Midterm (10/27) Flashcards
U.S provided economic assistance to restore the economic infrastructure of postwar Europe
— to prevent the spread of communism in W. Europe and to stabilize the international order in a way favorable to the development of democracy and free-market economies (was effective)
— reinforces realism (all actions that countries do are for national security purposes and to prevent war)
Marshall Plan (1947)
Keohane/Nye states that the only way conflict among nations wouldn’t exist is if:
1. we had an ______ ______ ______ that everyone depended on
2. _____ countries were vulnerable
3. there was ____ solution(s)
international economic system, all, one
According to Haass, a stable world order requires…
1. a stable _________
2. broad ______ of the rules that govern international relations
3. skillful statecraft, creative diplomacy, functioning institutions, and effective action
distribution of power, acceptance
- a stable distribution of power
- broad acceptance of the rules that govern international relations
- skillful _____, creative _____ , functioning _____, and effective _____
statecraft, diplomacy, institutions, action
sets of rules and principles established after the Napoleonic wars
— countries would back each other in instances of revolt
Concert of Europe
According to Haass, the liberal world is deteriorating due to the:
1. rise of ______ and some medium powers (Iran, N.Korea, etc.)
2. spread of tech to dangerous people
3. surge in _______
4. lack of effective ______
5. US overreach in some places and underreach in others
China, nationalism, statecraft
Russia’s “reason’ for fighting this war is their claim that Ukraine has been overtaken by ___, which is interesting considering Ukraine’s president is _____
Nazis, Jewish
Recently, Biden traveled to ______ to meet with ____, which was unpopular, and it was surprising that still after that OPEC decided to limit oil supply to keep oil prices high.
Saudi Arabia, M.B.S
— in a killing of a Washington Post reporter, all signs point to the government of ______
— we ignored that because we are dependent on their __
— example of ___________
Saudi Arabia, oil, interdependence
Components of the liberal world order:
1. international _______ ______
2. ________ _______
3. democratic values
security cooperation, economic openness
Components of the liberal world order:
1. international security cooperation
2. economic openness
3. ___________
democratic values
document that enshrines all the human rights of all human beings (example of protecting “democratic values” in the liberal world order)
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)
intergovernmental military alliance between 30 member states – 28 European and two North American
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)
international organization for collective defense in these region
Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (1954)
promotes international trade by reducing or eliminating trade barriers such as tariffs or quotas
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (1947)
international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of low- and middle-income countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects
World Bank (1944)
international organization of 190 countries that supports economic policies that promote financial stability and monetary cooperation
International Monetary Fund (1944)
the exit of the UK from the EU
Brexit
_______ (UK economist) and _________ (U.S Treasury) led negotiations for the World Bank and the IMF
John Keyes, Harry White
U.S Secretary of State; went to Ukraine and announced $2 million in additional aid
Anthony Blinkey
recently announced intentions to put a price cap on Russian oil
g7
This state plans to ban the sale of all gas-powered vehicles by 2035
California
_____ (1)n forces continue to fortify the ____ (2) nuclear power plant that they were fighting around, but it looks like now ____(1) is allowing the IAEA in to conduct legitimate reviews.
Russia
assumptions of rational choice models:
1. each actor has a set of ______/______ preferences over all possible outcomes
2. each actor wants to maximize their own welfare
3. each actor makes rational decisions (in terms of their own welfare)
complete, well-ordered
assumptions of rational choice models:
1. each actor has a set of complete/well-ordered preferences over all possible outcomes
2. each actor wants to ______ their own ________
3. each actor makes rational decisions (in terms of their own welfare)
maximize, welfare
assumptions of rational choice models:
1. each actor has a set of complete/well-ordered preferences over all possible outcomes
2. each actor wants to maximize their own welfare
3. each actor makes ______ decisions (in terms of their own welfare)
rational
set of expectations of which choices actors will make and what outcome(s) will occur
end result/solution
process where two or more interdependent actors adjust their behavior to produce an outcome that leaves each of them better off (distinct from compromise, shared interests, charity, etc.)
cooperation
cooperation is a process where two or more _____ actors ____ their behavior to produce an outcome that leaves each of them _____ off (distinct from compromise, shared interests, charity, etc.)
