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NURS 201 > Midterm 1 Study > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Study Flashcards

1
Q

Nursing Metaparadigm

A

Person
Environment
Health
Nursing

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2
Q

Global Health

A

Area of study, research and practice that places a priority on improving health and achieving health equity in health for all people worldwide

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3
Q

Examples of Major Global Health Issues

A

Life expectancy
Demographic aging
Maternal/Child health
Environmental threats
War
Gender equality
Lack of pre-reqs for health
Health inequity
Global workforce migration

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4
Q

Infectious diseases of global concern

A

TB
Hep B & C, HIV
Tropical diseases (cholera, nipah virus)
Sars
COVID
Influenza
West Nile
Ebola

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5
Q

Non-communicable diseases of global concern

A

71% are caused by CVD, cancer, chronic resp disease, diabetes
Car accidents
malnutrition and obesity
Environmental risks
Poisoning
Mental health
opioid epidemic
violence

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6
Q

Healthcare disparity

A

a difference in access to healthcare by group
Arise from unequal power relations and social inequities

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7
Q

Indices of Health Disparities (9)

A

Burden of disease
Mortality rate
Infant mortality rate
Morbidity
Life expectancy
Birth rate
Total fertility rate
Disability
Nutrition

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8
Q

Global Citizen & Nursing

A

As global citizens, nurses identify and act on health inequities in the population they work with at the local, national and international levels.

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9
Q

CNA Highlight statements (3)

A
  • health is a global issue
  • health is a fundamental human right
  • RN’s have the responsibility and the right to address social inequities
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10
Q

Nursing is a Political Act (3)

A

Nurses are called upon to speak out for health
Nurses see impacts of policy on the health of individuals, communities and populations
Nurses must look upstream and act
Our code of ethics supports this view

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11
Q

Globalization

A

Increased interconnectedness and interdependence of people and countries

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12
Q

Advantages of Globalization(4)

A

Communication advances
Economic growth
Scientific and technological advances
Improved life expectancy and health for some

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13
Q

Disadvantages of globalization (4)

A

Health inequities in low resource countries
Politically disadvantages areas
Poverty and burden of disease unchanged
Disease travels

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14
Q

General population themes of health

A

Multi-sided, self-management, participation, and subjective

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15
Q

Health care worker themes of health

A

Multi-sided, subjective, adapting to change, satisfying life, wellbeing/complete wellbeing and functioning

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16
Q

Bambra, Fox and Scott-Samuel - Why is health political (3)?

A

Conflation between health and healthcare delivery. Problems r/t the health care system are conflated into problems related to health
Impact of neo-liberalism economic policies on health

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17
Q

Universal Declaration of Human Rights (article 25)

A

everyone has a right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being… including food, clothing, housing and medical care/social services and the right to security

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18
Q

RN Role in Human Rights

A

A primary responsibility of the nurse is a professional responsibility to safeguard human rights

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19
Q

How did the history of global health begin? (3)

A

a) establishment of the WHO
b) spread of disease with European colonization
c) principles of primary Health Care

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20
Q

Alma-Ata Declaration

A

1978
Goal was to have health for all by the year 2000
ID universal access to primary health care as necessary to achieve health for all
Requires political action on health AND social, economic and other sectors to achieve health for all
People are at the center of health care

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21
Q

40th Anniversary Declaration of Astana 2018 (4)

A

Acknowledged the Alma Ata from 1978
What was learned over the last 40 years - health for some, not health for all
1) Make bold political choices for health across all sectors
2) Build sustainable primary health care
3) Empower individual and communities
4) Align stakeholder support to the national policy, strategies and plans

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22
Q

Jakarta Declaration (1997) (14)

A

Pre-requisites for health
- peace, shelter, education, social security, social relations, food , income, empowerment of women, stable ecosystem, sustainable resources, social justice, respect for human rights, equity

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23
Q

Health Promotion

A

The process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health

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24
Q

Crigger 2008 (3 questions)

A

3 questions to consider:
1. What are 3 qualities of globalization
2. What is globalization from above?
3. What is globalization from below?

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25
Q

Globalization from above

A

Relationships of states and business corporations engaged in economic and politically interdependent activies

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26
Q

Globalization from below

A

Refers to the social and political collaboration of international agencies, NGOs, and people to improve the quality of civil societies across the world

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27
Q

5 Qualities of Global Ethics

A
  1. Balanced inclusive decision making
  2. Balance between the individual and the community
  3. Use reflexivity
  4. Openness to new approaches to human rights
  5. Business technology
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28
Q

3 Key issues for nurses

A

Advances in technology and the associated outcomes
Equity and justice in global resource allocation
Challenge of devising a universal ethic that is respectful of diversity

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29
Q

Same factors to consider - Austin 2001 (Health r/t poverty?)

