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2: EAS 205 > Midterm 1 review > Flashcards

Midterm 1 review Flashcards

1
Q

what extinction event are we in?

A

holocene

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2
Q

effect of underwater volcano

A

worldwide

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3
Q

climate change means what for extreme events?

A

they become a lot more common because of human contribution

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4
Q

brief cover of scientific method

A

observation
hypothesis (must be testable & reproducible)
test hypothesis
form theory

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5
Q

geology as a science evolution

A

first observational but now analytical

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6
Q

how old is earth?

A

4-5 bya

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7
Q

tilt of earth

A

23.5

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8
Q

chemical makeup of planets in solar system

A

4 rocky and metallic inner planets (nearest the sun) then 4 gaseous outer planets (very cold)

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9
Q

how old is universe?

A

14 bya

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10
Q

origins of planets

A

young star condense and materials around it condense too (gaseous condense at low temp so outside planets are gaseous and low density while inner planets are solid and mineral- high density)

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11
Q

differentiation of earth

A

central core: dense and hot (Ni & Fe)
mantle (thick zone around core - ultra mafic and mafic rocks/magma)
crust : (oceanic - mafic and crustal -felsic)

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12
Q

hydrosphere (def.)

A

all water at or near the surface of the earth

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13
Q

stream (def.)

A

body of flowing water

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14
Q

river (def.)

A

major branches of stream system

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15
Q

drainage basin (def.)

A

where the stream gets its water supply

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16
Q

what does the size of the drainage basin upstream indicate?

A

the size of the stream

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17
Q

how is the drainage basin defined topographically?

A

divides

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18
Q

stream discharge (def.)

A

volume of water that passes point in a given time (m3/s) = area x velocity of flow

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19
Q

laminar flow vs turbulent

A

parellel streamlines (slow moving rivers or edges of fast rivers) vs mixing streamlines making eddies (fast moving riversO

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20
Q

total sediment load (or just load) carried by a stream = _____. ability to carry material of certain size = ______

A

-capacity (closely related to discharge and availability of sediment) = increasing v = increase capacity
-competence

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21
Q

slow moving water carries what size of sediment? faster?

