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PSYC331 > Midterm 1 - Readings > Flashcards

Midterm 1 - Readings Flashcards

1
Q

what is a report according to Lippmann’s public opinion?

A

the joint product of the knower and known in which the role of the observer is always selective and usually creative

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2
Q

according to Lippmann’s public opinion, what does experience seem to show?

A

that a person brings something to the scene which later he takes away from it, that oftener than not what he imagines to be the account of an event is really a transfiguration of it

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3
Q

according to Lippmann’s public opinion, what is the problem of the acquisition of meaning of things the problem of?

A

introducing definiteness and distinction, and consistency or stability of meaning into what is otherwise vague and wavering

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4
Q

according to Lippmann’s public opinion, what is the order in which we see and define things? what does this mean?

A

we define first and then see

we tend to perceive that which we have picked out in the form stereotyped for us by our culture

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5
Q

according to Lippmann’s public opinion, how are we supposed to understand someone’s report?

A

need to appraise the info which has been at their disposal and the minds through which they have filtered it

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6
Q

according to Lippmann’s public opinion, what is the most pervasive of all influences?

A

those which create and maintain the repertory of stereotypes

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7
Q

what matters about stereotypes according to Lippmann’s public opinion? what do these depend on?

A

the character of the stereotypes and the gullibility with which we employ them

these depend upon those inclusive patterns which constitute our philosophy of life

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8
Q

according to Lippmann’s public opinion, what has more authority over imagination and printed word/spoken word? why?

A

photographs since they come directly to us without human meddling

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9
Q

what does Mr Wallas say in Lippmann’s public opinion?

A

we may indeed have become biologically parasitic upon our social heritage (idea that stereotype is passed through generations)

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10
Q

what is social facilitation?

A

performance on simple or well-rehearsed tasks tends to be enhanced when we are in the presence of others (even when we are not competing against them).

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11
Q

explain Cohen’s study on culture of honor

A
  • uni students came to lab, half Southern US (culture of honor)
  • walked down hallway and confed bumped into them and swore at them (either publicly or alone)
  • told they would be shocked, asked to pick level (confeds said 25 and 75)
  • tested saliva before and after for cortisol and T
  • 85% south had high anger levels (35% north)
  • only south increased cortisol and T after insult
  • south ps more likely to pick bigger shock in front of 2 confederates
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12
Q

What is a field experiment?

A
  • An experiment that takes place in a natural setting within which the researcher manipulates the IV and records the effect on the DV
  • ps don’t know they’re participating in research
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13
Q

Isen & Levin field experiment on emotions and behaviour w phone booth

A
  • half ps found dime planted in phone booth
  • almost all who got dime helped confed pick up papers when they came out (and only 1/25 of those who didn’t find dime!!!)
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14
Q

how does experience sampling methods work?

A
  • way to collect naturalistic observations
  • notified several times during the day to record data (can use electronically activated recorder)
  • ex Larson study found moms had more positive emotions when away from home, opposite for dads
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15
Q

What is terror management theory?

A
  • human beings are unconsciously terrified of their mortality
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16
Q

Study on terror management theory

A
  • judges in AZ asked to set bond for prostitute
  • half judges given questionnaire ab thoughts/feelings ab their own death
  • set much higher bond, prob motivated to defend belief system in face of law violation
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17
Q

what research has the highest ecological validity of naturalistic observations?

A

archival research

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18
Q

what ethics must be respected in social psychological research? (5)

A

informed consent, privacy, risks and benefits, deception, debriefing

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19
Q

Explain the effects of mere contact in the Robbers cave experiment

A

mere contact btw the groups without introduction of superordinate goals was going to be insufficient to reduce the negative relationships btw the groups

the mere fact of contact had no positive effect toward reducing existing hostility

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20
Q

SDT begins w what basic observation?

A

that all human societies tend to be structured as systems of group-based social hierarchies

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21
Q

Individual vs Group based social hierarchy

A
  • indiv: ppl get power bc of their own characteristics
  • group: power indiv has bc of group membership
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22
Q

what is the achieved component of social status dependent on?

A

the social status and power of one’s ascribed group membership

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23
Q

3 hierarchy/power systems

A
  • age
  • gender
  • arbitrary-set (socially constructed, flexible, contextual)
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24
Q

which system is associated with the greatest degree of brutality, violence and oppression?