A

90% of the global burden of disease is situated within the 3rd world - has only 10% of resources
Poverty
Impact of World Bank International Monetary Fund and lending Programs
Structural inequities

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30
Q

Downstream Thinking

A

The individual as the locus of change - right in front of you

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30
Q

Upstream Thinking

A

Society as the locus of change - nurses think about the complex social, political, and economic influences on health - looking at the cause/deeper

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31
Q

Determinants of Health (3 groups)

A

Broad range of personal, social, economic and environmental factors that determine individual and population health
a) physical environment
b) socioeconomic environment
c) individuals characteristic and behaviours

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32
Q

Social Determinants of Health

A

Specific group of social and economic factors within the broader determinants of health - related to an individuals place in society, such as income, education or employment

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33
Q

Impact of the SDH

A

They determine what physical, social and personal resources a person has to achieve their goals, satisfy their needs, and cope with their environment
They impact individual choice
They determine health or lack thereof

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34
Q

System impact of SDH

A

SDH include the systems available to support health/illness
Systems are influenced by socio-economic political policy
SDH are associated with institutional racism

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35
Q

12 Determinants of Health

A
  1. Income and Social Status
  2. Social Support Networks
  3. Education and Literacy
  4. Employment and working conditions
  5. Social environment
  6. Physical environment
  7. Personal health practices and coping skills
  8. Health child development
  9. Biology and genetic endowment
  10. Health services
  11. Gender
  12. Culture
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36
Q

Institutional Racism

A

differential access to goods, services and opportunities of society by race - impacts social, economic, policy and political processes

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37
Q

Impacts of SDH on Indigenous Health

A

Historical impacts, political environment, economic environment, social environment

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38
Q

Marginal food insecurity

A

limited choice in food items or worry about running out of food

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39
Q

Moderate food insecurity

A

Uncertain access to food impacting the quality and or quantity of food

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40
Q

Severe food insecurity

A

Run out of food, with 1 or more days without food

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41
Q

Stress caused by SDH

A

High levels of cortisol & other stress hormones impact hormonal, metabolic and inflammatory response
Many psychological impacts

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42
Q

Della’s Story

A

Living without appliances that are usually required to live (washing machine, etc.) only has unhealthy food to feed her kids because of expenses - diabetes cannot be well managed due to poverty

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43
Q

SDH and Importance for RN practice

A

To develop a broader perspective on health and illness
To identify groups at risk
TO understand the social conditions that affect health

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44
Q

Applying the SDH to nursing practice

A

RNs and citizens need to challenge issues of power, equity and social justice
ID structural/system inequities as a social problem
Understand how globalization influences the SDH locally and globally
Collaborate with other sectors

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45
Q

Intersectoral Action

A

Governance Strategies
Socioeconomic Strategies
Environmental Strategies

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46
Q

5 Principles of Primary Health Care

A
  1. Accessibility
  2. Active public participation
  3. Health promotion and chronic disease prevention and management
  4. Use of appropriate technology and innovation
  5. Intersectoral collaboration
47
Q

Accessibility in Primary Health Care

A

The right provider gives the right care at the right time in the right place
Accessible to being diagnosed, treated, receiving rehab/palliative care, support to prevent illness

48
Q

Public Participation in Primary Health Care

A

Effective health care means individual, families, and communities actively participating in decisions affecting their health

49
Q

Health Promotion in Primary Health Care

A

Enable individuals, families, and communities to live healthier lives
Involves activities r/t health education, advocacy, illness prevention, and strong community participation

50
Q

Appropriate Skills & Technology in Primary Health Care

A

Uses appropriate technology based on health needs of communities

51
Q

Intersectoral Collaboration in Primary Health Care

A

Working with other sectors that influence health of communities and individuals

52
Q

What is a Primary Health Care Approach

A

Includes basic medical and curative care, but it is much more than just treating disease

53
Q

3 Approaches of Primary Health Care

A
  1. Primary care and essential public health are the core of health services (personal and population)
  2. Multisector policy and action
  3. Empowered people and communities
54
Q