interdependent, adjust, better
at least two actors who, acting independently in pursuit of their self-interests, produce an outcome that leaves each worse off
cooperation problem
a cooperation problem is when at least two actors who, acting _____ in pursuit of their self-interests, produce an outcome that leaves each ____ off
independently, worse
— have a shared resources and a set of actors who want to maximize their “sheep” (welfare)
— the problem is that each sheep has a private benefit and shared cost, so each herder will have more sheep than they’re supposed to
tragedy of the commons (Hardin)
set of concepts that help us define/analyze RCM’s
— study of mathematical models of strategic interactions among rational agents
game theory
complete, well–ordered preferences, which actors have in an RCM
utility functions
when there is no other outcome strictly preferred by at least one player that is at least as good for the others
pareto-optimal outcome/pareto efficiency
the idea that individuals with common interests would voluntarily act as to try to further those interests
group theory
players know the full structure of the game tree AND the payoffs
complete information
outcome that is worse than the pareto-optimal outcome
pareto-inferior outcome
successor after Queen Elizabeth II’s passing
King Charles III
Reasons why Ukraine is winning
— __________
— psychological advantage
— _________ advantage
international aid, defensive
there have been clashes between _______ and ____, and most of the international community believes the territory belongs to the former
Azerbaijan, Armenia
organization of China, India, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Pakistan, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan
Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)
the upcoming SCO summit in Uzbekistan was significant because it could possibly result in ___ aiding the _____ cause
China, Russian
______ has cut ties from __(2) after a cyberattack which they believe was from ____ (2)
— questions over whether this counts as an attack which NATO has to respond to
Albania, Iran
the outcome in which no participant can gain by changing their strategy if the other’s strategy remains unchanged (“expected outcome”)
Nash equilibrium
the organization that set many of the standards below and solved coordination problems:
— aviation standards
— same batteries
— computers/phones can all communicate with each other
International Standard Organization
Important Note of this conflict: Israel struck first and it led to a high level of success; if both had struck first, it would be bloody and costly
Six Day War
type of rational actor/human
homo economicus
state in which inputs can’t be re-allocated in a way that increases output (“greatest good”)
global efficiency
Mearsheimer’s explanations for the clash between states:
1. absence of international government
2. states always have some military capacity
3. basic motive for driving states is ____
4. states can never be certain about each other’s intensions
5. states think ______ about how to _____ in the international system
survival, strategically, survive
Mearsheimer’s explanations for the clash between states:
1. absence of international ____
2. states always have some _______
3. basic motive for driving states is survival
4. states can never be certain about each other’s _____
5. states think strategically about how to survive in the international system
government, military capacity, intensions
Mearsheimer says the ultimate goal of each country is to become a _____, the only great power in the system
hegemon
systems with more than two great powers
— Mearsheimer argues they are more war-prone than bipolar systems, especially ones with potential hegemons
multipolar system
(_______) theories Clinton’s administration’s foreign policy is built on, according to Mearsheimer:
— wealthy/economically interdependent states aren’t likely to fight each other
—democracies don’t fight each other
— international institutions help states to be more collaborative and cooperative
liberal
theory that states are always going to clash and compete because they are self-interested, power-maximizing, and fearful of other states (Mearsheimer)
offensive realism
three core beliefs of ______:
1. consider states to be the main actors in international politics
2. emphasize that states’ internal characteristics vary and can significantly affect state behavior
— some internal arrangements (ex: democracy) are preferable to others
3. calculations about power matter little in explaining the behavior of good states
liberalism
threatened state accepts the burden of fighting the rival and commits a lot of resources to doing so
balancing
threatened state tries to get another state to shoulder the burden of fighting the rival
buck-passing
three core beliefs of liberalism:
1. consider states to be the ______ in international politics
2. emphasize that states’ internal characteristics vary and can significantly affect state behavior
— some internal arrangements (ex: democracy) are preferable to others
3. calculations about power matter little in explaining the behavior of good states
main actors
three core beliefs of liberalism:
