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Animal Breeding > Midterm 1 terms > Flashcards

Midterm 1 terms Flashcards

1
Q

Trait

A

any observable or measurable characteristic of an individual

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2
Q

Phenotype

A

an observed category or measured level of performance for a trait in an individual

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3
Q

Genotype

A

the genetic makeup of an individual

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4
Q

Environmental effect

A

the effect that external (non-genetic) factors have on animal performance

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5
Q

Seed stock

A

breeding stock, animals whose role it is to be a parent, or in other words, to contribute genes to the next generation

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6
Q

Population

A

a group of inter-mating individuals. The term can refer to a breed, an entire species, a single herd or flock, or even a small group of animals within a herd

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7
Q

Selection

A
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8
Q

Natural selection

A

selection that occurs in nature independent of deliberate human control

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9
Q

Artificial selection

A

selection that is under human control

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10
Q

Breeding values (BV)

A

the value of an individual as a genetic parent

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11
Q

Genotype by environment interactions

A

a dependent relationship between genotypes and environments in which the difference in performance between 2 (or more) genotypes changes from environment to environment

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12
Q

Breeding objective

A

a general goal for a breeding program; a notion of what constitutes the ‘best’ animal

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13
Q

heritability

A

a measure of the strength of the relationship between breeding values and phenotypic values for a trait in a population

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14
Q

dam

A

a female parent

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15
Q

sire

A

a male parent

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16
Q

pedigree data

A

information on the genotype or performance of ancestors and (or) collateral relatives of an individual

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17
Q

progeny data

A

information on the genotype or performance of descendents of an individual

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18
Q

polygenic trait

A

a trait affected by many genes, no single gene having an overriding influence

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19
Q

simply-inherited trait

A

a trait affected by only a few genes

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20
Q

mating

A

the process that determines which (selected) males are bred to which (selected) females

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21
Q

hybrid vigour

A

aka heterosis; an increase in the performance of hybrids over that of purebreds; most noticeably in traits like fertility and survivability

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22
Q

hybrid

A

an individual that is a combination of species, breeds with in species, or lines within species

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23
Q

inbreeding

A

the mating of relatives

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24
Q

gene

A

the physical unit of heredity consisting of a DNA sequence at a specific location on a chromosome

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25
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid; the molecule that forms the genetic code

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26
Q

chromosome

A

one of a # of long strands of DNA and associated proteins present in the nucleus of every cell

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27
Q

homolog

A

one of a pair of chromosomes having corresponding loci

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28
Q

locus

A

the specific location of a gene on a chromosome

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29
Q

allele

A

an alternative form of a gene

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30
Q

genotype

A

the combination of genes at a single locus or at a number of loci

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31
Q

segregation

A

the separation of paired genes during germ cell formation

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32
Q

meiosis

A

the process of germ cell formation

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33
Q

independent assortment

A

the independent segregation of genes at different loci

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34
Q

linkage

A

the occurance of 2 or more loci of interest on the same chromosome

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35
Q

crossing over

A

a reciprocal exchange of chromosome segments between homologs. Crossing over occurs during meiosis prior to the time homologous chromosomes are separated to form gametes

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36
Q

embryo

A

an organism in the early stages of development

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37
Q

zygote

A

a cell formed from the union of male and female gametes. A zygote has a full complement of genes- half from the sperm and half from the egg

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38
Q

dominance

A

an interaction between genes at a single locus such that in heterozygotes one allele has more effect than the other. The allele with greater affect is said to be dominant over its recessive counterpart

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39
Q

complete dominance

A

a form of dominance in which the expression of the heterozygote is identical to the expression of the homozygous dominant genotype

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40
Q

partial dominance

A

a form of dominance in which the expression of the heterozygote is intermediate to the expressions of the homozygous genotypes and more closely resembles the expression of the homozygous dominant genotype

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41
Q

no dominance

A

a form of dominance in which the expression of the heterozygote is exactly midway between the expressions of the homo genos

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42
Q

overdominance

A

a form of dominance in which the expression of the heterozygote is outside the range defined by the expressions of the homozygous genotypes and most closely resembles the expression of the homozygous dominant genotype

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43
Q

epistasis

A

an interection among genes at different loci such that the expression of genes at one locus depends on the alleles present at one or more other loci

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44
Q

sex linkage or sex linked inheritance

A

the pattern of inheritance for genes located on sex chromosomes

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45
Q

hemizygous

A

having only one gene of a pair. eg- a gene on the x chromosome of a mammalian male

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46
Q

sex limited inheritance

A

a pattern of inheritance in which phenotypic expression is limited to one sex

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47
Q

sex influenced inheritance

A

a pattern of inheritance in which modes of gene expression differ between males and females. eg- an allele may be dominant in males and recessive in females