What is the difference between primary care and primary health care

A

Primary care: first point contact for prevention, acute care and chronic disease management
Primary Health Care: whole-of-society approach to better wellbeing of communities

55
Q

Population Health

A

Health promotion, health protection, disease prevention, surveillance and response, emergency preparedness

56
Q

Multisectoral Policy and Action

A

Fiscal measures
Law and regulation
Changes in the built environment
Information and education
Communication campaigns

57
Q

Empowered people and communities

A

People care for self and others
People are advocates
People co-develop health and social services

58
Q

WHO: Universal health coverage in Rwanda

A

Limited access to healthcare - goal was to make it accessible
Successful for up to 80%, hoping to reach 100%

59
Q

Why should Canada adopt PHC?

A

Risk of global recession
Continued calls for health care reform
Our health care indicators/outcomes are slipping relative to international comparisons
Aging population
Rising costs of hospital-based care
As a means to ensure health quality

60
Q

Local and Global Benefits of PHC

A

PHC allows health care systems to adapt to global changes and emerging health challenges
Focus is on promotion and prevention, SDH and people centered approach
Best way to address health equity

61
Q

Components of the Canada Health Act (5)

A

Public administration
Accessibility
Comprehensiveness
Universality
Portability

62
Q

Public Administration (Canada Health Act)

A

Provinces and territories must be publicly accountable for the funding they receive
Health insurance must be managed by a non profit authority

63
Q

Accessibility (Canada Health Act)

A

Canadians must have reasonable access to insured services without charges or paying user fees

64
Q

Comprehensiveness (Canada Health Act)

A

Provincial and Territorial health insurance programs must include medically necessary services
Must insure all services provided by hospitals and physicians

65
Q

Universality (Canada Health Act)

A

Provinces and Territories must provide services to all insured people of the province/territory, with uniform terms and conditions

66
Q

Portability (Canada Health Act)

A

Portability refers to the requirement of Provinces and territories to cover insured services to Canadian residents visiting another province/territory for less than 3 months or the first 3 months of a move to another
Have a max 3 month waiting period for new residents

67
Q

How is Nursing a Political Act?

A

Understand health in its social context helps us to see that primary determinants of health and illness are social, political and economic in nature
Upstream vs Downstream approaches to health care

68
Q

Politics

A

Process of trying to influence decision-makers to implement changes to improve the lives of clients, communities, and populations

69
Q

How can RN’s, NP’s, and NS’s take political action?

A

Be aware of current issues
Talk to friends/family, neighbour’s, coworkers about health policy issues
Join a nursing organization/committee
Write a letter to the government
Share your voice
Speak from your experience
Run for office

70
Q

How is leadership critical?

A

Reflect on how care is delivery, whose needs are met/unmet, self-reflection

71
Q

How is leadership transformative?

A

Ask why? what if?

72
Q

How is leadership educative?

A

Ask is the status quo meeting needs? Learn, engage, lead to envision new ways

73
Q

How is leadership ethical?

A

Ethical commitment to Code of Ethics in addressing access and equity

74
Q

How is leadership inclusive?

A

Inclusion is both process and outcome

75
Q

What is the goal of interprofessional collaboration

A

To improve health outcomes
The process of effective working relationships

76
Q

Competency Domains (6)

A
  1. Interprofessional communication
  2. Patient/client/family/community-based care
  3. Role clarification
  4. Team functioning
  5. Collaborative leadership
  6. Interprofessional conflict resolution
77
Q

Interprofessional communication

A

Practitioners from different professionals communicate with each other in a collaborative, responsive and responsible manner

78
Q

Patient/client/family/community-based care

A

Create partnership with partner/client/family/community
Relationship-centered care

79
Q

Role clarification

A

Practitioners understand their own role and the roles of those in other professions and use this to achieve their goals

80
Q

Team Functioning

A

Understanding the principles of teamwork dynamics and group team processes to enable effective interprofessional collaboration
Requires trust, mutual respect, availability

81
Q

Collaborative Leadership

A

Support a collaborative practice model
Support the choice of a leader depending on the context
The two components of leadership are 1) task-orientation and 2) relationship-orientation

82
Q

Interprofessional conflict resolution

A

Positively and constructively addressing disagreements as their arise

83
Q

Factors that influence interprofessional collaboration in education and practice (3)

A

Complexity of the situation
Contextual issues
Quality improvement

84
Q

Health Promotion vs Disease Prevention

A

Health promotion: broad concept
Disease prevention: specific to avoiding an illness/disease

