Midterm 1 - PQ Flashcards
How to determine BT, BMBT, what causes prolongation of bleeding time
Use a sharp, sterile blade and make an 0,1-0,2 mm deep, 0,5 cm long incision on
the skin on inner part of external ear or on buccal mucosal surface. Vipe the
blood drop flowing under the wound with a cotton wool tissue in 20-30 sec
intervals. (avoid touching the wound itself). Measure the time from appearance
of first blood drop till the ceasing of bleeding. Normal BMBT : 3-5 min.
- Prolongation of bleeding time is caused by thrombocytopenias,
thrombocytopathies and vasopathies. So dependent on thrombocytic function,
platelet count and capillary function.
Lab signs of DIC
Increased: coagulation time, Bleeding time, Prothrombin time (PT), Activated
partial thromboplastin time (APTT), Thrombin time (TT), Fibrin degradation
products (FDP).
- Decreased Platelet count
- Appearance of schysocytes and/or burr cells in blood smear
Causes thrombocytopathies
Thrombocytopathy: decreased ability of platelets to aggregate and adhere to site
of injury, and formation of the primary thrombocyte-thrombus.
- Cause:
1. Improper development of platelets (I.E. because of hereditary glucoprotein
deficiency)
2. Von Willebrand’s disease
3. Uraemia, liver failure, myelo- and/or lymphoproliferative diseases, NSAID
treatment etc.
Thrombocytopenia, causes and disorders
Decreased production of thrombocytes in the bone marrow
- Increased utilization of thrombocytes; DIC (disseminated intravascular
coagulopathy)
- Increased destruction of thrombocytes; Autoimmune thrombocytopenia (AITP)
- Increased sequestration of thrombocytes: in case of chronic splenomegaly
- Increased loss of thrombocytes: subacute/chronic bleeding
Glutaric aldehyde test: examine the increase of fibrinogen and globulin concentration in
plasma.
-
ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate): The theory is the increased sedimentation of RBC’s
due to inflammatory processes, as acute phase proteins and other globulins tend to attach
onto the surface of RBC’s.
-
Sedimentation is very fast in horses, so ESR must be evaluated after 20 minutes. It is found
that the speed of the sedimentation decreases due to inflammatory processes contrary to
other species. ESR is inversely proportional with the HT and proportional with the serum
viscosity, total protein and fibrinogen concentration.
-
Causes hyperlipidaemia & decreased lipid content
Hyperlipidaemia
- Increased fat content in diet
- Diabetes mellitus
- Hypothyroidism
- Hyperadrenocorticism
- Nephrotic syndrome
- Septicaemia
- Pancreatitis
- Decreased lipid content - Starvation
- Chronic liver failure
Causes hyper/hypo – cholesterolaemia
Hypercholesterolaemia
- Increased dietary fat content
- Hypothyroidism
- Hyperadrenocorticism
- Nephrotic syndrome
- Diabetes mellitus
- Cholestatic diseases
- Primary dyslipidosis
- Hypocholesterolaemia - Protein loosing enetropathy
- Liver failure
- Malnutrition
- Neoplastic disease
- Decreased apolipoprotein synthesis
Increased/Decreased glucose cc
Increased glucose conc.
- Laboratory errors
- Stress & exercise
- Cranial trauma, inflammation (rabies, aujeszky disease)
- Acute liver failure (fast depletion of liver glucogen)
- Diabetes mellitus
- Hyperadrenocorticism
- Decreased glucose conc. - Laboratory error
- Decreased energy status (pregnancy, milking period, exercise etc.)
- Insulin overdose
- Receptor blockers
- Anabolic steroids
- Liver failure, terminal stage
- Hypoadrenocorticism
- Septicaemia
- Hyperthyroidism
Monoclonal gammopathy
Seen as a sharp spike in the beta or gamma region. Can be compared to the albumin
peak (they are both as narrow).
Both neoplastic and non-neoplastic disorders can produce a monoclonal gammopathy.
Neoplasia: Most common cause it the multiple myeloma (producing IgG or IgA
monoclonal).
