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2: EAS 205 > Midterm 1 review > Flashcards

Midterm 1 review Flashcards

1
Q

what extinction event are we in?

A

holocene

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2
Q

effect of underwater volcano

A

worldwide

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3
Q

climate change means what for extreme events?

A

they become a lot more common because of human contribution

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4
Q

brief cover of scientific method

A

observation
hypothesis (must be testable & reproducible)
test hypothesis
form theory

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5
Q

geology as a science evolution

A

first observational but now analytical

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6
Q

how old is earth?

A

4-5 bya

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7
Q

tilt of earth

A

23.5

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8
Q

chemical makeup of planets in solar system

A

4 rocky and metallic inner planets (nearest the sun) then 4 gaseous outer planets (very cold)

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9
Q

how old is universe?

A

14 bya

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10
Q

origins of planets

A

young star condense and materials around it condense too (gaseous condense at low temp so outside planets are gaseous and low density while inner planets are solid and mineral- high density)

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11
Q

differentiation of earth

A

central core: dense and hot (Ni & Fe)
mantle (thick zone around core - ultra mafic and mafic rocks/magma)
crust : (oceanic - mafic and crustal -felsic)

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12
Q

hydrosphere (def.)

A

all water at or near the surface of the earth

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13
Q

stream (def.)

A

body of flowing water

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14
Q

river (def.)

A

major branches of stream system

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15
Q

drainage basin (def.)

A

where the stream gets its water supply

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16
Q

what does the size of the drainage basin upstream indicate?

A

the size of the stream

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17
Q

how is the drainage basin defined topographically?

A

divides

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18
Q

stream discharge (def.)

A

volume of water that passes point in a given time (m3/s) = area x velocity of flow

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19
Q

laminar flow vs turbulent

A

parellel streamlines (slow moving rivers or edges of fast rivers) vs mixing streamlines making eddies (fast moving riversO

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20
Q

total sediment load (or just load) carried by a stream = _____. ability to carry material of certain size = ______

A

-capacity (closely related to discharge and availability of sediment) = increasing v = increase capacity
-competence

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21
Q

slow moving water carries what size of sediment? faster?

A

-fine-grained
-wider range

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22
Q

stream flow changes with ____ and sediments are well sorted by _____

A

-seasons
-size and density

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23
Q

when stream profile is stable it is a ___ stream

A

graded

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24
Q

velocity of stream is largely dependent on steepness of channel = ____

A

gradient

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25
Q

base level of stream = _____

A

lowest elevation stream can flow, typically sea level if linking to sea (gradient decreases as you get closer to base = longitudinal profile); can be lake, dry alley

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26
Q

two types of stream types

A

meandering: gentle gradients, cary fine sediments
braided: diverging, steep gradients and high sediment load & changes in discharge

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27
Q

forming meandering stream

A

low-velocity stream in flat floodplain
-sediment deposited when water is bending (inside banks) & current slower = point bar
-snajing motion

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28
Q

meandering stream eventually forms _____

A

floodplain

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29
Q

hydrograph (def.)

A

a plot of stream discharge at a point over time (ex. base at jan , feb, mar)

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30
Q

factors governing flooding

A

-excessive rainfall
-snowmelt off in mountains
-severe storms
-hazardous blockage of stream channel (tree & rock avalanches)
-any time input exceeds output

31
Q

_______ of stream increases during flood

A

-velocity , height and discharge

32
Q

stage (def.) crest (def,)

A

-elevation of water (flood tage: stream exceeds bank height)
-crest (max stage reached)

33
Q

upstream flood (def.)

A

happens in small localized upper part of basin, usually internse rainstroms or dam bursts

34
Q

downstream flood (def.)

A

happens in large lower part of drainage basin, heavy rains/snow melts , last longer in duration

35
Q

flash flood (def.)

A

type of upstream flood characterized by rapid rise in stream stage (usually by thunderstorm)

36
Q

ice jam (def.)

A

ice doesn’t melt properly, ice stucks together, can constrict flow and cause flood

37
Q

stream hydrographs + flooding

A

upstream: smaller drainage basin = steep increase in discharge, short duration
downstream: drainage basin larger, smaller peak in discharge, water is spaced out so broader peak of longer duration

38
Q

rate of surface runoff influenced by (4)

A

ground cover
topography
presence of vegatation (increase inflitration)
climate

39
Q

flood frequency curve

A

-Useful tool to evaluate frequency of flood events
- Curve is constructed by plotting discharge as a
function of recurrence interval

40
Q

building a dam vs urban growth effect on flood

A

building dam=decrease flood risk
urban growth = increase flood risk

41
Q

Flood Hazard Reduction Strategies

A
  • Restrictive Zoning
  • Retention Pond
  • Diversion Channel
  • Channelization (straighten channel - reduce local damage but increase downstream)
  • Levees
  • Flood Control Dams and Reservoirs
    don’t build in flood plain
42
Q

major mass extinctions + when they occured? + volcanism

A

Silurian-Ordovician - 450 Ma
Late Devonian - 320 Ma - Viluy Trap
Permain -Triassic (largest) - 252 Ma -Siberian
Triassic -Jurassic 200 Ma -CAMP
End Cretaceous (K-P)- 66Ma- Deccan