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48
Q

gene frequency

A

aka- allelic frequency; the relative frequency of a particular allele in a population

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49
Q

genotypic frequency

A

the relative frequency of a particular one locus genotype in a population

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50
Q

outbreeding

A

the mating of unrelated individuals; increases heterozygosity, complementarity of animals; hybrid vigor (heterosis)

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51
Q

hardy weinberg equilibrium

A

a state of constant gene and genotypic frequencies occuring in a population in the absence of forces that change those frquencies

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52
Q

mutation

A

the process that alters DNA to create new alleles

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53
Q

migration

A

the movement of individuals into or out of a population

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54
Q

random drift

A

change in gene frequencies in small populations due purely to chance

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55
Q

random mating

A

a mating system in which all matings are equally likely

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56
Q

qualitative or categorical trait

A

a trait in which phenotypes are expressed in categories

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57
Q

quantitative trait

A

a trait in which phenotypes show continuous (numerical) expression

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58
Q

dystocia

A

difficulty in giving birth or being born

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59
Q

threshold trait

A

a polygenic trait in which phenotypes are expressed in categories

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60
Q

test mating/cross

A

a mating designed to reveal the genotype of an individual for a small number of loci

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61
Q

fitness

A

the ability of an individual and its corresponding phenotype and genotype to contribute offspring to the next generation. The term refers to the number of offspring an individual produces- not just its ability to be selected

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62
Q

quantitative genetics

A

the branch of genetics concerned with influences on, measurement of, relationships amoung, genetic prediction for, and rate of change in traits that are or can be treated as quantitative

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63
Q

phenotypic value (P)

A

a measure of performance for a trait in an individual- a performance record

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64
Q

population mean (mu)

A

the average phenotypic value of all individuals in a population

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65
Q

genotypic value (G)

A

the effect of an individual’s genes (singly and in combination) on its performance for a trait

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66
Q

environmental effect (E)

A

the effect that external (nongenetic) factors have on animal performance

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67
Q

breeding value (BV)

A

the value of an individual as a genetic parent

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68
Q

independent gene effect

A

the effect of a gene independent of the effect of the other gene at the same locus (dominance) and the effects of genes at other loci (epistasis)

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69
Q

BV

A

the part of an individual’s genotypic value that is due to independent and therefore transmittable gene effects

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70
Q

estimated breeding value (EBV)

A

a prediction of a breeding value

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71
Q

Progeny difference (PD) or Transmitting ability (TA)

A

half an individuals breeding value- the expected difference between the mean performance of the individuals progeny and the mean performance of all progeny (assuming randomly chosen mates)

PD= 1/2 BV

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72
Q

expected progeny difference (EPD, predicted difference (PD), or estimated transmitting ability (ETA)

A

a prediction of a progeny difference

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73
Q

additive gene effect

A

independent gene effect

74
Q

additive genetic value or additive value

A

breeding value

75
Q

gene combination value (GCV)

A

the part of an individuals genotypic value that is due to the effects of gene combinations (dominance and epistasis) and therefore cannot be transmitted from parent to offspring

76
Q

gene combination effect

A

the effect of a combination of genes; i.e- a dominance or epistatic effect

77
Q

non additive gene effects

A

gene combination effects

78
Q

non additive genetic value or non additive value

A

gene combination value

79
Q

repeated trait

A

a trait for which individuals commonly have more than one performance record

80
Q

producing ability (PA)

A

the performance potential of an individual for a repeated trait

81
Q

permanent environmental effect (Ep)

A

an environmental effect that permanently influences an individuals performance for a repeated trait

82
Q

most probable producing ability (MPPA)

A

a prediction of producing ability

83
Q

temporary environmental effect (Et)

A

an environmental effect that influences a single performance record of an individual, but does not permanently affect the individuals performance potential for a repeated trait

84
Q

threshold

A

a point on the continuous liability scale for a threshold trait above which animals exhibit one phenotype and below which they exhibit another

85
Q

narrowsense heritablity

A

a measure of the strength of the relationship between performance (phenotypic values) and breeding values for a trait in a population

86
Q

broadsense heritability

A

a measure of the strength of the relationship between performance (phenotypic values) and genotypic values for a trait in a population

87
Q

contemporary group

A

a group of animals that have experienced a similar environment with respect to the expression of a trait. Contemporaries typically perform in the same location, are of the same sex, are of similar age, and have been managed alike

88
Q

contempory group effect (Ecg)