A

arbitrary-set system

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25
Q

Which systems are more associated with social control?

A

age and gender systems

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26
Q

are arbitrary-set stratifications found in small hunter-gatherer communities?

A

no bc they lack sufficient economic surplus (does not allow for the dev of highly specialized social roles)

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27
Q

systems of arbitrary set hierarchy will emerge whenever _____?

A

the proper economic conditions allow

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28
Q

3 assumptions of SDT

A
  • age and gender hierachies exist in all systems; arbitrary-set hierarchies emerge in systems producing economic surplus
  • most group conflict/oppression is manifestation of predisposition to form social hierarchies
  • human social systems subject to counterbalancing influences of hierarchy enhancing/attenuating forces
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29
Q

Differences between SIT and SDT

A

while SIT recognizes and accommodates itself to the reality of social hierarchy and power differences btw social groups, SDT is centrally focused on an built around the notion of group based social hierarchy

SIT was originally developed to explain in-group favouritism while SDT was originally conceived as a model of social hierarchy

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30
Q

SDT argues that group based social hierarchy is driven by which three proximal processes?

A

aggregated individual discrimination

aggregated institutional discrimination

behavioural asymmetry (behav. diffs that contribute to and are reinforced by group hierarchical system – subordinates play active role in their oppression)

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31
Q

Systematic terror

A
  • use of violence or threats of violence disproportionately directed against subordinates
  • maintains hierarchy
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32
Q

Official terror

A
  • public and legally sanctioned violence and threat of violence perpetrated by organs of the state and dispropriotnately directed toward members of subordinate groups
  • ex death penalty
33
Q

Semiofficial terror

A

violence or intimidation directed against subordinates, carried out by officials of the state but not publicly, overtly, officially or legally sanctioned by the state

34
Q

Unofficial terror

A

violence or threat of violence perpetrated by private individuals from dominant groups against members of subordinate groups

35
Q

what is deference or outgroup favouritism?

A

special case of asymmetrical in-group bias and be said to occur when the degree of asymmetrical in-group favouritism is so strong that subordinates actually favour dominants over their own in-groups

36
Q

what is self-debilitation?

A

occurs when subordinates show higher levels of self-destructive behaviours than dominants do (stereotypes become self-fulfilling prophecies)

37
Q

explain how people talk differently about their in-groups when it is pos vs neg

A

they describe the in-group and its members as having broad positive traits, but describe negative in-group behaviours in terms of the specific behaviours of single group members

38
Q

what are group serving biases (ultimate attribution error)?

A

make trait attributions in ways that benefit their in-groups, just as they make trait attributions that benefit themselves

39
Q

what is the most important determinant of in-group favouritism?

A

self-enhancement (we want to feel good abt ourselves and seing our groups positively helps us do that)

40
Q

when is ingroup favouritism unlikely? (2)

A

when the members of the in-group are clearly inferior to other groups on an important dimension

when a member of one’s own group behaves in a way that threatens the positive image of the group

41
Q

Black sheep effect

A

strong devaluation of in-group members who threaten the positive image and identity of the ingroup

42
Q

the differences in group identification can be measured through which self-report measure?

A

the collective self-esteem scale

–people who score higher show more in-group favouritism

43
Q

WHat is authoritarianism?

A

personality dimension that characterizes people who prefer things to be simple rather than complex and who tend to hold traditional and conventional values

44
Q

people with strong goals toward other-concern display ______ in-group favouritism and ______ prejudice

A

less; less

45
Q

what are heuristics?

A

mental shortcuts that reduce complex problem-solving to more simple, rule-based decisions

46
Q

What is the representativeness heuristic?

A

when you look for a representative prototype and use that to make decisions/inferences

47
Q

when is use of the representative heuristic less appropriate?

A

when base rate info conflicts with representativeness info

48
Q

what is the availability heuristic?

A

to evaluate the frequency or likelihood of an event based on how easily instances of it come to mind

49
Q

what is the planning fallacy

A

the tendency to underestimate how long it will take to complete a task

50
Q

what is affective forecasting?

A
  • efforts to predict one’s emotional reactions to future events
  • we are adept at predicting whether a future event or situation will make us feel, but we often incorrectly predict the strength or duration of those emotions
51
Q

what is the impact bias?

