midterm 1 study Flashcards
Freud
personality structure
levels of awareness
Id = drives/instincts/reflexes
—–The id lacks the ability to problem-solve; it is not logical and operates according to the pleasure principle.
Ego = link with reality/ personality
—-The ego develops because the needs, wishes, and demands of the id cannot be satisfactorily met.
It is the problem solver and reality tester.
Superego = morality initially brought on by parents and parental figures
—The superego consists of the conscience (all the “should nots” internalized from parents) and the ego ideal (all the “shoulds” internalized from parents). The superego represents the ideal rather than the real; it seeks perfection, as opposed to seeking pleasure or engaging reason.
Levels of awareness (memories, emotions, perceptions, etc.)
Conscious = accessible able to be conscious of
Preconscious = accessible with effort
Unconscious = inaccessible / dont know where your behaiour comes from
freud
psychoanalytic theory
role of therapist
Psychoanalytic theory:
Traumatic memories and emotions “placed” in unconscious = too painful
Role of therapist:
Through talk therapy, help the patient ‘move’ unconscious material to the conscious
examples of defence mechanisms
acting out, affiliation, altruism, compensation
- Acting out: Exaggerated response to a stimulus that is directed to self, others or objects in the person’s environment
- Affiliation: Accepting help and support from other
- Altruism: The individual handles stressors by helping others. (adaptive)
- Compensation: Dissimulation of weaknesses by leveraging desirable characteristics.
examples of defence mechanisms
denial, devaluation, displacement, diassociation
- Denial: Not admitting or aware of what’s happening
2.Devaluation: Attributing negative or inferior traits to self or others.
- Displacement: When you take your emotions out on another person unrelated to the situation.
- Dissociation: Separation between a memory/thought and the emotion to which it should be associated. Often described as an ‘out of body experience’
examples of defence mechanisms
humour, identification, intellectualization, projection
- Humour: Choosing to focus on the comical aspects of the situation.
- Identification: Acquisition of attributes from another admirable person to increase on self’s self-worth.
3.Intellectualization: Avoiding painful emotions by generalizing and/or dealing with the problem through abstract thinking.
4.Projection: Putting your own attributes/faults on to someone else.
examples of defence mechanisms
rationalization, transference, counter transference, reaction formation
- Rationalization: Justifying experiences.
- Transference: Patient develops emotions towards nurse that were previously held toward other significant others.
- Counter-transference: Unconscious personal emotional response from nurse towards the patient.
- Reaction formation: Doing the opposite of what is expected out of your own will
self defence mechanisms
regression, repression, splitting, suppression
1.Regression: In reaction to stress, a person may regress to an anterior stage of development or to coping strategies associated with this stage
2.Repression: Discomfort is blocked from conscious awareness. The emotional aspect may remain, minus the related thought.
3.Splitting: The individual is unable to integrate two conflicting feelings.
4.Suppression: The individual deliberately avoids thinking about the unpleasant feeling or thought.
object relations theories, interpersonal theory
- Object Relations Theory
A person’s ‘self’ is constructed in relation to other ‘objects’ (persons) – particularly the mother
- Interpersonal Theory
Personality as a behaviour observable through interpersonal relationships (adaptive or maladaptive)
operant conditioning
reinforcement vs punishment
positive reinforcement –>
you cleaned your room now you get candy
Reinforcement negative → is to remove something that is unpleasant → you cleaned your room and now i’m taking away your chore for the dishwasher
punishment
Positive punishment → you pucnhed your friend now you have to take the trash out for two days or smth
negative punishment–> you no longer get your phone after doing that
systematic desensitization and aversion therapy
systematic desensitization
- Fears broken down into components\
- exposure to components of fear
- Hierarchy of components of fear & relation strategies
- Daily practice
Aversion Therapy (i.e. punishment)
Last resort when other measures have failed
Techniques:
- Maladaptive behaviour with noxious stimulus (Classical Conditioning)
- Punishment (Operant Conditioning)
- Avoidance
REBT
aim
therapists role
Relational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT) thoughts → emotion
Aim: Eradicate current irrational beliefs that cause negative emotions
Therapist’s role: Help recognize and challenge distorted thoughts (should, ought, must, etc.)
CBT
aim
therapists role
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) thoughts → actions
Aim: Identify, challenge and correct automatic thoughts (cognitive distortions) based on assumptions developed from previous experiences
Therapist’s role: Teaching patients to autonomously challenge and replace distorted thoughts
DBT (type of CBT)
aim
target population
Dialectical Behavioural Therapy (DBT) manage emotions
Particularity: Teach persons methods to manage “swings” in emotions, tolerate distress and acceptance.
Target population: Persons with behavioural disorders with emotional dysregulation
8 parts of mental health nursing
1.Assessment and management of risk
2.Understanding recovery principles
3.Person- and family-centred care
4.Good communication skills
5.Knowledge about mental disorders and treatment
6.Evaluating research and promoting physical health
7. A sense of humour
8. Physical and psychological interventions
the goal of the therapeutic relationship
Facilitate communication of distressing thoughts and feelings
Assist patient with problem solving
Help patient examine self-defeating behaviours and test alternatives
Promote self-care and independence