85
Q

The Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion

A

1986: first global conference on health promotion
Health as a resource for living
Holistic view of health
Requires intersectoral responsibility

86
Q

5 Key strategies for health promotion - Ottawa charter 1986

A

1) strengthening community action
2) building healthy public policy
3) creating supportive environments
4) developing personal skills
5) reorienting health services (sensitive to needs of the population)

87
Q

The Upstream View (Butterfield 1990)

A

Upstream endeavors focus on modifying economic, political and environmental factors that have been shown to be the precursors of poor health throughout the world

88
Q

Hany’s Story

A

Syrian refugee family - forced immigration due to conflict
Hany’s story used by UN to encourage more funding towards refugee families

89
Q

Local Capacity Building

A

Feeling capable of taking care of one’s own life
Family is a partner not object

90
Q

Saskatchewan Health Promotion Strategy Goals (5)

A
  1. Supportive life settings (live, learn, work) and life conditions over the life span
  2. Communities are informed and engaged in supporting health for all
  3. Communities are taking action to support health for all
  4. Take collective, comprehensive action using a Determinants-based lens
  5. Evaluate and report progress regularly
91
Q

What has made Global health more present?

A

Globalization of communications

92
Q

Global health began with “____ Revolution”

A

Industrial

93
Q

When were the UN and WHO established?

A

After WWII

94
Q

What are millennium development goals? (8)

A

1) End extreme POVERTY/hunger
2) Achieve universal primary EDUCATION
3) GENDER EQUALITY and WOMEN empowerment
4) Reduce CHILD MORTALITY
5) Improve MATERNAL health
6) Combat HIV/AIDS, MALARIA, TB
7) ENVIRONMENTAL stability
8) GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP for development

95
Q

What is the top leading cause of global disease?

A

Ischemic heart disease

96
Q

What are some world population challenges (6)?

A
  1. Migration from rural to urban
  2. Stress on global environment
  3. Increased demand for family planning
  4. Pregnancy & childbirth complications
  5. Lack of prenatal care
  6. HIV/AIDS
97
Q

“_____ inequities” are among the root causes of health inequities.

A

Social

98
Q

What are Social Inequities (3)?

A

1) income
2) housing
3) education

99
Q

What is the criteria for an adequate health care system (3)?

A

1) Equitable access to quality care
2) Affordability
3) Sustainability

100
Q

What is global health according to Mill et al (2005)?

A

Optimal well being of all humans from the individual and collective perspective

101
Q

What is the purpose of the Millennium Development Goals according to Oglivie et al. (2005)? (2)

A

Set an agenda for advancing global health in the 21st century
Goals provide global targets to reduce poverty

102
Q

What are the challenges r/t decreasing child mortality? (4)

A
  1. Skilled health workers who attend births
  2. HIV infections
  3. TB
  4. Access to safe drinking water
103
Q

What is the leading cause of mortality in Canada?

A

Heart disease and stroke

104
Q

Which disease has had increased prevalence and incidence rates in Canada?

A

Type 2 Diabetes

105
Q

Who is at high risk for type 2 diabetes?

A

Low-income Canadians and Aboriginal peoples

106
Q

When are the foundations of health formed?

A

Before birth, in infancy and in early childhood

107
Q

What can lead to reduced readiness for school and problem behaviours?

A
  1. Insecure emotional attachment
  2. Low levels of stimulation
108
Q

Which groups are a target for social exclusion? (3)

A

1) Aboriginal peoples
2) Non-European immigrants
3) People of color

109
Q

How to integrate SHD’s into nursing practice

A

1) paradigm shift from sickness to wellness
2) realize health system has an important but limited role in addressing health
3) requires challenges to power, equity and social justice
4) Understand affects of globalization

110
Q

Three levels of disease prevention

A

Primary: before S&S occur
Secondary: early detection of disease
Tertiary: convalescence stage of disease, trying to minimize damage

111
Q

Health Promotion Strategies (5)

A

Build healthy public policy
Create supportive environments
Strengthen community action
Develop personal skills
Reorient health services

112
Q

Greenlandic Public Health Program

A

Focus is health in the everyday life and in all sectors of society.
Program based on better knowledge about health

113
Q

Structural Determinants of Health for Indigienous people

A

History, political climate, economics, and social context

114
Q

What is the most important fundamental determinant of health for Indigenous peoples?

A

Colonialism

NURS 201 (1 decks)

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