43
Q

Permian extinction effects

A

-marine invertebrates suffered (especially those with CaCO3 exoskeletons) - corals, ammonoids, trilobites lost
-terrestrial invertebrates = largest extinction of insects
-terrestial vertbrates = large herbivores suffered
terrestial plants - loss of forest (coal gap)

44
Q

Earliest Triassic shallow marine settings are
characterized by ______

A

-very few fossils and few trace fossils.
* High diversity assemblages occur in isolated refugia

45
Q

paleozoic coral types went extinct at aend of permian = new coral type

A

scleractinain coral appear in middle triassic

46
Q

Triassic-Jurassic extinction event

A

collapse of reef, ceratitic ammonoids
mammals largely unaffected

47
Q

Triassic-Jurassic extinction event cause

A

CAMP (central Atlantic) originc of mid atlanic rift = northamerian africa, south america

48
Q

Cretaceous-Paleogene Extinction Event

A

most of planet and animals, not tetrapod over 25 kg surviveved, demise of non-avian dinosaurs.ptersours,

49
Q

chicxculb impact

A

65 mya
mexico, created tsunami,
evidence: shocked quartz, glassy spheres,iridium at K-Pg boundary
also tanis site

50
Q

C-P extinction = ____ volcanism

A

decaan trap (india)

51
Q

brief history of mammals

A

1st mammal in triassix
marsupial in early cret.
placental in paleogene
primate in early paleogene

52
Q

what did Grabau work indicate?

A

the crust indicated that sea level rised and fell rhythmically

53
Q

other scientists involved with flooding?

A

barrell, sloss (indicated that there were 5 times in earth history were covered with water)

54
Q

glacation effect on sea level

A

sea level decrease

55
Q

glacial melting effect on sea level

A

sea level increase

56
Q

gradualism/uniformitarianism

A

we used to believe that crust changes happen gradually

57
Q

what indicates that gradualism wasn’t true?

A

1)omission of geological time between layers
2)sedimentary deposits that are weird
3) fossil rich levels (aka bone beds)

58
Q

Catastrophism

A

features from large abrupt changes

59
Q

Catastrophic Uniformitarianism

A

both slow and rapid process shape Earth

60
Q

flood (def.)

A

overflow of water on land that is usually dry; cause: tsunamis, rapid melting with volcanism)

61
Q

mythical origin of Mediterranean

A

hercules dug an inlet between africa and rock of gibraltar

62
Q

what was messinian salinity crisis

A

The Mediterranean Sea became disconnected from the world’s oceans and mostly desiccated by evaporation about 5.6 million years ago during the Messinian salinity crisis

63
Q

what was zanclean flood?

A

The Atlantic waters found a way through the present Gibraltar Strait and rapidly refilled the Mediterranean 5.33 million years ago in an event known as the Zanclean flood. (0.4 m per day to 10 m) (western basin filled first then eastern)

64
Q

Sea-level Changes last 20Ka

A

A: The flooding of Doggerland: The coastline
around the North Sea centered on the Dogger
Bank, at 10,000 BP and 7000 BP, after Shennan
et al. (2000), with permission.
B: The flooding of Sundaland: The coastline
around the Sunda Shelf at 11,560 BP and 7240
BP, from Sathiamurthy and Voris (2006).
C: The flooding of Beringia: The coastline
around the Bering Strait at 12,000 BP and 7000
BP.

65
Q

hurricanes, cyclones, typhoons

A

same type of storm called different things; warm air in middle (lowpressure)

66
Q

increasing temp and strength of storm

A

increasing strength

67
Q
  • Factors that impact coastlines:
A

– Tectonic setting
– Materials present at the shore
– Energy of water striking the coast

68
Q

coastlines: Active margin? Passive margin?

A
  • associated with active plate tectonics (Often cliffs found near active margins)
    -far from active plate tectonics (Often a broad shelf, beaches and with sandy offshore beaches)
69
Q
  • Signs of changing relative sea level
A
  • A wave-cut platform will form at coastlines: A number of wave cut platforms is an indication of uplifting land or dropping sea level
    – A drowned valley can record changes in sea level also
70
Q

Waves and currents are the primary forces regulating natural _______

A

Shoreline modification

71
Q

Waves are induced by winds. While the waves themselves propagate, the water involved actually moves in a circular motion in place. The radius of the circular motion becomes smaller with depth, and is negligible at ____. As waves approach the shore, circular motion is no longer possible and waves collapse, yielding ____.

A
  • the wave base
    -breakers
72
Q

energy of wave?

A

2^x (x= height)

73
Q

Tides moving near shorelines cause currents that can reach speeds of a few kilometers an hour. As the tide rises, the water flows in towards shore as a flood tide, moving into coastal marshes and up small streams. As the tide passes the high stage and starts to fall, the ebb tide moves out, and low-lying coastal areas are exposed again.
The area that is exposed is called the _____

A

-“tidal flat”

74
Q

Disruption of the longshore current leads to both
unwanted erosion and deposition

A

Groin Prevents up-drift erosion
BUT… causes down-drift erosion

2: EAS 205 (10 decks)

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