Midterm 1 Prep

Question 1

Teratogen

Answer 1

Any environmental agent - biological, chemical, physical - that causes damage to the developing embryo or fetus, including alcohol, drugs, smoking, heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, radiation, viruses, almost all prescription medicines and over-the-counter medications

Question 2

Newborn reflexes

Answer 2

• Inborn automatic responses to particular forms of stimulation, which help the newborn survive until it is capable of more complex behaviors.
• Disappear around 4-5 months old
• rooting reflex, sucking reflex, grasping reflex, Moro reflex

Question 3

[ Neuron = Nerve Cell ] functions?

Answer 3

Store and transmit information

Question 4

Blooming

Answer 4

Rapid neural growth occurs during infancy and toddlerhood when each neural pathway forms thousands of new connections. It occurs during the first few years of life.

Question 5

Pruning

Answer 5

Follows the blooming period of neural growth, where neural connections are reduced. It causes the brain to function more efficiently, allowing for mastery of more complex skills. It continues through childhood and into adolescence in various areas of the brain.

Question 6

Motor skills

Answer 6

Refer to our ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects.
- Fine motor skills focus on the muscles in our fingers, toes, and eyes, and enable coordination of small actions.
- Gross motor skills focus on large muscle groups that control our arms and legs and involve larger movements.

Question 7

Object permanence

Answer 7

Objects continue to exist even when they are not in sight.
Children are expected to grasp this concept by around 8 months old.

Question 8

Egocentric

Answer 8

2-3 years olds do not have an awareness of others’ points of view.

Question 9

TOM - theory of mind, also known as cognitive empathy

Answer 9

Between 3 and 5 years old, children come to understand that people have thoughts, feelings, and beliefs that are different from their own.

Question 10

Language Development Timeline

Answer 10

1). Coo, a one-syllable combination of a consonant and a vowel sound ( coo or ba )
2). Babble - repeat a syllable ( ma-ma / ba-ba )
3). 12-month-olds can say the first word for meaning.
4). 18-month-olds start combining words for meaning.
5). 3-year-olds have a vocabulary of up to 1000 words and can speak in sentences.
6). 3-5 year olds experience the vocabulary spurt.

Question 11

The main psychosocial milestone of infancy

Answer 11

Forming healthy attachments
Two things are needed: 1) the caregiver must be responsive to the child’s physical, social, and emotional needs; 2) the caregiver and the child must engage in mutually enjoyable interactions.

Question 12

The critical components to maternal-infant bonding

Answer 12

Feelings of comfort and security

Question 13

The concept of attachment theory

Answer 13

John Bowlby defined attachment as the affectional bond or tie that an infant forms with the mother.

Question 14

A secure base

Answer 14

A parental presence that gives the child a sense of safety as he explores his surroundings.

Question 15

Four types of parent-child attachments

Answer 15

Secure
Avoidant
Resistant
Disorganized

Question 16

Self-concept

Answer 16

An understanding of who they are

Question 17

The primary psychosocial milestone of childhood

Answer 17

The development of a positive sense of self

Question 18

Four parenting styles

Answer 18

Authoritative ( the most preferred in America )
Authoritarian
Permissive
Uninvolved

Question 19

Temperament

Answer 19

Innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment

Question 20

Primary sexual characteristics

Answer 20

Organs specifically needed for reproduction, like the uterus and ovaries in females and testis in males

Question 21

Secondary sexual characteristics

Answer 21

Physical signs of sexual maturation that do not directly involve sex organs, such as development of breasts and hips in girls, and development of facial hair and a deepened voice in boys.

Question 22

Menarche

Answer 22

The beginning of menstrual periods, usually around 12-13 years old

Question 23

Spermarche

Answer 23

The first ejaculation, around 13-14 years old.