1. consider states to be the main actors in international politics
2. emphasize that states’ ________ vary and can significantly affect state behavior
— some internal arrangements (ex: democracy) are preferable to others
3. calculations about power matter little in explaining the behavior of good states
internal characteristics
three core beliefs of liberalism:
1. consider states to be the main actors in international politics
2. emphasize that states’ internal characteristics vary and can significantly affect state behavior
— some internal arrangements (ex: democracy) are preferable to others
3. calculations about _____ matter little in explaining the behavior of good states
power
core beliefs of ______:
1. treat states as the principal actors in world politics (great powers are most important)
2. state behavior is based on environment (no “good” or “bad” states)
3. calculations about power dominate states’ thinking and states compete for power
realism
core beliefs of realism:
1. treat states as the _________ in world politics (great powers are most important)
2. state behavior is based on environment (no “good” or “bad” states)
3. calculations about power dominate states’ thinking and states compete for power
principal actors
core beliefs of realism:
1. treat states as the principal actors in world politics (great powers are most important)
2. state behavior is based on ______ (no “good” or “bad” states)
3. calculations about power dominate states’ thinking and states compete for power
environment
core beliefs of realism:
1. treat states as the principal actors in world politics (great powers are most important)
2. state behavior is based on environment (no “good” or “bad” states)
3. calculations about _____(1) dominate states’ thinking and states compete for _____(1)
power
states are led by human beings who have a “will to power” hardwired into them from birth (Morgenthau)
classical realism
great powers are inherently aggressive because they want to survive (Waltz)
— want to maintain the status quo
— state behavior is shaped by the international environment
defensive/structural realism
when conquest is difficult, and defense better, status will be defensive, and if offense is easier, that’s what states will do
— Robert Jervis, Jack Synder, and Stephen Van Evera
offensive/defense balance
the measures a states takes to increase its own security usually decrease the security of others
security dilemma
state that strives to preserve things as they are+
status quo state
the amount of military power a state can accumulate (based on population and wealth)
potential power
multipolar system that contains a potential hegemon (generates the most fear)
unbalanced multipolarity
multipolar system that has power asymmetries but there’s no potential hegemon
balanced multipolarity
factors that increase the probability of cooperation, according to Robert Jervis (he’s a realist):
— increased cooperation _____(1) and decreased cooperation ____
— decreased ______(1) of taking advantage of the other
— increased ____ that the other will cooperation
gains, costs, expectation
when a country’s relations with two countries are bad, she has to defeat one and deal with the other in a more leisurely way
Schlieffen Plan
ability to deter a major Soviet provocation in the security dilemma; depends on:
— whether defensive weapons can be distinguished from offensive ones
— which type of weapon has the advantage
Type II deterrence
According to Kindleberger, the reason for the 1929 depression was due to ___ unwillingness and ____ inability to take a lead in:
1. maintaining an ____ market for distress goods
2. providing stable long-term lending
3. policing a stable exchange system
4. ensuring the coordination of macroeconomic policies
5. acting as a lender of last resort by discounting or otherwise providing liquidity in financial systems
U.S, U.K, open
According to Kindleberger, the reason for the 1929 depression was due to U.S unwillingness and U.K inability to take a lead in:
1. maintaining an open market for distress goods
2. providing stable long-term ______
3. policing a stable _______ system
4. ensuring the coordination of macroeconomic policies
5. acting as a lender of last resort by discounting or otherwise providing liquidity in financial systems
lending, exchange
According to Kindleberger, the reason for the 1929 depression was due to U.S unwillingness and U.K inability to take a lead in:
1. maintaining an open market for distress goods
2. providing stable long-term lending
3. policing a stable exchange system
4. ensuring the coordination of _______ policies
5. acting as a _____ of last resort by discounting or otherwise providing liquidity in financial systems
macroeconomic, lender
raised tariffs on many imported goods (TERRIBLE IDEA; does NOT promote an open market)
Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930
as U.S economic leadership diminishes, Kindleberger claims that there are six outcomes, three stable:
1. continued/revived ___ leadership
2. assertion of leadership by _____, _____, or an unsuspected third country
3. effective stop of economic ______ to international institutions: a world central bank, an effective GATT, etc.