A

-fine-grained
-wider range

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22
Q

stream flow changes with ____ and sediments are well sorted by _____

A

-seasons
-size and density

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23
Q

when stream profile is stable it is a ___ stream

A

graded

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24
Q

velocity of stream is largely dependent on steepness of channel = ____

A

gradient

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25
base level of stream = _____
lowest elevation stream can flow, typically sea level if linking to sea (gradient decreases as you get closer to base = longitudinal profile); can be lake, dry alley
26
two types of stream types
meandering: gentle gradients, cary fine sediments braided: diverging, steep gradients and high sediment load & changes in discharge
27
forming meandering stream
low-velocity stream in flat floodplain -sediment deposited when water is bending (inside banks) & current slower = point bar -snajing motion
28
meandering stream eventually forms _____
floodplain
29
hydrograph (def.)
a plot of stream discharge at a point over time (ex. base at jan , feb, mar)
30
factors governing flooding
-excessive rainfall -snowmelt off in mountains -severe storms -hazardous blockage of stream channel (tree & rock avalanches) -any time input exceeds output
31
_______ of stream increases during flood
-velocity , height and discharge
32
stage (def.) crest (def,)
-elevation of water (flood tage: stream exceeds bank height) -crest (max stage reached)
33
upstream flood (def.)
happens in small localized upper part of basin, usually internse rainstroms or dam bursts
34
downstream flood (def.)
happens in large lower part of drainage basin, heavy rains/snow melts , last longer in duration
35
flash flood (def.)
type of upstream flood characterized by rapid rise in stream stage (usually by thunderstorm)
36
ice jam (def.)
ice doesn't melt properly, ice stucks together, can constrict flow and cause flood
37
stream hydrographs + flooding
upstream: smaller drainage basin = steep increase in discharge, short duration downstream: drainage basin larger, smaller peak in discharge, water is spaced out so broader peak of longer duration
38
rate of surface runoff influenced by (4)
ground cover topography presence of vegatation (increase inflitration) climate
39
flood frequency curve
-Useful tool to evaluate frequency of flood events - Curve is constructed by plotting discharge as a function of recurrence interval
40
building a dam vs urban growth effect on flood
building dam=decrease flood risk urban growth = increase flood risk
41
Flood Hazard Reduction Strategies
* Restrictive Zoning * Retention Pond * Diversion Channel * Channelization (straighten channel - reduce local damage but increase downstream) * Levees * Flood Control Dams and Reservoirs don't build in flood plain
42
major mass extinctions + when they occured? + volcanism
Silurian-Ordovician - 450 Ma Late Devonian - 320 Ma - Viluy Trap Permain -Triassic (largest) - 252 Ma -Siberian Triassic -Jurassic 200 Ma -CAMP End Cretaceous (K-P)- 66Ma- Deccan
43
Permian extinction effects
-marine invertebrates suffered (especially those with CaCO3 exoskeletons) - corals, ammonoids, trilobites lost -terrestrial invertebrates = largest extinction of insects -terrestial vertbrates = large herbivores suffered terrestial plants - loss of forest (coal gap)
44
Earliest Triassic shallow marine settings are characterized by ______
-very few fossils and few trace fossils. * High diversity assemblages occur in isolated refugia
45
paleozoic coral types went extinct at aend of permian = new coral type
scleractinain coral appear in middle triassic
46
Triassic-Jurassic extinction event
collapse of reef, ceratitic ammonoids mammals largely unaffected
47
Triassic-Jurassic extinction event cause
CAMP (central Atlantic) originc of mid atlanic rift = northamerian africa, south america
48
Cretaceous-Paleogene Extinction Event
most of planet and animals, not tetrapod over 25 kg surviveved, demise of non-avian dinosaurs.ptersours,
49
chicxculb impact
65 mya mexico, created tsunami, evidence: shocked quartz, glassy spheres,iridium at K-Pg boundary also tanis site
50
C-P extinction = ____ volcanism
decaan trap (india)
51
brief history of mammals
1st mammal in triassix marsupial in early cret. placental in paleogene primate in early paleogene
52
what did Grabau work indicate?
the crust indicated that sea level rised and fell rhythmically
53
other scientists involved with flooding?
barrell, sloss (indicated that there were 5 times in earth history were covered with water)
54
glacation effect on sea level
sea level decrease
55
glacial melting effect on sea level
sea level increase
56
gradualism/uniformitarianism
we used to believe that crust changes happen gradually
57
what indicates that gradualism wasn't true?
1)omission of geological time between layers 2)sedimentary deposits that are weird 3) fossil rich levels (aka bone beds)
58
Catastrophism
features from large abrupt changes
59
Catastrophic Uniformitarianism
both slow and rapid process shape Earth
60
flood (def.)
overflow of water on land that is usually dry; cause: tsunamis, rapid melting with volcanism)
61
mythical origin of Mediterranean
hercules dug an inlet between africa and rock of gibraltar
62
what was messinian salinity crisis
The Mediterranean Sea became disconnected from the world’s oceans and mostly desiccated by evaporation about 5.6 million years ago during the Messinian salinity crisis
63
what was zanclean flood?
The Atlantic waters found a way through the present Gibraltar Strait and rapidly refilled the Mediterranean 5.33 million years ago in an event known as the Zanclean flood. (0.4 m per day to 10 m) (western basin filled first then eastern)
64
Sea-level Changes last 20Ka
A: The flooding of Doggerland: The coastline around the North Sea centered on the Dogger Bank, at 10,000 BP and 7000 BP, after Shennan et al. (2000), with permission. B: The flooding of Sundaland: The coastline around the Sunda Shelf at 11,560 BP and 7240 BP, from Sathiamurthy and Voris (2006). C: The flooding of Beringia: The coastline around the Bering Strait at 12,000 BP and 7000 BP.
65
hurricanes, cyclones, typhoons
same type of storm called different things; warm air in middle (lowpressure)
66
increasing temp and strength of storm
increasing strength
67
* Factors that impact coastlines:
– Tectonic setting – Materials present at the shore – Energy of water striking the coast
68
coastlines: Active margin? Passive margin?
- associated with active plate tectonics (Often cliffs found near active margins) -far from active plate tectonics (Often a broad shelf, beaches and with sandy offshore beaches)
69
* Signs of changing relative sea level
- A wave-cut platform will form at coastlines: A number of wave cut platforms is an indication of uplifting land or dropping sea level – A drowned valley can record changes in sea level also
70
Waves and currents are the primary forces regulating natural _______
Shoreline modification
71
Waves are induced by winds. While the waves themselves propagate, the water involved actually moves in a circular motion in place. The radius of the circular motion becomes smaller with depth, and is negligible at ____. As waves approach the shore, circular motion is no longer possible and waves collapse, yielding ____.
- the wave base -breakers
72
energy of wave?
2^x (x= height)
73
Tides moving near shorelines cause currents that can reach speeds of a few kilometers an hour. As the tide rises, the water flows in towards shore as a flood tide, moving into coastal marshes and up small streams. As the tide passes the high stage and starts to fall, the ebb tide moves out, and low-lying coastal areas are exposed again. The area that is exposed is called the _____
-“tidal flat”
74
Disruption of the longshore current leads to both unwanted erosion and deposition
Groin Prevents up-drift erosion BUT… causes down-drift erosion

2: EAS 205 (10 decks)

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