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Anatomy and Physiology 2 > Midterm 1 (Slide 1) > Flashcards

Midterm 1 (Slide 1) Flashcards

1
Q

Heart is a transport system….

A

Consisting of 2 side-by-side pumps (pulmonary & systemic circuit)

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2
Q

Pulmonary Circuit

A

Right side receives oxygen-poor blood from tissues. It pumps blood to the lungs to get rid of CO2 and pick up O2 (via pulmonary circuit)

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3
Q

Systemic Cicuit

A

Left side receives oxygenated blood from lungs. It pumps blood to body tissues (via systemic circuit)

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4
Q

How many chambers of the heart and what are they?

A

Right and Left Atrium & Right and Left Ventricle

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5
Q

Receiving Chambers of the Heart?

A

Right Atrium (receives blood returning from systemic circuit) & Left Atrium (receives blood returning from pulmonary circuit)

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6
Q

Pumping Chambers of the Heart?

A

Right Ventricle (Pumps blood through pulmonary circuit) & Left Ventricle (Pumps blood through systemic circuit)

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7
Q

What is the Covering of the Heart?

A

Pericardium - double walled sac that surrounds the heart; made up of 2 layers (reduces friction)

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8
Q

How many layers of the Heart Wall and what are they?

A

Total of 3 layers.
1) Epicardium - outermost layer or visceral layer of the pericardium. Visceral means in direct contact with organs. Helps reduce friction when heart beats.
2) Myocardium - middle layer consisting of cardiac muscle tissue, which helps with the contraction of the heart and pumps blood through the circulatory system.
3) Endocardium - innermost layer that lines the heart chamber and covers the heart valves. Helps prevent blood clotting and maintains the structure.

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9
Q

Layers of the Pericardium and of the Heart Wall

A

Fibrous Pericardium, Pericardial Cavity, Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium, Heart Chamber

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10
Q

What is Pericarditis?

A

Pericarditis is a condition where there is inflammation of the pericardium. It roughens the membrane surfaces causing pericardial friction rub (creaking sound) when heard through a stethoscope.

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11
Q

What is Cardiac Tamponade?

A

This condition is when there is an excess amount of fluid in the pericardial space which compresses the hearts ability to pump. Treatment: the fluid can be taken out of the cavity using a syringe.

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12
Q

Myocardium of the heart…

A

has an arrangement of circular and spiral cardiac muscle arrangement - helps with contraction of the heart and blood flow.

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13
Q

Internal features (4 chambers)

A

2 Superior Atria and 2 Inferior Ventricles

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14
Q

Interatrial septum

A

separates atria

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15
Q

Interventricular septum

A

separates ventricles

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16
Q

Atria: Receiving Chambers

A

small, thin walled chambers which helps with the movement of blood (aka propulsion of blood)

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17
Q

Right Atrium

A

receives deoxygenated blood from the body

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18
Q

How many veins empty into the right atrium and what are they?

A

Total of 3 veins:
1) Superior Vena Cava - returns blood from body regions above the diaphragm
2) Inferior Vena Cava - returns blood from body regions below the diaphragm
3) Coronary Sinus - returns blood from the coronary veins

19
Q

Left Atrium

A

receives oxygenated blood from the lungs

20
Q

How many pulmonary veins return blood from the lungs?

A

Total of 4 (left and right pulmonary vein on each lung making it a total of 4)

21
Q

Ventricle: Pumping Chambers

A

Makes up most of the volume of the heart. Thicker walls than atria. Actual pumps of the heart.

22
Q

Right Ventricle

A

Makes up most of the anterior surface. Pumps blood into pulmonary truck.

23
Q

Left Ventricle

A

make up most of posteroinferior surface. Pumps blood into aorta (largest artery in body)

24
Q

How many heart valves are there?

A

2 heart valves

25
Q

What are the heart valves?

A

1) Atrioventricular Valve
2)Semilunar Valve

26
Q

What is the AV valve?

A

prevents backflow into the atria when the ventricles contract

27
Q

How many AV valves and what are they?

A

(total 2)
1) Tricuspid Valve: (right AV valve) located between the right atria and right ventricle, made up of 3 cusps
2) Mitral Valve: (left AV valve or bicuspid valve) located between the left atria and left ventricle, made up of 2 cusps

28
Q

What is the chordae tendineae?

A

anchor cusps of AV valves to papillary muscles to hold the valve flaps in closed position or prevent flaps from flipping back into the atria.

29
Q

AV Valves Open;

A

atrial pressure greater than ventricular pressure

30
Q

AV Valves Closed

A

atrial pressure less than ventricular pressure

31
Q

What is the Semilunar Valve?

A

prevents backflow from major arteries into ventricles

32
Q

How many semilunar valves and what are they?

A

There are 2 semilunar valves both consisting of 3 cusps in the shape of a half moon.
1) pulmonary semilunar valve: located between right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk
2) aortic semilunar valve: located between the left ventricle and the aorta

33
Q

If semilunar valve is open then….

A

ventricles contract

34
Q

If semilunar valve is closed then….

A

ventricles relax

35
Q

What are two conditions that severely weaken the heart?

A

1) Incompetent Valve: blood backflow so heart repumps same blood over and over again
2) Valvular Stenosis: flap is stiff which requires the heart to use more force to pump blood

36
Q

How can defective valves be replaced?

A

mechanical, animal, or cadaver valve

37
Q

Pathway of blood through heart (right side)

A

Superior Vena Cava, Inferior Vena Cava, Coronary Sinus, Right Atria, Tricuspid Valve, Right Ventricle, Pulmonary Semilunar Valve, Pulmonary Trunk, Pulmonary Arteries, Lungs

38
Q

Pathway of blood through heart (left side)

A

Four pulmonary veins, Left Atria, Mitral Valve, Left Ventricle, Aortic Semilunar Valve, Aorta, Systemic Circulation

39
Q

Coronary Circulation

A

functions blood supply to heart muscle, shortest circulation, delivered when the heart is relaxed and most of the coronary blood supply remains in the left ventricle

40
Q

Coronary Arteries

A

Arise from the base of the aorta and supplies oxygen rich blood to the heart. Encircles the coronary sulcus. Arteries contain anastomoses (junctions) to help provide routes for blood delivery, but cannot fully compensate for blockages (occlusion).

41
Q

Cardiac Veins

A

collect blood from capillary bed

42
Q

Great Cardiac Vein
Middle Cardiac Vein
Small Cardiac Vein

A

1) anterior interventricular sulcus
2) posterior interventricular sulcus
3) inferior margin

43
Q

Angina Pectoris

A

Thoracic pain caused by deficiency in blood delivery to myocardium (cells weakened)

44
Q

Myocardial Infarction (Heart Attack)

A

Coronary Blockage (areas of cell death are repaired with non contractile scar tissues)

Anatomy and Physiology 2 (2 decks)

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