U.S, Europe, Japan, sovereignty
as U.S economic leadership diminishes, Kindleberger claims that there are six outcomes, three unstable:
1. US, Japan, and _____ fighting to lead the world economy
2. one ____ to lead, and the others ______, like in 1929 and 1933
3. each ____ other programs of stability without pursuing/creating any of their own
EEC, unwilling, unable, veto-ing
private organizations/groups exist everywhere due to a human tendency to form/join groups
casual form of group theory
groups exist everywhere because evolution from the “primitive” societies that came before us
formal definition of group theory
Believes that both the casual and formal definitions of group theory are correct: groups are everywhere because they are an evolution from primitive groups which formed due to the human tendency to form/join groups
Mancur Olson
the firm will act to keep prices up (in its industry) only when the total cost of keeping up the prices is NOT more than its share of the industry’s gain from the higher price
Cournot solution
a little while ago, the U.S and Afghanistan had a ______
prisoner swap
assumptions of structural realism:
1. principle of the international environment is _____
2. states are basically _____
3. states are ______ who seek survival
anarchy, the same, rational actors
according to realism, why is cooperation rare and difficult
— concern for ____ as opposed to ____ gains
— behavioral adjustment arising from cooperation (leads to vulnerability)
— no _______ of laws/agreements
relative, absolute, enforcement
In _____, a ______ will be held for citizens to decide whether they want to be a part of Russia or Ukraine, and if Russia wins, they claim they’ll use “all force necessary” to take it
Crimea
the U.S (kind of) has a committment to defend _____
— the ____ says we do
— the government says it’s not official U.S policy
Taiwan, President
___ won the general elections a couple of weeks ago
— they have had a lot of anti-immigrant rhetoric, which is weird because Sweden is usually very ____
moderates, Sweden, liberal
Ukranian diplomat has approached the UN for assistance, to help punish Russia, and for Russia’s ____ seat to be revoked
UNSC
good that is non-excludable and non-rival (fresh air, street lights, etc.)
public good
no actors can be prevented from using it
non-excludable
one actor’s use doesn’t reduce its availability
non-rival
excludable and rival (shoes, cars, etc.)
private goods
non-excludable and rival (public pasture, fisheries)
common resource
excludable and non-rival (swimming pools, streaming services)
club good
international treaty to protect the ozone layer by phasing out of substances responsible for its depletion (successful)
— example of a public good
Montreal Protocol (1987)
realist theory that states the necessity of a single dominant state to provide public goods and enforce cooperative behavior
— sometimes out of pure self-interest
Hegemonic Stability Theory
Olson claims public goods are more likely to be provided when…
a) groups are ____ (each individual is getting a ____ part of the pie)
b) actors have different _____ (one can bear the burden of providing the good)
small, greater, sizes
distribution of power in which one state holds a preponderance of power
hegemony
rules-based system of international cooperation based on economic openness, security cooperation, and democratic values
liberal order
bargaining in which communication is incomplete or impossible
— makes coordination difficult if each actor has conflicting preferences
— important before conflicts because countries don’t want to seem too eager and in fact may want to enhance the other’s fear of war by avoiding agreements for limited war
tacit bargaining
degree to which the payoff of each move is discounted relative to the previous move
discount parameter
4 properties that make a decision rule successful (according to Axelrod):
1. avoidance of unnecessary conflict by _____ as long as the other player does
2. provocability in the face of defection by the other
3. ______ after responding to a provocation
4. clarity of behavior so that the other player can adapt to your pattern of action
cooperating, forgiveness
4 properties that make a decision rule successful (according to Axelrod):
1. avoidance of unnecessary conflict by cooperating as long as the other player does
2. ______ in the face of defection by the other
3. forgiveness after responding to a defection
4. ____ of behavior so that the other player can adapt to your pattern of action
provocability, clarity, adapt
program that won the Axelrod’s game theory tournament thing
TIT For TATT
program in Axelrod’s game theory tournament that was based on “outcome maximization”; predicts long-term decisions by calculating the probability the other player defects or not
— only problem is that it initially assumes defection
DOWNING
cooperation based on ___ will thrive, according to Axelrod
reciprocity
this country recently elected a far-right president
— one might anticipate a decline in international cooperation (far-right groups tend to stray away from that)
Italy
surge of migrants has spurred ____ sentiment in Europe, and (unrelated) there have been protests in ____
xenophobia, Iran