A

an environmental effect common to all members of a contempory group

89
Q

trait ratio

A

an expression of relative performance- the ratio of an individuals performance to the average performance of all animals in the individuals contempory group

90
Q
A
91
Q

any observable or measurable characteristic of an individual

A

Trait

92
Q

an observed category or measured level of performance for a trait in an individual

A

Phenotype

93
Q

the genetic makeup of an individual

A

Genotype

94
Q

the effect that external (non-genetic) factors have on animal performance

A

Environmental effect

95
Q

breeding stock, animals whose role it is to be a parent, or in other words, to contribute genes to the next generation

A

Seed stock

96
Q

a group of inter-mating individuals. The term can refer to a breed, an entire species, a single herd or flock, or even a small group of animals within a herd

A

Population

97
Q
A

Selection

98
Q

selection that occurs in nature independent of deliberate human control

A

Natural selection

99
Q

selection that is under human control

A

Artificial selection

100
Q

the value of an individual as a genetic parent

A

Breeding values (BV)

101
Q

a dependent relationship between genotypes and environments in which the difference in performance between 2 (or more) genotypes changes from environment to environment

A

Genotype by environment interactions

102
Q

a general goal for a breeding program; a notion of what constitutes the ‘best’ animal

A

Breeding objective

103
Q

a measure of the strength of the relationship between breeding values and phenotypic values for a trait in a population

A

heritability

104
Q

a female parent

A

dam

105
Q

a male parent

A

sire

106
Q

information on the genotype or performance of ancestors and (or) collateral relatives of an individual

A

pedigree data

107
Q

information on the genotype or performance of descendents of an individual

A

progeny data

108
Q

a trait affected by many genes, no single gene having an overriding influence

A

polygenic trait

109
Q

a trait affected by only a few genes

A

simply-inherited trait

110
Q

the process that determines which (selected) males are bred to which (selected) females

A

mating

111
Q

aka heterosis; an increase in the performance of hybrids over that of purebreds; most noticeably in traits like fertility and survivability

A

hybrid vigour

112
Q

an individual that is a combination of species, breeds with in species, or lines within species

A

hybrid

113
Q

the mating of relatives

A

inbreeding

114
Q

the physical unit of heredity consisting of a DNA sequence at a specific location on a chromosome

A

gene

115
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid; the molecule that forms the genetic code

A

DNA

116
Q

one of a # of long strands of DNA and associated proteins present in the nucleus of every cell

A

chromosome

117
Q

one of a pair of chromosomes having corresponding loci

A

homolog

118
Q

the specific location of a gene on a chromosome

A

locus

119
Q

an alternative form of a gene

A

allele

120
Q

the combination of genes at a single locus or at a number of loci

A

genotype

121
Q

the separation of paired genes during germ cell formation

A

segregation

122
Q

the process of germ cell formation

A

meiosis

123
Q

the independent segregation of genes at different loci

A

independent assortment

124
Q

the occurance of 2 or more loci of interest on the same chromosome

A

linkage

125
Q

a reciprocal exchange of chromosome segments between homologs. Crossing over occurs during meiosis prior to the time homologous chromosomes are separated to form gametes

A

crossing over

126
Q

an organism in the early stages of development

A

embryo

127
Q

a cell formed from the union of male and female gametes. A zygote has a full complement of genes- half from the sperm and half from the egg

A

zygote

128
Q

an interaction between genes at a single locus such that in heterozygotes one allele has more effect than the other. The allele with greater affect is said to be dominant over its recessive counterpart

A

dominance

129
Q

a form of dominance in which the expression of the heterozygote is identical to the expression of the homozygous dominant genotype

A

complete dominance

130
Q

a form of dominance in which the expression of the heterozygote is intermediate to the expressions of the homozygous genotypes and more closely resembles the expression of the homozygous dominant genotype

A

partial dominance

131
Q

a form of dominance in which the expression of the heterozygote is exactly midway between the expressions of the homo genos

A

no dominance

132
Q

a form of dominance in which the expression of the heterozygote is outside the range defined by the expressions of the homozygous genotypes and most closely resembles the expression of the homozygous dominant genotype

A

overdominance

133
Q

an interection among genes at different loci such that the expression of genes at one locus depends on the alleles present at one or more other loci

A

epistasis

134
Q

the pattern of inheritance for genes located on sex chromosomes

A

sex linkage or sex linked inheritance

135
Q

having only one gene of a pair. eg- a gene on the x chromosome of a mammalian male

A

hemizygous

136
Q

a pattern of inheritance in which phenotypic expression is limited to one sex

A

sex limited inheritance

137
Q

a pattern of inheritance in which modes of gene expression differ between males and females. eg- an allele may be dominant in males and recessive in females

