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PSYC 102 > Midterm 1 Prep > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Prep Flashcards

1
Q

Teratogen

A

Any environmental agent - biological, chemical, physical - that causes damage to the developing embryo or fetus, including alcohol, drugs, smoking, heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, radiation, viruses, almost all prescription medicines and over-the-counter medications

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2
Q

Newborn reflexes

A
  • Inborn automatic responses to particular forms of stimulation, which help the newborn survive until it is capable of more complex behaviors.
  • Disappear around 4-5 months old
  • rooting reflex, sucking reflex, grasping reflex, Moro reflex
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3
Q

[ Neuron = Nerve Cell ] functions?

A

Store and transmit information

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4
Q

Blooming

A

Rapid neural growth occurs during infancy and toddlerhood when each neural pathway forms thousands of new connections. It occurs during the first few years of life.

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5
Q

Pruning

A

Follows the blooming period of neural growth, where neural connections are reduced. It causes the brain to function more efficiently, allowing for mastery of more complex skills. It continues through childhood and into adolescence in various areas of the brain.

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6
Q

Motor skills

A

Refer to our ability to move our bodies and manipulate objects.
- Fine motor skills focus on the muscles in our fingers, toes, and eyes, and enable coordination of small actions.
- Gross motor skills focus on large muscle groups that control our arms and legs and involve larger movements.

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7
Q

Object permanence

A

Objects continue to exist even when they are not in sight.
Children are expected to grasp this concept by around 8 months old.

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8
Q

Egocentric

A

2-3 years olds do not have an awareness of others’ points of view.

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9
Q

TOM - theory of mind, also known as cognitive empathy

A

Between 3 and 5 years old, children come to understand that people have thoughts, feelings, and beliefs that are different from their own.

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10
Q

Language Development Timeline

A

1). Coo, a one-syllable combination of a consonant and a vowel sound ( coo or ba )
2). Babble - repeat a syllable ( ma-ma / ba-ba )
3). 12-month-olds can say the first word for meaning.
4). 18-month-olds start combining words for meaning.
5). 3-year-olds have a vocabulary of up to 1000 words and can speak in sentences.
6). 3-5 year olds experience the vocabulary spurt.

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11
Q

The main psychosocial milestone of infancy

A

Forming healthy attachments
Two things are needed: 1) the caregiver must be responsive to the child’s physical, social, and emotional needs; 2) the caregiver and the child must engage in mutually enjoyable interactions.

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12
Q

The critical components to maternal-infant bonding

A

Feelings of comfort and security

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13
Q

The concept of attachment theory

A

John Bowlby defined attachment as the affectional bond or tie that an infant forms with the mother.

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14
Q

A secure base

A

A parental presence that gives the child a sense of safety as he explores his surroundings.

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15
Q

Four types of parent-child attachments

A

Secure
Avoidant
Resistant
Disorganized

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16
Q

Self-concept

A

An understanding of who they are

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17
Q

The primary psychosocial milestone of childhood

A

The development of a positive sense of self

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18
Q

Four parenting styles

A

Authoritative ( the most preferred in America )
Authoritarian
Permissive
Uninvolved

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19
Q

Temperament

A

Innate traits that influence how one thinks, behaves, and reacts with the environment

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20
Q

Primary sexual characteristics

A

Organs specifically needed for reproduction, like the uterus and ovaries in females and testis in males

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21
Q

Secondary sexual characteristics

A

Physical signs of sexual maturation that do not directly involve sex organs, such as development of breasts and hips in girls, and development of facial hair and a deepened voice in boys.

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22
Q

Menarche

A

The beginning of menstrual periods, usually around 12-13 years old

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23
Q

Spermarche

A

The first ejaculation, around 13-14 years old.

