Midterm 1 Terms Flashcards
Cahokia
An Indian center for trade in 1200 A.D. that was once located near present-day St. Louis. Cahokia is an example of how advanced peoples had been in the Americas well before the arrival of the colonists in the early 1600’s
Bacon’s Rebellion
1676; VA frontiersmen seeking land clashed with Native Americans; Frontiersmen demanded help from the government; Jamestown refused aid, fearing Native American War; Bacon and his men lived on frontier; Bacon & men stormed Jamestown; Bacon died of fever; Rebellion collapsed; Colonial rebellion against government authority; Clash between east/west, rich/poor; Tidewater’s discrimination against frontiersmen; Revision of indentured servant system, greater reliance on slave labor
Encomienda
Spanish government’s policy to “commend”, or give, Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to Christianize them. Part of a broader Spanish effort to subdue Indian tribes in the West Indies and on the North American mainland.
The Stono Rebellion
Early slave revolt in South Carolina where 50+ slaves gathered arms to rise up against their masters and march to Spanish Florida. They were ultimately found and killed by the militia.
The Black Legend
the mistaken belief that the conquistadors brought only misery to the New World, when in fact they also laid the foundations for nations
The Covenant Chain
an alliance between the Iroquois Confederacy and the colony of New York which sought to establish Iroquois dominance over all other tribes and thus put New York in an economically and politically dominant position among the other colonies
New Lights and Old Lights
old lights were simply orthodox members of the clergy who believed that the new ways of revivals and emotional preaching were unnecessary; new lights were the more modern-thinking members of the clergy who strongly believed in the Great Awakening
The Jesuits
French Catholic missionaries who wanted to save Indians for Christ and from fur traders. Tortured by Indians. Vital explorers and geographers
Jonathan Edwards
He was an American theologian and Congregational clergyman, whose sermons stirred the religious revival, called the Great Awakening. He is known for his “ Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God “ sermon.
The starving time
in the Colony of Virginia this was a period of forced starvation initiated by the Powhatan Confederacy to remove the English from Virginia. The campaign killed all but 60 of the 400–colonists during the winter of 1609-1610.
George Whitfield
He was a great preacher who had recently been an alehouse attendant. Everyone in the colonies loved to hear him preach of love and forgiveness because he had a different style of preaching. This led to new missionary work in the Americas in converting Indians and Africans to Christianity, as well as lessening the importance of the old clergy.
Opechancanough
-leader of the Powhatans during the Second and Third Anglo-Powhatan Wars with the land-hungry English. The Virginians kept expanding due to the discovery of the major cash crop of Tobacco and needed it for land. Gov. William Berkeley eventually captured the leader and was executed by a soldier
Coureurs de bois
- (runners of the woods) French fur traders, many of mixed Amerindian heritage, who lived among and often married with Amerindian peoples of North America.
Mourning Wars
usually began at the behest of women who had lost a son or husband and desired the group’s male warriors to capture individuals from other groups who could replace those they had lost
Petites Nation
Occupied the Atlantic Coast from North Carolina to Maine, developed very different dialects. Semi-nomadic people that used hunting, fishing and gathering as opposed to agriculture.
City on a hill
a phrase that became part of American vocabulary with John Winthrop’s sermons in order to warn the colonist that would found Massachusetts, that it would be a “city upon a hill.”
The Natchez Revolt
- Natchez rebelled against French Louisiana and in 1718 New Orleans laid out. Invested in tobacco and indigo plantations on Mississippi River, Natchez took lives of 10% of settlers (200). Louisiana pulled back on total commitment to slavery
Halfway Covenant
The Half-way Covenant applied to those members of the Puritan colonies who were the children of church members, but who hadn’t achieved grace themselves. The covenant allowed them to participate in some church affairs.
William Pitt
William Pitt was a British leader from 1757-1758. He was a leader in the London government, and earned himself the name, “Organizer of Victory”. He led and won a war against Quebec. Pittsburgh was named after him
Metacomb’s / King Philips War
1675 - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanoags, led by Metacom, a chief also known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion
Comanches
were nomadic and rode the high plains of northern and western Texas, raiding settlements for horses, they prized their rich hunting grounds and were constantly on the pursuit of buffalo
The Middle Passage
of the Triangle Trade
Africans were transported to the Americas, where they were traded for sugar and tobacco.
establecimientos de paz
- Eight new reservations, peace establishments, for natives.
Gullah
African-American dialect that blended English with Yoruba, Ibo, and Hausa
