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AP 5 - Brain > Midterm #1 Review > Flashcards

Midterm #1 Review Flashcards

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1
Q

In your own words, describe the size, location, and orientation of the heart

A
  • The heart rests on the diaphragm, near the midline of the thoracic cavity.
  • It lies in the mediastinum- an anatomical region that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column, from the first rib to the diaphragm, and between the lungs
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2
Q

The orientation of the heart

A
  • The heart looks like a cone lying on its side. The pointed apex is formed by the tip of the left ventricle and rests on the diaphragm. It is directed anteriorly, inferiorly and to the left.
  • The base of the heart is its posterior surface. Formed by the upper chambers of the heart, mostly the left atrium.
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3
Q

List the 4 valves of the heart – include all alternate names for each valve.

A

1) Tricuspid Valve: blood passing from the right atrium into the right ventricle.
Also called the Right atrioventricular valve

2) Bicuspid Valve: blood passes from left atrium into the left ventricle
Called Mitral valve and Left atrioventricular valve

3) Pulmonary Valve: blood passes from the right ventricle into a large artery called pulmonary trunk. It divides into right/left pulmonary arteries, carries to lungs
Semilunar Valve

4) Aortic Valve: blood passes from left ventricle through this valve, into the ascending aorta
Semilunar Valve

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4
Q

Cardiac Output

A

The amount of blood pumped by the ventricle (either right or left) in one minute

Cardiac Output (CO) = Stroke Volume (SV) X Heart rate (HR)

Cardiac Output (CO) = 70 mL X 75 bpm

Cardiac Output (CO) = 5250 mL/minute OR 5.25L/minute

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5
Q

Stroke Volume:

A

The volume of blood ejected by the ventricle during one contraction
EDV - ESV

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6
Q

The volume of blood in the ventricle after relaxation

A

End Diastolic Volume (EDV)

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7
Q

The volume of blood remaining in the ventricle after it contracts

A

End Systolic Volume (ESV)

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8
Q

Cardiac Reserve

A

he difference in cardiac output from the maximum output ( activity) to the minimum output ( activity).
The difference is usually 5-4 times the resting, or minimum, output

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9
Q

Cardiac Cycle:

A

Includes all the events associated with one heartbeat.

  • Consists of systole and diastole of the atria plus systole and diastole of the ventricles.
  • When a heart rate is 75 bpm, a cardiac cycle lasts 0.8 seconds
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10
Q

The cardiac muscle fibers are contracting isometrically, but they aren’t yet shortening. All 4 valves are closed, and there is no change in blood volume of any heart chambers at this point.

A

Isovolumetric Contraction

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11
Q

A brief period in the cardiac cycle when all 4 valves are closed and the heart wall is relaxed

A

Isovolumetric Relaxation

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12
Q

Depolarization

A

Contractile fibers have stable resting membrane potential close to -90 mV. When the fibers are brought to threshold by an action potential, its voltage-gated fast Na channels open. This allows Na inflow. This produces rapid depolarization. Within seconds Na channels inactivate and Na inflow decrease

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13
Q

Repolarization:

A

This is the recovery of the resting membrane potential
- After a delay, additional voltage-gated K channels open. Outflow of K restores the negative resting membrane potential (-90mV). At the same time, the Ca channels in the sarcolemma and the sarcoplasmic reticulum are closing which also contributes to repolarization.

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14
Q

Self-excitable specialized cardiac muscle fibers that is the source of electrical activity

  • They repeatedly generate action potentials that trigger heart contractions
  • Act as a pacemaker, and form cardiac conduction system
A

Autorhythmic fibres

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15
Q

Intercalated Discs

A

Irregular transverse thickenings of the sarcolemma connecting ends of cardiac muscle fibers

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16
Q

Gap Junctions:

A

Allow muscle action potentials to conduct from one muscle fiber to its neighbour

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17
Q

Purkinje Fibers

A

Rapidly conduct action potential beginning at the apex of the heart upward to the remainder of the ventricular myocardium. Then the ventricles contract, pushing blood up to semilunar valves

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18
Q

Preload:

A

How much stretch is placed on the fibers of the heart wall before contraction occurs.
(Think of a balloon - if the balloon is blown up to its maximum, that would be a higher preload. If the balloon was only blown up a little, that would mean a lower pre-load.

