Midterm 1 Review Flashcards
What are the central Elements of jazz?
Blues, western classical music, African - American religious music (gospel), Latin feel added later
What are the elements of music?
Rhythm, tone/timbre/sonority , harmony, melody, texture/counterpoint (homo-phonic vs. polyphonic), form
What is sonority?
Timbre, distinctive quality of sound, dynamics
What distinguishes jazz?
Less regular vibrato, pitch bending, brightness modification, smears, blue notes, mutes, personal tone quality
What are the elements of rhythm?
Time, beat, meter (beat grouping), measure (one unit of meter), tempo.
What is the most common beat pattern in jazz? Second and third?
Four beat. Two beat, sometimes three beat.
What is the difference between simple and compound meter?
Simple - two notes per beat Sw Sw
Compound - three or more notes per beat Sww Sww
What can outline a beat pattern?
Repeated rhythmic patterns, accents, short notes proceeding a long note, pitch change, and often chord change
What makes music swing?
Shape of individual notes, dynamics, vibrato, syncopation, swing eighths, articulation
What is stop time?
rhythm section plays every other beat 123 rest etc
What is back beat?
Emphasis after the beat/weak beat
How do chords move?
From dissonance to stability
What is the tonal system?
chord progression that revolves around tonic, strong sense of direction and arrival, strong progressions move by 4ths, strongest chords in root position
What are rhythm changes?
chord progression of Gershwin’s “I got Rhythm”
What are the basic forms of jazz?
Blues form and 32 bar song form
What is the blues progression?
12 measures per chorus: 4 I | 2 IV | 2 I | 1 V | 1 IV | 2 I |
What is a turnaround and when does it happen in 32 bar song form?
It occurs at the end of 8 bar phrases and especially before the B section, most often a repetition of a previous section
What did jazz borrow from African music?
syncopation, call and response, poly-rhythm, cross accents ( regular pattern of accents of the prevailing meter is contradicted by a conflicting pattern), tone bending, bright sonority
What is an example of an African piece?
Hunter’s Dance
Give some examples of African American religious music.
Ring shout: voice clapping etc, not allowed instruments, references Old Test
Gospel
What are the Georgia sea islands and why are they important?
Off the Georgian coast, little commerce so African American culture remained static, developed gullah
What music led to the development of blues?
Styles recorded by Alan Lomax
Field calls - used to call across fields, shorter, less rhythmic
Work songs - field hands used to get in rhythm during work, ex. Berta Berta
What defines blues?
Lyrics in couplets: A A B (response)
Lyrics Earthy and direct: defeat, discouragement, metaphorical, racial protest, voodoo
Blues scale.
Blues form: 4 I | 2 IV | 2 I | 1 V | 1 IV | 2 I |
Soulful and manipulative
Where was early blues performed and by whom?
Juke Joints and Honky-tonks by male voice and guitar
What were the characteristics of country vs. city blues?
Country: sparse accompaniment, free form, earth lyrics, undeveloped, expressive voice, singers mostly male.
City: several instruments, 12-bar controlled form, sophisticated lyrics, controlled voice, singers female
What are some characteristics of ragtime?
Not improvised, written, sparing pedal, right hand syncopation and cross rhythms with bass, left hand reminiscent of a march
What is the Ragtime form? What does it resemble?
A A B B A | C C D D, 16 per section like a march
Who is Jelly Roll Morton?
Creole Pianist, self-proclaimed inventor of jazz, best early jazz arranger and composer (head arrangements), added swing to right hand, moves to Chicago after closing of storyville, often does trading 2’s and 4’s
recordings in 1920’s by victor:
clarinet Omar Simeon | banjo Johnny St. Cyr
trumpet George Mitchell | trombone Kid Ory
Why are there few recordings of early jazz?
Black performers feared their ideas would be stolen
What was the first jazz recording?
Tiger Rag - New Orleans Dixieland Jazz Band
Where did early jazz performers play?
Brothels in New Orleans.
What were some of the major historical events in jazz history?
1808 - slave trade outlawed
1863 - emancipation proclamation (freed slaves)
1880’s - Black Codes (creoles had to live on same side of town as blacks, mixing styles)
1897 - 1917 - formation of the red light district “storyville” gave musicians work
What was happening on the East side of NYC between 1880 and 1920?
Europe Society Orchestra - James Reese Europe, “Castle House Rag”
What was the instrumentation of a typical early jazz ensemble?
Front Line: cornet, clarinet, trombone
Rhythm section: Banjo, tuba and drums (sometimes piano)
What were the characteristics of early jazz?
Rag form, simultaneous improvisation, driving rhythms, polyphonic structure, novelty sounds, expressiveness of early jazz singers
Which important figures made up the front line of Dippermouth Blues and which band recorded it?
Johnny Dodds (Cl), Lewis Armstrong (Tr), King Oliver (Tr), King Oliver and his Creole Jazz Band
Why did people gravitate toward New Orleans early on?
During reconstruction, troops withdrawn due to undercover deal: KKK, lynchings. New Orleans safe from Jim Crow laws.
How was blues brought to New Orleans?
Brought by blacks escaping Jim Crow Laws in Mississippi river delta
How did Plessy vs. Ferguson influence the evolution of jazz?
This made separation of whites and blacks constitutional and classified creoles as black (creoles were forced to move into black neighborhoods), causing stylistic mixing (creoles had classical training)
Who headed the first jazz band?
Buddy Bolden - Cornet, storyville figure
What was the most popular music at the beginning of WWI?
Ragtime
Which industry flourished at the beginning of WWI?
The music publishing industry because people owned pianos, Tin Pan Alley formed in NYC
What was an important song of Early jazz and its innovations?
Kid Ory’s Creole Trombone: counter-melodies, solo breaks at end of phrase, obbligato - above main melody, coda, out - chorus.