Question 24

Crystalized intelligence

Answer 24

Information, skills and strategies we have gathered through a lifetime of experience

Question 25

Fluid intelligence

Answer 25

Information processing abilities, reasoning and memory

Question 26

Five stages of grief

Answer 26

Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

Question 27

Lifespan Theories

Answer 27

1. Psychosexual theory of development - Freud Sigmund 2. Psychosocial theory of development - Erik Erikson 3. Cognitive theory of development - Jean Piaget 4. Theory of moral development - Lawrence Kohlberg ( extended upon the foundation that Piaget built regarding cognitive development )

Question 28

Erogenous Zones

Answer 28

Different areas of body where children’s pleasure-seeking urges are focused on. Oral -> Anal -> Phallic -> Latency -> Genital

Question 29

Operational ( in cognitive theory of development)

Answer 29

Refer to logical manipulation of information

Question 30

Sensorimotor Stage

Answer 30

Age 0-2 World experienced through senses and actions Object permanence, stranger anxiety

Question 31

Preoperational Stage

Answer 31

Age 2-7 Use words and images to represent things, but lack logical reasoning Pretend play, egocentrism, language development

Question 32

Concrete Operational Stage

Answer 32

Age 7-11 Understand concrete events and analogies logically; perform arithmetical operations Conservation Understand the principle of reversibility Mathematical transformation

Question 33

Conversation

Answer 33

Even if sth changes shape, its mass, volume, and number stay the same

Question 34

The principle of reversibility

Answer 34

Objects can be changed and then returned back to their original form or condition

Question 35

Formal operational stage

Answer 35

Age 12- Formal operations Utilize abstract reasoning Abstract logic Moral reasoning

Question 36

The postformal stage

Answer 36

In postformal thinking, decisions are made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts. One way that we can see the difference between an adult in postformal thought and an adolescent in formal operations is in terms of how they handle emotionally charged issues

Question 37

Three levels of moral development

Answer 37

L1: Pre-conventional morality ( Obedience and Punishment -> individual interest ) L2: Conventional morality ( interpersonal, social approval -> authority, social order ) L3: Post-conventional morality ( social contrast -> universal ethics, internal moral principles )

Question 38

Stages of Development

Answer 38

Prenatal, infant, child, adolescent, adult development

Question 39

Prenatal Development

Answer 39

Germinal stage ( weeks 1-2 ) Embryonic stage ( weeks 3-8 ) Fetal stage ( weeks 9-40 )

Question 40

Placenta

Answer 40

A structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord

Question 41

The heart begins to beat and organs form and begin to function during ___

Answer 41

The embryonic stage

Question 42

The spinal cord and brain develop from?

Answer 42

The neural tube forms along the back of the embryo, developing into the spinal cord and brain

Question 43

When the organism is about 9 weeks old, the embryo is called

Answer 43

a fetus

Question 44

At 9 weeks,

Answer 44

The fetus begins to take on the recognizable form of a human being as the tail begins to disappear

Question 45

From 9-12 weeks

Answer 45

The sex organs begin to differentiate

Question 46

At 16 weeks

Answer 46

Fingers and toes are fully developed, and fingerprints are visible

Question 47

At 24 weeks

Answer 47

1. Hearings has developed ( begins at 20 weeks ) 2. The internal organs, such as the lungs, heart, stomach, and intestines have formed enough that a fetus born prematurely at this point has a chance to survive outside of the mother’s womb.

Question 48

From weeks 16 to 28

Answer 48

The brain nearly doubled in size

Question 49

Around 32 weeks

Answer 49

Bones fully develop

Question 50

Around 36 weeks

Answer 50

Muscles fully develop The fetus is most already for birth

Question 51

By week 37

Answer 51

All of the fetus’s organ systems are developed enough that it could survive outside the mother’s uterus without many of the risks associated with premature birth

Question 52

At 40 weeks

Answer 52

Birth becomes imminent. The fetus reach full-term development.

Question 53

The critical or sensitive period

Answer 53

Each organ of the fetus develops during a specific period in the pregnancy

Question 54

What is lifespan development

Answer 54

Study how humans change and grow from conception through childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and death. Developmental psychologists view development as a lifelong process that can be studied scientifically across three developmental domains - physical, cognitive, psychological development.

Question 55

Normative Approach

Answer 55

Study of development uses norms, average ages, of when most children reach specific developmental milestones in each of the three domains

Question 56

Developmental Milestones

Answer 56

The specific normative events which children should reach at the approximate ages

Question 57

Continuous development

Answer 57

View development as a cumulative process, gradually improving on existing skills. With this type of development, there is gradual change.

Question 58

Discontinuous development

Answer 58

Development takes place in unique stages: it occurs at specific times or ages. With this type of development, the change is more sudden, such as an infant’s ability to conceive object permanence.