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19
Q

Afterload

A

The pressure required for the ventricles to eject the blood

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20
Q

What events will follow when the pressure within the atria is higher than that of the ventricles?

A

Atrial Contraction (Atrial Systole)

  • Depolarization of SA node causes atrial depolarization, marked by P wave
  • Atria contracts, expert pressure on blood within, forces blood through the open AV valves into ventricles
  • Contributes final 25ml of blood to volume in each ventricle (105ml). At the end of martial systole it relaxes, it then contains 130ml in each ventricle
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21
Q

What events will follow when the pressure within the ventricles is higher than that of the atria?

A

Ventricular Depolarization (Ventricular Systole)

  • Pressure rises inside ventricles and pushes blood up against the atrioventricular valves, forcing them shut. For 0.5 sec, both atrioventricular and semilunar valves are closed Isovolumetric contraction
  • Continued contraction on ventricles causes pressure inside chambers to rise sharply. Left ventricle surpasses the aortic pressure of 80mmHg, Right ventricle rises above the pressure of the pulmonary trunk. Then both semilunar valves open ventricular ejection
  • Ejection of blood from heart now begins, pressure of Left ventricle rises to about 120mmHg, Right ventricle climbs to 25-30mmHg
  • Represents the T wave
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22
Q

What needs to happen for the semilunar valves to open? What is the term used to describe this event

A

Ventricular Ejection

  • This is caused when the pressure inside chambers rise sharply
  • Pressure in left and right ventricle climb above pressure in pulmonary trunk causes valves to open
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23
Q

What needs to happen for the Atrioventricular Valves to open?

A
  • When ventricles begin to relax, and the pressure falls quickly below the atrial pressure, the AV valves then open.
  • Ventricular Filling begins (blood flowing into the atria rushes rapidly into the ventricles after the AV valves open)
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24
Q

Describe Epicardium

A

-External Layer
Composed of 2 layers
-Outermost is visceral of serous pericardium
Innermost composed of delicate fibroelastic tissue and adipose tissue
-Contains blood vessels and lymphatic that supply myocardium

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25
Q

Describe Myocardium

A
  • Middle Layer
  • Responsible for pumping action of heart
  • Composed of cardiac muscle tissue
  • Makes up 95% of heart wall
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26
Q

Describe Endocardium

A
  • Innermost Layer
  • Thin layer of endothelium overlying a thing layer of connective tissue
  • Smooth lining for chambers of the heart and covers valves
  • Minimizes friction as blood passes
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27
Q

List and describe the 2 components of the pericardium:

A
  • Fibrous -
  • Tough inelastic, dense irregular connective tissue
  • Prevents overstretching, protection, anchors the heart
  • Serous-
  • Thin, delicate membrane, double layer of heart
  • Fused with fibrous pericardium on outside
  • Inner visceral layal (epicardium), layer adheres tightly to surface of heart
  • Pericardial fluid- reduces friction between layer as heart moves
  • Pericardial cavity- has few ml of pericardial fluid
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28
Q

membrane surrounds and protects the heart. Anchors the heart in position in mediastinum

A

Pericardium

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29
Q

Sulci:

A

A series of grooves found on the surface of the heart
Contains coronary blood vessels and a variable amount of fat, each sulcus marks the external boundary between 2 chambers of the heart

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30
Q

Encircles most of the heart and marks the external boundary between the superior atria and inferior ventricles

A

Coronary Sulcus

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31
Q

Wrinkled pouch-like structure, slightly increase capacity of atrium so it can hold greater volume of blood

A

Auricles

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32
Q

What is the function of the heart valves? Without valves, what would happen?

A

The valves in the heart are to help close off the atrium to ventricles, and ventricles to the large artery. Without these valves the blood would flow back into the valve, and areas (backflow), and create things like a “leaky valve”

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33
Q

Which chamber of the heart receives deoxygenated blood from 3 major vessels?