the preference to explain something in a simple fashion, which is present with good theories
parsimony
How do we build these theories:
— design a map from ____ (ex: big bang)
— apply the same strategy for different contexts
— ________ maps that were developed for similar terrain (Keohane and the Coase Theorem)
— reasoning via experimentation/simulation (Axelrod)
scratch, modify existing
How do we build these theories:
— design a map from scratch (ex: big bang)
— apply the ____ strategy for ______ contexts
— modify existing maps that were developed for similar terrain (Keohane and the Coase Theorem)
— reasoning via _______/simulation (Axelrod)
same, different, experimentation
country that Keohane and others thought would challenge/surpass US hegemony due to its rising economic power (1970s and 1980s)
Japan
in the presence of externalities, bargaining among actors will lead to the Pareto-optimal outcome if these conditions are met
— property rights are clearly delineated
— actors have perfect information
— zero transaction costs
Coarse Theorem
— property rights are clearly delineated
— actors have perfect information
— zero transaction costs
Coase Conditions
Coase conditions:
— ______ are clearly delineated
— actors have perfect information
— zero transaction costs
property rights
Coase conditions:
— property rights are clearly delineated
— actors have _________
— zero transaction costs
perfect information
Coase conditions:
— property rights are clearly delineated
— actors have perfect information
— zero _________
transaction costs
How Axelrod’s tournament contributes to theories of international cooperation?
— defect is not the dominant strategy in ______ play
— decentralized enforcement is possibly via reciprocity
a) requires information about past behavior
b) treats distinct types ______ (rewards cooperators, punish defectors) which realism doesn’t
repeated, differently
How Axelrod’s tournament contributes to theories of international cooperation?
— defect is not the dominant strategy in repeated play
— decentralized enforcement is possibly via _______
a) requires information about ____ behavior
b) treats distinct types differently (rewards cooperators, punish defectors) which realism doesn’t
reciprocity, past
outcomes that are prominent, recognizable, simple, and have precedent)
intrinsic magnetism
outcomes that differ by kind, not by degree
discontinuous
Schelling claims that environments with ______ and ____ focal points make it easier to cooperate
intrinsically magnetic, discontinuous
according to neorealism, this is the process by which autistic non-balancers are weeded out of the anarchical international system
Socialization
process, as Johnston describes it, by which social interaction leads actors to endorse “expected ways of thinking, feeling, and acting.”
— basically how social norms/influence changes the preferences of an actor
— Johnston believes contractual institutionalism fails to take that into consideration
socialization
conflict in interests/priorities when one person/entity takes actions on behalf of another person/entity
principal agent theory
conditional grant of authority from a principal to an agent that empowers the latter (and can rescind it) to act on behalf of the former
delegation
independent action of an agent that the principal doesn’t like
— difficult for principal to assess the agent’s efforts (if it was easy the principal could just predict the next step the agent should do)
agency slack
agent minimizes the effort it exerts on its principal’s behalf
shirking
agent shifts policy towards its own preferences away from the principal’s
slippage
range of potential independent action available to an agent after the principal has established ways of control
autonomy
the flexibility allowed in accomplishing the principal’s goals
discretion
no adjustment of policy; action supports only one side
unilateralism
Benefits of delegation to an IO:
— resolving ____
— managing policy externalities
— facilitating collective decision-making
— enhancing ______
— creating policy bias
— _________: body is focused simply on the task at hand
disputes, credibility, specialization
principals’ mechanisms of control:
— rules vs. discretion
— ____ requirements
— institutional checks and balances
— ____ procedures
— sanctions (punishing bad agents)
monitoring, selection
functions of international institutions:
— transform state interactions to _____ play games
— lower transaction costs for making side payments
— provide _______
— change state preferences
repeated, information
functions of international institutions:
— transform state interactions to repeated play games
— lower ______ for making side payments
— provide information
— change state __________
transaction costs, preferences
(Keohane) rational states create institutions because they anticipate the benefits institutions will provide
rational institutionalism
sovereignty poses at least 3 problems: ___, ____, and ____
compliance, coherence, selection
sets of rules that stipulate the ways in which states should cooperate and compete with each other
international institutions
associations of actors (typically states) that seek to implement rules