A

tendency for a person to overestimate the intensity of their future feelings

52
Q

what is the durability bias?

A

tendency for people to overestimate how long positive and negative events will affect them

53
Q

what is hot cognition?

A

mental processes that are influenced by desires and feelings

54
Q

what happens when we have directional goals?

A

we are motivated to reach a particular outcome or judgment and do not process info in a cold, objective manner

55
Q

Directional goals can lead to what?

A

motivated skepticism (skeptical of evidence that goes against what we want to believe despite the strength of the evidence)

56
Q

What items were used in first form of IAT

A

insects and flowers

57
Q

What is mental glue?

A

allows two categories to combine into one (mental association)

58
Q

What was the second type of IAT

A

Race IAT!

59
Q

what two findings were found in the last decade that are important for the automatic white preference?

A

white preference is pervasive in American society (75%)

the automatic white preference expressed on the race IAT is now established as signaling discriminatory behaviour

60
Q

first experiment to test whether scores on the race IAT were related to discriminatory behaviour (McConnell and Liebold, 2001)

A

videotaped students during two interviews (conducted by white vs black woman)

found that subjects with higher levels of automatic white preference showed less comfort and less friendliness when talking to the black woman

61
Q

what is the conclusion of the meta-analysis on race IAT?

A

race IAT predicted racially discriminatory behaviour

summarized as saying that IAT scores correlated moderately with discriminatory judgments and behaviour

correlated moderately is a statistical term that needs elaboration for its implications to be fully clear

62
Q

what are the quantitative aspects of contact? (4)

A

frequency, duration, number of persons involved, variety

63
Q

what are the status aspects of contact? (4)

A

minority member has inferior status, minority member has equal status, minority member has superior status, whole group may have high or low status

64
Q

what are the role aspects of contact?

A

cooperation/competition

superordinate/subordinate

65
Q

what are the social atmospheres surrounding the contact?

A

segregation or egalitarianism?

voluntary or involuntary?

real or artificial?

perceived as Intergroup Relations?

typical or exceptional?

important and intimate or trivial and transient?

66
Q

approaching residential contact is viewed as a threat by the _____ group, but the nature of the complaints and perceptions vary with the _______ of the threat

A

dominant; immediacy (or distance)

67
Q

how does personality affect tolerance as result of equal-status contact?

A

anxious and more aggressive people fail to develop tolerance

68
Q

what is the key takeaway from the reading on intergroup contact?

A

prejudice may be reduced by equal status contact btw majority and minority groups in the pursuit of common goals

69
Q

being low on what traits strongly predict higher SDO? (4)

A

people who are lower on tolerance, empathy, altruism, and community orientation

70
Q

Compare and contrast SDO and RWA

A
  • SDO emphasizes potential economic conflicts
  • RWA focuses on value conflicts
71
Q

Are the following statements associated with SDO or RWA?
Group hierarchies are inevitable, good.
Ingroup must be tough, competitive
“They” are trying to beat “us”

A

SDO!
- core belief: groups compete for economic resources

72
Q

Are the following statements associated with SDO or RWA?
Groups must follow authority
Ingroup must unite, protect
“They” have bad values

A

RWA!
- core belief: groups compete over values

73
Q

WHat is RWA

A

an ideology that emphasizes conformity or obedience to authority

74
Q

WHat is left-wing authoritarianism

A

promotes conventional progressive values and seeks to silence dissenting voices

75
Q

the IAT measures what type of bias? what does it show?

A
  • Automatic bias
  • ppl link good w ingroup, bad w outgroup
76
Q

Social identity theory, self-categorized theory, and aversive racism are examples of what type of bias? what does each show?

A
  • ambiguous bias
  • SIT: ppl favour ingroup, distance from outgroup
  • SCT: same but emph. self as member of ingroup
  • AR: ppl avoid outgroup, avoid own prejudices
77
Q

the Stereotype content model is a measure of what type of bias? what does it show?

A
  • ambivalent bias
  • shows ppl divide groups by warmth and competence
78
Q

SIT

A
  • social identity theory
  • outgroup disliking stems from in-group liking
79
Q

ingroup favouritism is what kind of bias?

A

ambiguous bias (since it disfavours the outgroup by exclusion)

PSYC331 (7 decks)

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