip for making school more intrinsically motivating?
Reward the children who do well with special prizes.
Jeremy has received an IQ score of 65. His diagnostic classification is:
intellectually disabled.
All are examples of blended families EXCEPT for children living:
a. in traditional two-parent families.
b. with half-brothers and half-sisters.
c. with foster parents.
d. with a biological mother and a stepfather.
a. in traditional two-parent families.
Disciplining by physical measures such as spanking is called:
corporal punishment