A 
The Right Atrium
Receives blood from the 3 following veins:
Superior Vena Cava
Inferior Vena Cava
Coronary Sinus
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34
Q

The pulmonary arteries project off of ______________ (which heart chamber) and carry _______ (oxygenated/deoxygenated) blood.

A

1) Right Ventricle

2) Oxygenated

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35
Q

The pulmonary veins project off of ______ (which heart chamber) and carry ______ (oxygenated/deoxygenated) blood.

A

1) Left Atrium

2) Oxygenated

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36
Q

Which structure begins as a passage between the atria in the fetal heart? If this passage does not close soon after birth, what complications do you think this could have for the baby?

A
  • Fossa Ovalis: Oval depression that is the remnant of foramen ovale, opening of the interatrial septum of fetal heart and normally closes soon after birth
  • If this doesn’t close, it would create what is called a “hole in the heart” meaning there would be blood flow between both atria’s, of deoxygenated and oxygenated blood causing issues with heart and blood flow
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37
Q

Compare the thickness of the myocardium for each of the four heart chambers – why does the thickness vary from each chamber?

A

Right Atrium: 2-3mm
Right Ventricle: 4-5 mm
Left Atrium: 2-3 mm
Left Ventricle: 10-15 mm
-Thickest varies because of what each chamber is doing, the amount of blood flow and how hard they are working.
-Because the Left Ventricle forms the apex of the heart and passes blood to the aorta, it is pumping blood to the entire body. It needs to be thicker because it is working much harder

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38
Q

List the surfaces of the heart

A
  • Anterior surface- deep to the sternum and ribs

- Inferior surface- between the apex and right border

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39
Q

List the borders of the heart

A
  • Right border- faces the lung and extends from the inferior surface to the base
  • Left border- aka pulmonary border -faces the left lung and extends from the base to the apex
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40
Q

What structure of the heart acts as an electrical insulator between the atria and ventricles?

A

AV Nodes

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41
Q

Includes all arteries and arterioles that carry oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to systemic capillaries, plus the veins and venules that carry deoxygenated blood returning to the right atrium after flowing through body organs. Blood is bright red but becomes darker red

A

Systemic Circulation

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42
Q

Describe Pulmonary Circulation

A
  • When blood is returned to the heart from the systemic route, it is pumped out of the right ventricle through the pulmonary trunk into the right and left pulmonary arteries to the lungs
  • Bright red again, it returns to the left atrium of the heart and reenters the systemic circulation
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43
Q

How does the heart receive its blood supply?

A

Through the Coronary Arteries, via the Coronary circulation

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44
Q

At which point in the cardiac cycle do the coronary arteries fill?

A

When the heart relaxes after a contraction, the high pressure of blood in the aorta propels blood through the coronary arteries

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45
Q

Which arteries branch directly off the Arch of Aorta?

A

Brachiocephalic Trunk
Left Common Carotid Artery
Left Subclavian Artery

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46
Q

What is the name of the specific structure the aorta must pass through when it transitions from the thoracic aorta to the abdominal aorta? At which vertebral level does this transition happen?

A

Aortic Hiatus

Happens at level of T12 and ends at L4

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47
Q

List and describe the coronary arteries

A

1) Right Coronary Artery
Arises from the ascending aorta
Divides into the posterior interventricular and marginal branches
Supplies small branches to the right atrium.

2) Left Coronary Artery
Arises from the ascending aorta
Divides into the anterior interventricular and circumflex branches

3) Anterior Interventricular Branch (aka left anterior descending)
Arises from the left coronary artery
Supplies the walls of both ventricles

4) Circumflex Branch
Arises from the left coronary artery
Supplies the walls of the left ventricle and left atrium

5) Posterior interventricular branch
Arises from the right coronary artery
Supplies the walls of both ventricles

6) Marginal branch
Arises from the right coronary artery
Supplies the myocardium of right ventricle

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48
Q

List and describe the coronary veins

A

1)Coronary Sinus
Arises from the posterior surface of the heart in the coronary sulcus.
Empties into the right atrium
Remove deoxygenated blood from the heart

2) Great Cardiac Vein
Arise in the anterior interventricular sulcus
Removes deoxygenated blood from the left & right ventricles and left atrium

3) Middle Cardiac Vein
Arises in the posterior interventricular sulcus
Removes deoxygenated blood from the left and right ventricles

4) Small Cardiac Vein
Arises in the coronary sulcus
Removes deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and right ventricle

5) Anterior Cardiac Vein
Removes deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle and opens directly into the right atrium

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49
Q

What is Anastomosis?