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24
Q

Crystalized intelligence

A

Information, skills and strategies we have gathered through a lifetime of experience

25
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

Information processing abilities, reasoning and memory

26
Q

Five stages of grief

A

Denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

27
Q

Lifespan Theories

A
  1. Psychosexual theory of development - Freud Sigmund
  2. Psychosocial theory of development - Erik Erikson
  3. Cognitive theory of development - Jean Piaget
  4. Theory of moral development - Lawrence Kohlberg ( extended upon the foundation that Piaget built regarding cognitive development )
28
Q

Erogenous Zones

A

Different areas of body where children’s pleasure-seeking urges are focused on.
Oral -> Anal -> Phallic -> Latency -> Genital

29
Q

Operational ( in cognitive theory of development)

A

Refer to logical manipulation of information

30
Q

Sensorimotor Stage

A

Age 0-2

World experienced through senses and actions

Object permanence, stranger anxiety

31
Q

Preoperational Stage

A

Age 2-7

Use words and images to represent things, but lack logical reasoning

Pretend play, egocentrism, language development

32
Q

Concrete Operational Stage

A

Age 7-11

Understand concrete events and analogies logically; perform arithmetical operations

Conservation
Understand the principle of reversibility
Mathematical transformation

33
Q

Conversation

A

Even if sth changes shape, its mass, volume, and number stay the same

34
Q

The principle of reversibility

A

Objects can be changed and then returned back to their original form or condition

35
Q

Formal operational stage

A

Age 12-

Formal operations
Utilize abstract reasoning

Abstract logic
Moral reasoning

36
Q

The postformal stage

A

In postformal thinking, decisions are made based on situations and circumstances, and logic is integrated with emotion as adults develop principles that depend on contexts. One way that we can see the difference between an adult in postformal thought and an adolescent in formal operations is in terms of how they handle emotionally charged issues

37
Q

Three levels of moral development

A

L1: Pre-conventional morality
( Obedience and Punishment -> individual interest )
L2: Conventional morality
( interpersonal, social approval -> authority, social order )
L3: Post-conventional morality
( social contrast -> universal ethics, internal moral principles )

38
Q

Stages of Development

A

Prenatal, infant, child, adolescent, adult development

39
Q

Prenatal Development

A

Germinal stage ( weeks 1-2 )
Embryonic stage ( weeks 3-8 )
Fetal stage ( weeks 9-40 )

40
Q

Placenta

A

A structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord

41
Q

The heart begins to beat and organs form and begin to function during ___

A

The embryonic stage

42
Q

The spinal cord and brain develop from?

A

The neural tube forms along the back of the embryo, developing into the spinal cord and brain

43
Q

When the organism is about 9 weeks old, the embryo is called

A

a fetus

44
Q

At 9 weeks,

A

The fetus begins to take on the recognizable form of a human being as the tail begins to disappear

45
Q

From 9-12 weeks

A

The sex organs begin to differentiate

46
Q

At 16 weeks

A

Fingers and toes are fully developed, and fingerprints are visible

47
Q

At 24 weeks

A
  1. Hearings has developed ( begins at 20 weeks )
  2. The internal organs, such as the lungs, heart, stomach, and intestines have formed enough that a fetus born prematurely at this point has a chance to survive outside of the mother’s womb.
48
Q

From weeks 16 to 28

A

The brain nearly doubled in size

49
Q

Around 32 weeks

A

Bones fully develop

50
Q

Around 36 weeks

A

Muscles fully develop
The fetus is most already for birth

51
Q

By week 37

A

All of the fetus’s organ systems are developed enough that it could survive outside the mother’s uterus without many of the risks associated with premature birth

52
Q

At 40 weeks

A

Birth becomes imminent. The fetus reach full-term development.

53
Q

The critical or sensitive period

A

Each organ of the fetus develops during a specific period in the pregnancy

54
Q

What is lifespan development

A

Study how humans change and grow from conception through childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and death.
Developmental psychologists view development as a lifelong process that can be studied scientifically across three developmental domains - physical, cognitive, psychological development.

55
Q

Normative Approach

A

Study of development uses norms, average ages, of when most children reach specific developmental milestones in each of the three domains

56
Q

Developmental Milestones

A

The specific normative events which children should reach at the approximate ages

57
Q

Continuous development

A

View development as a cumulative process, gradually improving on existing skills.
With this type of development, there is gradual change.

58
Q

Discontinuous development

A

Development takes place in unique stages: it occurs at specific times or ages. With this type of development, the change is more sudden, such as an infant’s ability to conceive object permanence.

PSYC 102 (1 decks)

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