A

sex influenced inheritance

138
Q

aka- allelic frequency; the relative frequency of a particular allele in a population

A

gene frequency

139
Q

the relative frequency of a particular one locus genotype in a population

A

genotypic frequency

140
Q

the mating of unrelated individuals; increases heterozygosity, complementarity of animals; hybrid vigor (heterosis)

A

outbreeding

141
Q

a state of constant gene and genotypic frequencies occuring in a population in the absence of forces that change those frquencies

A

hardy weinberg equilibrium

142
Q

the process that alters DNA to create new alleles

A

mutation

143
Q

the movement of individuals into or out of a population

A

migration

144
Q

change in gene frequencies in small populations due purely to chance

A

random drift

145
Q

a mating system in which all matings are equally likely

A

random mating

146
Q

a trait in which phenotypes are expressed in categories

A

qualitative or categorical trait

147
Q

a trait in which phenotypes show continuous (numerical) expression

A

quantitative trait

148
Q

difficulty in giving birth or being born

A

dystocia

149
Q

a polygenic trait in which phenotypes are expressed in categories

A

threshold trait

150
Q

a mating designed to reveal the genotype of an individual for a small number of loci

A

test mating/cross

151
Q

the ability of an individual and its corresponding phenotype and genotype to contribute offspring to the next generation. The term refers to the number of offspring an individual produces- not just its ability to be selected

A

fitness

152
Q

the branch of genetics concerned with influences on, measurement of, relationships amoung, genetic prediction for, and rate of change in traits that are or can be treated as quantitative

A

quantitative genetics

153
Q

a measure of performance for a trait in an individual- a performance record

A

phenotypic value (P)

154
Q

the average phenotypic value of all individuals in a population

A

population mean (mu)

155
Q

the effect of an individual’s genes (singly and in combination) on its performance for a trait

A

genotypic value (G)

156
Q

the effect that external (nongenetic) factors have on animal performance

A

environmental effect (E)

157
Q

the value of an individual as a genetic parent

A

breeding value (BV)

158
Q

the effect of a gene independent of the effect of the other gene at the same locus (dominance) and the effects of genes at other loci (epistasis)

A

independent gene effect

159
Q

the part of an individual’s genotypic value that is due to independent and therefore transmittable gene effects

A

BV

160
Q

a prediction of a breeding value

A

estimated breeding value (EBV)

161
Q

half an individuals breeding value- the expected difference between the mean performance of the individuals progeny and the mean performance of all progeny (assuming randomly chosen mates)

PD= 1/2 BV

A

Progeny difference (PD) or Transmitting ability (TA)

162
Q

a prediction of a progeny difference

A

expected progeny difference (EPD, predicted difference (PD), or estimated transmitting ability (ETA)

163
Q

independent gene effect

A

additive gene effect

164
Q

breeding value

A

additive genetic value or additive value

165
Q

the part of an individuals genotypic value that is due to the effects of gene combinations (dominance and epistasis) and therefore cannot be transmitted from parent to offspring

A

gene combination value (GCV)

166
Q

the effect of a combination of genes; i.e- a dominance or epistatic effect

A

gene combination effect

167
Q

gene combination effects

A

non additive gene effects

168
Q

gene combination value

A

non additive genetic value or non additive value

169
Q

a trait for which individuals commonly have more than one performance record

A

repeated trait

170
Q

the performance potential of an individual for a repeated trait

A

producing ability (PA)

171
Q

an environmental effect that permanently influences an individuals performance for a repeated trait

A

permanent environmental effect (Ep)

172
Q

a prediction of producing ability

A

most probable producing ability (MPPA)

173
Q

an environmental effect that influences a single performance record of an individual, but does not permanently affect the individuals performance potential for a repeated trait

A

temporary environmental effect (Et)

174
Q

a point on the continuous liability scale for a threshold trait above which animals exhibit one phenotype and below which they exhibit another

A

threshold

175
Q

a measure of the strength of the relationship between performance (phenotypic values) and breeding values for a trait in a population

A

narrowsense heritablity

176
Q

a measure of the strength of the relationship between performance (phenotypic values) and genotypic values for a trait in a population

A

broadsense heritability

177
Q

a group of animals that have experienced a similar environment with respect to the expression of a trait. Contemporaries typically perform in the same location, are of the same sex, are of similar age, and have been managed alike

A

contemporary group

178
Q

an environmental effect common to all members of a contempory group

A

contempory group effect (Ecg)

179
Q

an expression of relative performance- the ratio of an individuals performance to the average performance of all animals in the individuals contempory group

A

trait ratio

180
Q
A

Animal Breeding (1 decks)

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