A

This allows for alternate routes called “collateral circulation,” for blood to reach a particular organ or tissue. (Especially if there is damage or injury)

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50
Q

List and describe the 4 divisions of the aorta (include the vertebral levels)

A

1) Ascending Aorta
Emerges from left ventricle to pulmonary trunk

2) Aortic Arch
Emerges as the ascending aorta bends to the left and continues to level of IVD between T4-T5

3) Thoracic Aorta
Emerges from Aortic Arch to bottom of thorax, passes through aortic hiatus to diaphragm level T12

4) Abdominal Aorta
Emerges at aortic hiatus of diaphragm and ends at the level of L4, divides into common iliac arteries

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51
Q

List and describe (including the areas they supply) the 7 arterial branches that arise from the thoracic aorta

A

1) Pericardial Arteries
supplies the pericardium

2) Bronchial Arteries
supplies the bronchi of the lungs

3) Esophageal Arteries
supplies the esophagus

4) Mediastinal Arteries
supplies the structures in the mediastinum

5) Posterior Intercostal Arteries
supplies the intercostals and chest muscles

6) Subcostal Arteries
supplies the intercostals and chest muscles

7) Superior Phrenic Arteries
supplies the sup. & post. surface of diaphragm

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52
Q

Which arteries branch off the brachiocephalic trunk?

A

Right Subclavian artery

Right Common Carotid artery

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53
Q

Why is there no left brachiocephalic trunk?

A

Because the left common carotid and left subclavian arteries both arise directly from the aortic arch, which is on the Right side

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54
Q

The external carotid and internal carotid arteries are branches of which artery?

A

Left Common Carotid

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55
Q

What is the function of the vertebral arteries?

A

They unite to form the Basilar artery, which supplies blood to posterior part of the Circle of Willis

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56
Q

What are the paired parietal branches of the abdominal aorta?

A

Inferior Phrenic Arteries

Lumbar Arteries

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57
Q

What are the 6 visceral branches of the abdominal aorta?

A

–3 Paired–
Suprarenal Artery
Renal Artery
Gonadal Artery

–3 Unpaired–
Celiac Trunk
Superior Mesenteric Artery
Inferior Mesenteric Artery

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58
Q

Which parietal branch of the abdominal aorta is unpaired?

A

Median Sacral Artery

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59
Q

Which arteries unite to form the basilar artery?

A

Left the Right Vertebral Arteries

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60
Q

What are the branches of the left subclavian artery?

A

Left Vertebral

Left Axillary

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61
Q

What is the most appropriate positioning for a very pregnant client during massage? Why?

A

Side Lying on their left, or on their back with pillow propping up the left right side
Due to Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) and aorta on your right side, to ensure there is proper flow from the area and not compressing these structures

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62
Q

Which major vessel of the heart drains the head, neck, and upper limbs?

A

Superior Vena Cava (SVC)

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63
Q

Which major vessel of the heart drains the abdomen, pelvis, and lower limbs?

A

Inferior Vena Cava (IVC)

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64
Q

Explain the pathway of blood as it drains from the cranial cavity to the heart

A

All veins drain into Dural Venous Sinuses (Include: Sup. Sagittal, Inf. Sagittal, Straight, Sigmoid, Cavernous Sinuses) -> Internal Jugular Vein -> Subclavian vein -> Brachiocephalic vein -> SVC

  • External Jugular vein -> Subclavian
  • Vertebral vein -> Brachiocephalic -> SVC
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65
Q

Which three veins drain into the brachiocephalic vein?

A

Internal Jugular Vein
Subclavian Vein
Vertebral Vein

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66
Q

Explain the Lubb Sound

A

The first sound (S1) Lubb
- It is a bit longer than the second sound. It is caused by blood turbulence associated with closure of the AV valves soon after ventricular systole begins

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67
Q

Explain Dupp Sound

A

The second sound (S2) Dupp
-It is shorter and not as loud. It is caused by blood turbulence associated with closure of the SL valves at the beginning of ventricular diastole.

