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Motivation Midterm 1 > MIDTERM 1 MOTIVATION > Flashcards

MIDTERM 1 MOTIVATION Flashcards

1
Q

Reticular Formation

A

Arousal, alert, awake

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2
Q

Amygdala

A

Detects, learns, emotions

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3
Q

Basal ganglia

A

(Caudete nucleas, putamen, substantia niagra globus pallidus)
- movement

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4
Q

Ventrial Striatum (nucleaus accumbens)

A
  • responds to dopamine

- close to hippocampus and amygdala to remmeber

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5
Q

Ventral Tegmnetal Area

A
  • Produces dopamine
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6
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • reponse to natural rewards; regulates eating, drinking, sex etc.
  • regulates ANS and endocrine system
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7
Q

Insular cortex

A
  • gut feeling; conscious experience of internal states
  • posterior: monitor body state
  • anterior: conscious experience of body state
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8
Q

Cortical structures (4)

A
  • Frontal: planning
  • Temporal: hearing, semantics
  • Parietal: sensory, somatosensory
  • Occipital: sight
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9
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A
  • Plans, goals, intentions
  • Right: negative emotions
  • Left: positive emotions
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10
Q

Orbitofrontal PFC

A
  • stores rewards related value; makes preferences and choices
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11
Q

Ventromedial PFC

A
  • evaluates unlearned sensory rewards; internal body states
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12
Q

Dorsolateral PFC

A
  • evaluates learned emotional value of environment and action; controls urges; and overrides immediate gratification for long-term goals
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13
Q

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

A
  • detects conflict and recruits other cortical structures
  • dorsal: pain perception
  • Ventral: emotional relevance
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14
Q

2 Elements of brain a a battleground

A

1) intentional interference: competing attention

2) cogntiive control: directing attention

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15
Q

Prioritization

A

1) emotional relevance

2) attention

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16
Q

3 things that give motivation energy and attention

A

1) Arousal
2) Goals
3) Approach or avoidance

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17
Q

2 elements of motivation

A

1) energy

2) direction

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18
Q

4 sources of motivation

A

1) needs (psychological, physical, social)
2) emotions
3) cognitions
4) external events (all other ones are internal)

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19
Q

4 ways to measure motivation

A

1) behavioural
2) engagement
3) brain/physiological activation
3) self-report (less reliable)

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20
Q

3 ways motivation is used to solve practical problems

A

1) identify practical problems e.g. student drop-out
2) what we know about human motivation
3) solutions

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21
Q

4 Grand theories

A

1) will: good and primitive; dead end
2) instinct; became naming
3) drive; doens’t explain all beahviours
4) incentive

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22
Q

3 characteristics of post-drive theory

A

1) active view of humans
2) cognitive revolution
3) focused on social relevance

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23
Q

4 reasons for rise of mini theories

A

1) motivational phenomenen
2) specific groups of people
3) specific circumstances
4) theoretical questions

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24
Q

Layers of Neurons:
1-3
4
5-6

A

1-3: integative functions (cortico-connections)
4: sensory input
5-6: descending output (more subcortical connections)