— often have a formal bureaucracy that acts on behalf of their members
— membership criteria
international organizations
potential for undesirable agent behavior stems from:
— _____: can’t write down every scenario
— imperfect monitoring: can’t be certain about what the agent does
incomplete contracts
potential for undesirable agent behavior stems from:
— incomplete contracts: can’t write down every scenario
— _______: can’t be certain about what the agent does
imperfect monitoring
IO with the highest amount of delegation
European Union
IO with a mid amount of delegation
INTERPOL
IO with a low amount of delegation
— not a lot of agency slack, but conflicts about resolving cooperation problems
OPEC
Based on the realist assumptions, Mearsheimer believes that there are patterns of behavior it leads to:
— states ____ each other
— each state aims to guarantee its own ___
— states aim to maximize their _____ relative to other states
fear, survival, power
the idea that cheating is the main problem and rules can counter it by
— increasing the number of transactions between states
— tying interactions between states in different areas
— can increase the amount of information available to actors
— decreasing transaction costs
liberal institutionalism
the idea that cheating is the main problem and rules can counter it by
— increasing the number of ______(1)s between states
— tying interactions between states in different areas
— can increase the number of ______ available to actors
— decreasing ______(1) _____
transaction, information, costs
institutions are the key to managing power
— states should reject the idea of using force to change the status quo
— to deal with states that violate this, all states should help (states shouldn’t simply act in their self-interests)
— states must trust each other to genuinely renounce agression
collective security
arrangement of great powers with no incentive to challenge each other deicde on a set of rules to coordinate their actions
concert
idea that realism has been successful in predicting IR because we think it is (ideas drive history)
— aim to create a world where states consider war unacceptable
— challenges the realist idea that structural factors are the main determinants of state behavior
— fail to explain why realism is false or what field of thought would replace it
critical theory
bureaucratic dysfunction originating from the same sources that are supposed to promote efficiency
pathology
when IOs tailor their missions to meet their pre-existing processes/procedures (not the other way around)
— how bureaucratic culture can create pathologies, according to Barrett and Finnermore
irrationality of rationalization
when bureaucracies make changes from the rules which become normalized
— how bureaucratic culture can create pathologies, according to Barrett and Finnermore
rnormalization of deviance
when organizations don’t have access to feedback from their environment and start to stop representing their true goals
— how bureaucratic culture can create pathologies, according to Barrett and Finnermore
insulation
Abbott claims that how “law-like” a rule is depends on ________, ______, and ______
obligation, precision, delegation
IO whose rulings have high levels of obligation, precision, and delegation
International Criminal Court (ICC)
international agreement with high obligation and precision but no delegation
Montreal Protocol
issue broad statements (low precision), nothing’s binding, and there’s no delegation
Group of 7 (g7)
international legal coherence has at least three implications:
— ____ laws; different rules for different states
— ____ laws; different rules for the same state
— _____ laws; states selecting in and out of rules over time
parallel, conflicting, unstable
this country recently shot a missile over Japan
North Korea
agreed to support Russia, cut production of oil to Europe, and raise oil prices
OPEC
rules/commitments contained in legalized international agreements are regarded as obligatory, no matter if your preferences change
pacta sunt servanda (“agreements must be kept”)
according to pacta sunt servanda, if an agreement is broken
— only stated ____ can complain
— states must exhaust domestic remedies before making an international claim
— states may resolve the dispute ____
— rebus sic slantibus: agreement may cease to be binding if important conditions change
— some reparation is made
injured, diplomatically
according to pacta sunt servanda, if an agreement is broken
— only states injured can complain
— states must exhaust domestic remedies before making an international claim
— states may resolve the dispute diplomatically
— ______: agreement may cease to be binding if important conditions change
— some reparation is made
rebus sic stantibus
way of organizing authority through rules to prevent abuse of political power
domestic theory of the rule of law
rule of law centers on three essential requirements:
— society should be ___ by stable, public, and certain rules
— rules should apply ____ to the governed and the government
— rules are applied ____ across cases
governed, equally, consistently
aspect of a rule that makes its message clear
determinancy
rules which no derogation (leaving) is allowed, and applies equally to all states