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68
Q

What is the function of Sodium (Na), Calcium (Ca) and Potassium (K) in the electrical conductivity of the heart?

A

1) Depolarization: due to Na inflow when voltage-gated fast Na channels open
- Resting membrane at -90mV
- Fibers are brought to threshold by action potential, voltage-gated fast Na channels open.
- Na inflows, producing rapid depolarization
- Within seconds Na channels inactivate and Na inflow decreases

2) Plateau: due to Ca inflow when voltage-gated slow Ca channels open and K outflow when some K channels open
- Opening voltage-gated slows Ca channels
- Ca ions move from interstitial into cytosol, causing even more Ca to pour out of sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cytosol through additional Ca channels
- This causes contraction
- Just before plateau begins, some K channels open, allowing Potassium to leave
- Depolarization is sustained during plateau because Ca inflow balance K outflow
- Membrane potential is at 0mV

3) Repolarization: due to closure of Ca channels and K outflow when additional voltage-gated K channels open
- Recovery of resting membrane potential
- Additional K channel open, outflow of K restores the negative resting membrane (-90mV)
- Ca channels are closing in sarcolemma and sarcoplasmic reticulum which also contributes to repolarization

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69
Q

What does an electrocardiogram record?

A

Records actions potentials produced by all the heart muscle fibers during each heartbeat

  • -Can Determine:–
  • Conducting pathway is abnormal
  • Heart is enlarged
  • Certain regions of heart is damaged
  • Cause of chest pain
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70
Q
  • A small upward deflection

- Action potential spreading from SA node through contractile fibers in both atria

A

P-Wave (Atrial Depolarization):

71
Q
  • Begins as a downward deflection, continues as a large, upright, triangular wave, and ends as a downward wave
  • The action potential spreads through ventricular contractile fibers
A

QRS complex (Rapid ventricular Depolarization)

72
Q
  • Dome shaped upward deflection

- Occurs just as ventricles are starting to relax

A

T wave

73
Q

How do cardiac muscle fibers differ from skeletal muscle fibers?

A
  • -Cardiac Muscle Fibers Differ:–
    1) Are shorter in length and less circular in a transverse section.
    2) Have larger and more mitochondria.
    3) Have the same action & myosin and same bands, zones and z discs.
    4) Have less but wider T-tubules, smaller sarcoplasmic reticulum and a smaller calcium reserve.
74
Q

Which arteries branch off the Common iliac artery?

A
  • External Iliac Artery

- Internal Iliac Artery

75
Q

Which arteries branch off the internal iliac artery?

A
  • Anterior Internal Iliac Artery

- Posterior Internal Iliac Artery

76
Q

Which artery has the Fibular artery and Medial Plantar artery as its branches?

A
  • Posterior Tibial Artery
77
Q

In which artery will you be able to palpate the dorsalis pedis pulse?

A

Dorsals Pedis

78
Q

Which two arteries of the lower limb each have 4 arteries that branch off them?

A
  • Anterior Tibial Artery

- Dorsal Pedis Artery

79
Q

The coronary sinus drains directly into which heart chamber? Describe its location in the heart.

A
  • Drains directing into the right atrium of the heart

- It is located in the coronary sulcus on the posterior aspect of the heart

80
Q

List the Dural venous sinuses:

A
  1. Superior Sagittal
  2. Inferior Sagittal
  3. Straight
  4. Sigmoid
  5. Cavernous
81
Q

Azygos Drain?

A

Drains into the SVC - the right side of the thoracic wall, thoracic viscera, and posterior abdominal wall

82
Q

Hemiazygos Drain?

A

Drains the left side of the thoracic wall, thoracic viscera, and the left posterior abdominal wall

83
Q

Accessory Hemiazygos Drain?