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25
Dorsolateral striatum
- action coding
26
Dorsomedial striatum
- action value
27
Ventral Striatum
- Worth doing?
28
Limbic system
- cingulate gyrus & hippocampus | - Broca thought had nothing to do--> Maclean -->Papez
29
Hess (brain reward)
- complex goal directed behaviour from brain stimulation
30
Old and Milner (brain reward)
- direct reinforcement come from brain stimulation
31
Reid (brain reward)
- there are similarities between brain stimulation and "natural rewards" like food
32
4 motivationally relevent NT
- dopamine - serotonine - norephinephrein (adrenaline) - endorphins
33
2 routes of stress
1) amygdala | 2) hypothalamus (stress-hormone triggers ACTH)
34
Effects of stress (2)
- inrease density and sensitivity of amygdala | - decrease cortical thickeness of hipocampus
35
What are emotions (3)
1) motivation (feeling and bodily response) 2) readout (social-expressive) 3) battle for attention to determine behaiour = sense of purpose
36
What causes emotions (4 aspects)
Significant life event --> distinct neural activity --> cognitive or biological process
37
Biological perspective of emotions
- focus on primary emotions - bottom-up - automatic
38
Cognitive perpsetive of emotions
- prerequisite to emotion and focus on secondary emotions - top-down - controlled - the appraisal causes the emotion not the event itself
39
3 types of emotions
1) basic emotions (7) 2) self-conscious emotions 3) cognitively complex emotions `
40
Utility of emotion (2)
1) coping functions | 2) social functions
41
Emotions (antecedents, action specficity, time course)
1) from specific event 2) influence behaviour and direct attention 3) short-lived
42
Moods (antecedents, action specficity, time course)
1) ill-defined event 2) influence cognition 3) long-lived
43
What is Barett known for?
- a constructivist view of emotion (there are no absolute emotions) and all dependent on appraisal - core affect is the state of pleasure/displeasure (valence) on X axis and activation (high or low) is on the Y axis = CIRCUMPLEX
44
What are 3 types of human needs?
1) psysiological 2) psychological 3) social needs
45
What are 3 physiological needs?
1) Thirst 2) hunger 3) sex
46
Hypotonic solution
- more water; less solute
47
hypertonic solution
- less water; more solute
48
Where are salt detectors that signal need for water?
Lateral hypothalmic nucleus
49
What brain structure is responsible for the subjective experience of thirst?
``` Laimin terminals (this is the last activity in the brain that terminates after drinking) - will remain elevated until osmoality is restored ```
50
Osmotic thrist
- body fluids are too salty and water is drawn out of cells (hypertonic solution)
51
Volemic Thirst
- drop in body fluids
52
What detects the drop in blood pressure in body?
- baroceptors
53
Why do we eat (3 perspectives?)
1) biological: to satisfy needs 2) emotional: to feed good 3) social
54
How do we avoid toxins (3 perspectives)
biological: 1) smell and taste 2) gagging learened: avoid new foods etc. cogntiive: warning signs and toxins
55
how do we select food (3 perspectives)
biological: taste preference learned: what we like congitive: reasoning what we eat "this is healthy"
56
Zygomaticus minor and major
- smile
57
Levator labia superior
- digusted look
58
Corrugator supercilli
- downward brow
59
Name 4 taste values from most revolting to least
1) bitter 2) salty 3) sour 4) sweet
60
Lipstatic hypothesis
- food deprivation = drop in fat storage --> adipose tissue in fat trigger Ghrelin --> hungry feeling
61
Eating myth #1
- The size of the bowl doesn't effect how much we eat | - Experiment shows that those with a bigger bowl ate more stale popcorn than those with fresh popcorn in small bowl
62
Eating myth #2
- Ppl know they are full and won't overeat | - Experiment with endless soup made people eat more and underestimate how much they eat
63
Eating myth #3
- obese people are obese because they eat out of their home | - Experiment showed that recipies were changing to include bigger portions and more calories
64
Sexual Scripts
- mental schemata of how sexual episode should be enacted
65
2 reasons that women like the smell of men's androstenone
1) within 2 days of ovulation | 2) MHC genese are significantly different from their own
66
Androstenone
- smell that men give off where there is hair | - when mixed with sweat the bacteria strives
67
Human sexual arousal (learned and cognitive component)
1) learned: visual simulus elicits sexual arousal e.g. sexual scripts - sex is rewarding 2) cognitive: sex scripts are influenced by beliefs, attitudes
68
Attraction, passion, reproduction (evolutionary, biological, learned component)
1) evolution: to produce offspring 2) biological: to promote long-term relationship and euophric state; endorphin mediate attachment and oxytocin stimulate bonding 3) learned component: thoughts about other person, increase/decrease attraction; self-disclosure etc.
69
Attraction (cognitive, commitment)
1) cognitive: making decision that you love someone, willing to invest time 2) commitment: satisfying needs of 2 distinct individuals; problems need to be resolved (passion, intimacy, commitment)

Motivation Midterm 1 (1 decks)

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