jus cogens
cost on a state when its reputation is damaged
— can come from other states or citizens
reputational sanction/cost
the other state takes action to maximize their payoffs in response to the first state’s defection
reciprocity
____ and ____ reach breakthrough maritime deals (realists would argue because of the rise of Iran)
Israel, Lebanon
(2017) UNSC imposed sanctions on ___(1) in response to missile tests
— weird because ___ has been a long time ally of _____(1), but they didn’t like it either
— _______(1) began a personalized diplomatic relationships with Trump
N.Korea, China
U.S bans export of computer chips to _____(1)
— _____(1) believes that this is a violation of the WTO
China
says that if a country finds it in its “national security” interests to block trade or something, it can
— general desire not to overuse this
— part of the WTO
National Security Exemption
costly punishments imposed by an aggrieved party against a violator
retaliation
judgements about an actor’s past behavior to predict the actor’s future behavior
— calling a rule a “law” puts this on the line
reputation
Schumpeter’s idea that liberal institutions are pacifying; since only a minority gain from imperialism, democracies would never pursue it
liberal pacifism
Machiavelli’s idea that republics are best for imperialism
— population growth and property growth
— citizens will equip large armies knowing they’ll fight for the public good
liberal imperialism
Kant’s idea that liberal states tend to be on the same side and that the following requirements must be approved for perpetual peace
— states must be republican
— there must be a worldwide “zone of peace”
— there must be “universal hospitality”
liberal internationalism
_ described international cooperation as a two-level process, where ____ bargain over an international agreement (Level 1) and then ______ actors decide whether to ratify/accept it (Level 2)
Putnam, negotiators, domestic
set of Level 1 international agreements that would be ratified domestically
win-set
independent variable shaping cooperation according to Putnam and the whole “two-level” idea
distribution of preferences of domestic actors
two democratic countries are more likely to resolve disputes peacefully than other types of states
Democratic Peace Theory
arguments for the Democratic Peace Theory:
— ___________
— peaceful norms are eternalized in foreign policy
— ________
costs of war, threat credibility
transnational flows (particularly economic flows) benefit the domestic actors within the actors
— influences/supports cooperation
interdependence theory
one actor’s loss is another actor’s gain
zero-sum conditions
actors maximizing their own utility will help the system as a whole
situation of harmony/positive sum conditions
actors must coordinate actors to avoid mutually undesirable outcomes
— when regimes do need to arise
dilemmas of common aversions
example of something which there has been a lack of significant cooperation with
television
three significant influences for international economic negotiations:
— market _____
—- negotiators’ ______
—- ______ politics
conditions, beliefs, domestic
the sequence of actions in which at least two parties address demands and proposals to each other for the purpose of reaching an agreement and changing the behavior of at least one actor
negotiation/bargaining
terms of the resulting international agreement
outcome
surrounding conditions that diplomats inherit and can’t change in the short run
context
the value of the worst deal a party is willing to accept (barely better than no agreement at all)
resistance point/reservation value
according to Odell, success depends on this
— the worse the alternative, the lower the resistance point
best alternative to negotiated agreement (batna)
set of actions that promote the obtainment of one party’s goals when they are in conflict with another’s
— offensive claiming and defensive claiming tactics
value-claiming/distributive strategy
actions that promote the attainment of goals that aren’t necessarily in conflict
value-creating/pure integrative strategy
____ and ___ are pushing for a Russia-Ukraine ceasefire
— “Starlink” is what Ukraine is using to get high-speed internet
Musk, Ackman
Who is the Secretary-General?
Antonio Guterres
SG Guterres called for international action in ____ (gangs have blocked the port in the capital city and prevented food, supplies, etc.) and ____ (about to retake certain lands; concerns how the rebels will be treated)
Haiti, Ethiopia
former UK prime minister, who backtracked on the US-UK trade deal
Liz Truss
outcomes not dominated by better choices
pareto frontier
Putnam/Odell’s ideas about ____ demonstrate that institutions solve cooperation problems and distirbute the benefits of cooperations
win sets
example of an organization that uses unanimity-1
Financial Action Task Force
extra-regime issue linkage
use of benefits/costs outside the scope of the regime in bargaining (side payments
rules, outside options, state power
sources of bargaining power:
1. formal decision-making ___
— international regimes
2. ________
3. ______
— states can use their material resources for coercion