A

Drain left side of upper thoracic wall and thoracic viscera

84
Q

List the three superficial veins of the upper limb

A
  1. Cephalic Vein
  2. Basilic Vein
  3. Median Antebrachial Vein
85
Q

List the six deep veins of the upper limb:

A
  1. Brachiocephalic
  2. Subclavian
  3. Axillary
  4. Brachial
  5. Ulnar
  6. Radial
86
Q

List the veins that drain into the Inferior Vena Cava:

A
  1. Common Iliac Vein
  2. Lumbar Vein
  3. Gonadal Vein
  4. Renal Vein
  5. Supra Renal Vein
  6. Inferior Phrenic Vein
  7. Hepatic Vein
87
Q

Blood from which organs enter the hepatic portal system?

A
  • Venous blood from the gastrointestinal organs and spleen enter the hepatic portal circulation
88
Q

The hepatic portal system delivers blood to which organ?

A
  • The venous blood is then delivered to the Liver
89
Q

Is blood from the gastrointestinal organs have a ____ (rich or poor) supply of nutrients,

A

Rich

90
Q

blood from GI organs have a __________ (rich or poor) supply of oxygen.

A

Poor

91
Q

Which two veins unite to form the hepatic portal?

A
  • Superior Mesenteric Veins

- Splenic Veins

92
Q

True or false: The hepatic portal drains from the liver into the Inferior Vena Cava.

A
  • False! The Hepatic VEIN drains from the Liver into the Inferior Vena Cava, NOT the hepatic portal itself
93
Q

List the superficial veins of the lower limb

A
  • Great Saphenous Vein

- Small Saphenous Vein

94
Q

List the deep veins of the lower limb:

A
  • Common Iliac Vein
  • External Iliac Vein
  • Popliteal Vein
  • Posterior Tibial Vein
  • Anterior Tibial Vein
95
Q

Which vein is the longest in the body?

A
  • Great Saphenous Vein
96
Q

Describe the anatomical location of the Great Saphenous vein:

A
  • Ascends from the foot to the groin in the subcutaneous layer. Starts at the medial end of dorsal venous arch of foot, moves anteriorly to medial malleolus of Tibia, where it then moves superiorly along the medial aspect of the leg/thigh deep in the skin
97
Q

At which anatomical level does the Femoral vein drain into the external iliac vein?

A
  • Enters the External Iliac at the level of the Ischial Tuberosity
98
Q

Which three veins drain into the popliteal vein?

A
  • Small Saphenous Vein
  • Posterior Tibial Vein
  • Anterior Tibial Vein
99
Q

Starting with the peroneal vein and ending at the inferior vena cava, explain the pathway of deoxygenated blood returning to the heart.

A
  • The peroneal vein moves deoxygenated blood into the Posterior Tibial Vein
  • From the Posterior Tibial it then moves throughout the Anterior Tibial and the Popliteal vein. The small saphenous also drains into the popliteal as well.
  • From the Popliteal, the Deox.\ blood moves up through the Femoral vein which moves into the External Iliac and then the Common Iliac veins, and then up through the Inferior Vena Cava.
100
Q

Name the parts of the chambers of heart

A
  1. Right Atrium
  2. Right Ventricle
  3. Left Atrium
  4. Left Ventricle
101
Q

Name the Valves of the heart

A
  1. Tricuspid Valve
  2. Pulmonary Valve
  3. Bicuspid Valve
  4. Aortic Valve
102
Q

Name the blood vessels

A
  1. Pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries
  2. Pulmonary veins (oxygenated blood)
  3. Aorta and systemic arteries
  4. Superior vena cava
  5. Inferior vena cava
  6. Coronary sinus
103
Q

Describe in your own words the entire process of blood flow from when it goes into the right atrium until it returns back to the right atrium

A
  • Blood enters into the right ventricle through contraction of the right atrium (the atrium and ventricle contract at different times to help the blood flow properly through the heart). This movement goes through the tricuspid valve – 3 cusps (which closes back up once blood enters to prevent blood from re-entering the right atrium, ex: leaky valve).
  • Once the blood enters the right ventricle it then leaves via the Pulmonary valve (this a semilunar valve – allowing blood ejected from the heart but not re-entering). The blood then enters the lungs where the blood becomes oxygenated and re-enters the heart via the Pulmonary vein.
  • The blood now enters the left atrium, where it travels through the Mitral valve (Bicuspid valve) – 2 cusps (again to prevent blood flow back into the atrium), where it now enters the left ventricle. The left ventricle then pumps the blood out into the Aortic valve (again a semilunar valve), where it then pushes the blood into the rest of the body to be used. Then the cycle starts again!
104
Q

Irregular transverse thickenings of the sarcolemma connecting the ends of cardiac muscle fibers

A

Intercalated discs

105
Q

The membrane that surrounds and protects the heart

A

Pericardium

106
Q

The volume of blood ejected by the ventricle during the contraction

A

Stroke volume

107
Q

A series of grooves found on the surface of the heart

A

Sulci

108
Q

The heart wall layer that provides a smooth lining for the chambers of the heart

A

Endocardium

109
Q

Cone shaped trabeculae carinae that contract during ventricular contraction which help in keeping atrioventricular valves closed

A

Papillary Muscles

110
Q

Self-excitable specialized cardiac muscle fibers that is the source of electrical activity

A

Autorhythmic fibers

111
Q

Records action potentials produced by all the heart muscle fibers during each heart beat

A

Electrocardiogram

112
Q

The anatomical region that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column, between the lungs, from the first rib to the diaphragm

A

Mediastinum

113
Q

A series of ridges formed by the raised bundles of cardiac muscle fibers

A

Trabeculae carinae

114
Q

Small upward deflection when the atrial contraction occurs

A

P Wave

115
Q

The Bicuspid and Tricuspid valves

A

Atrioventricular valves

116
Q

An oval depression that is the remnant of the foramen ovale

A

Fossa Ovalis

117
Q

Wrinkled pouch like structures found on the anterior surface of each atrium

A

Auricles

118
Q

The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta each minute

A

Cardiac Output

119
Q

The action potential spreads throughout ventricular contractile fibers, ventricular ejection takes place

A

QRS Complex

120
Q

Occurs just as the ventricles are starting to relax

A

T Wave

121
Q

The heart wall layer responsible for the pumping action of the heart

A

Myocardium

122
Q

The aortic and pulmonary valves

A

Auricles Semilunar Valves

123
Q

Muscular ridges inside the anterior wall of the right atrium

A

Pectinate muscles

124
Q

A connection between arch of the aorta and the pulmonary trunk that is actually a blood vessel during fetal life

A

Ligamentum Arteriosum

125
Q

The cusps of the tricuspid/bicuspid valves are connected to this tendon like cord

A

Chordate Tendineae

126
Q

The external layer in the heart wall:

A

Epicardium

127
Q

Found between the left atrium and left ventricle

A

Mitral Valve

128
Q

The greater the stretch on the heart wall, the more forceful the contraction.
In other words: the more the heart fills with diastole (or relaxation of the respective chamber), the more forceful the contraction will be during systole (contraction of the respective chamber).

A

Frank-Starling Law

129
Q

Circulation of blood directly to the heart wall (myocardium)

A

Coronary Circulation

130
Q

circulation of blood through the lungs with the purpose of deoxygenated blood become re-oxygenated through gas exchange in the alveoli

A

Pulmonary Circulation

131
Q

circulation of blood throughout the body (including limbs and viscera)

A

Systemic Circulation

132
Q

Listening to sounds within the body with or without the use of a stethoscope

A

Auscultation

133
Q

Which Arteries supply blood to the head?

A

Left/Right Internal Carotid

Left/Right Vertebral

134
Q

Which point do the external iliac arteries become the femoral arteries?

A

Inguinal ligament

135
Q

When does the femoral artery become the popliteal artery?

A

Popliteal Fossa

136
Q

Where does Electrical activity start in the heart?

A

SA Node (Sinus Atrial Node)

137
Q

What causes action potential conducts from the atria to the ventricle?

A

AV Node (Bundle of His)

138
Q

Where does electrical impulse move after it leaves Bundle of His?

A

The interventricular septum to the apex

139
Q

What is a temporary blood vessel during fetal life that shunts blood from the pulmonary trunk into the aorta allowing only a small amount of blood to enter the non functioning fetal lungs?

A

Ductus Arteriosus

140
Q

When the AV valves open are the papillary muscles contracted or relaxed?

A

When he ventricles are relaxed the muscles are also relaxed because the chordae tendineae are slack
- If the AV valves are open if they are relaxed so the muscles will also be relaxed

  • Open = Relaxed
  • Closed = Contracted
141
Q

What is the definition of relaxation of the ventricles?

A

Diastole

142
Q

Definition of Contraction of the ventricles?

A

Systole

143
Q

How many times the heart beats per minute

A

Heart Rate

144
Q

This connects the arch of the aorta and pulmonary trunk shortly after birth

A

Ligamentum arteriosum

145
Q

Thin partition between the right/left atria

A

Interatrial Septum

146
Q

Cusps of the tricuspid valve are connected to a tendon like cord called?

A

Chordae Tendineae

147
Q

Right and left ventricle are separated internally by what?

A

Interventricular septum

148
Q

The valve where blood passes from the right ventricle into the large artery, then divides into right and left pulmonary arties that carries blood to the lungs

A

Pulmonary valve

149
Q

Small upward deflection - AP spreading from SA node through contractile fibers in both atrias

A

P wave

150
Q

Begins are downward deflection, AP spread through ventricular contractile fibers

A

QRS Complex

151
Q

Upward deflection (Dome shaped) - Occurs just as ventricles are starting to relax

A

T Wave

152
Q

The more the heart fills with blood during diastole, the great the force of contraction during systole is named?

A

Frank Starling law of the heart

153
Q

Emerges from the left ventricle to the pulmonary trunk

A

Ascending Aorta

154
Q

Emerges as ascending aorta bend to the left and continues to level of IVD between T4-T5

A

Aortic arch

155
Q

List the 7 Arterial Branches arising from the Thoracic aorta and structures

A

1) Pericardial Arteries
2) Bronchial Arteries
3) Esophageal Arteries
4) Mediastinal Arteries
5) Posterior Intercostal Arteries
6) Subcostal Arteries
7) Superior Phrenic Arteries

156
Q

3 Division of the Arch of Aorta

A

1) Left Subclavian
2) Left Common Carotid
3) Brachiocephalic Trunk

157
Q

2 Branches of Brachiocephalic Trunk

A

1) Right subclavian

2) Right common carotid

158
Q

2 Branches from Left common carotid

A

1) Left External Carotid

2) Left Internal Carotid

159
Q

2 Branches from Left Subclavian

A

1) Left Vertebral

2) Left Axillary

160
Q

1 branch of Axillary

A

1) Brachial

161
Q

Does the Vertebral artery have any branches?

A

No

162
Q

2 Branches from Internal Carotid?

A

1) Ant Cerebral

2) Middle Cerebral

163
Q

2 Branches of Common Iliac?

A

1) Internal Iliac

2) External Iliac

164
Q

2 Branches of Internal Iliac

A

1) Anterior Internal Iliac

2) Posterior Internal Iliac

165
Q

2 Branches of Femoral

A

1) Deep Femoral

2) Popliteal

166
Q

2 Branches of Popliteal

A

1) Anterior Tibial

2) Posterior Tibial

167
Q

4 Arteries of Anterior Tibial

A

1) Dorsalis Pedis
2) Arcuate
3) Dorsal Metatarsal
4) Dorsal Digital

168
Q

4 Arteries of Dorsalis Pedis

A

1) Lateral Plantar
2) Plantar Arch
3) Plantar Metatarsal
4) Plantar Digital

169
Q

2 Arteries of Posterior Tibial

A

1) Fibular

2) Medial Plantar

170
Q

3 Superficial vein of upper limb

A

1) Cephalic
2) Basil
3) Median Antebrachial

171
Q

6 Deep veins of Upper limb

A

1) Brachiocephalic
2) Subclavian
3) Axillary
4) Brachial
5) Ulnar
6) Radial

172
Q

2 Superficial veins of Lower body

A

1) Great Saphenous

2) Small Saphenous

173
Q

5 Deep veins of Lower Body

A

1) Common Iliac
2) External Iliac
3) Popliteal
4) Post. Tibial
5) Ant. Tibial

AP 5 - Brain (2 decks)

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