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Motivation Midterm 1 > MIDTERM 1 MOTIVATION > Flashcards

MIDTERM 1 MOTIVATION Flashcards

1
Q

Reticular Formation

A

Arousal, alert, awake

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2
Q

Amygdala

A

Detects, learns, emotions

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3
Q

Basal ganglia

A

(Caudete nucleas, putamen, substantia niagra globus pallidus)
- movement

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4
Q

Ventrial Striatum (nucleaus accumbens)

A
  • responds to dopamine

- close to hippocampus and amygdala to remmeber

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5
Q

Ventral Tegmnetal Area

A
  • Produces dopamine
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6
Q

Hypothalamus

A
  • reponse to natural rewards; regulates eating, drinking, sex etc.
  • regulates ANS and endocrine system
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7
Q

Insular cortex

A
  • gut feeling; conscious experience of internal states
  • posterior: monitor body state
  • anterior: conscious experience of body state
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8
Q

Cortical structures (4)

A
  • Frontal: planning
  • Temporal: hearing, semantics
  • Parietal: sensory, somatosensory
  • Occipital: sight
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9
Q

Prefrontal Cortex

A
  • Plans, goals, intentions
  • Right: negative emotions
  • Left: positive emotions
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10
Q

Orbitofrontal PFC

A
  • stores rewards related value; makes preferences and choices
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11
Q

Ventromedial PFC

A
  • evaluates unlearned sensory rewards; internal body states
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12
Q

Dorsolateral PFC

A
  • evaluates learned emotional value of environment and action; controls urges; and overrides immediate gratification for long-term goals
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13
Q

Anterior Cingulate Cortex

A
  • detects conflict and recruits other cortical structures
  • dorsal: pain perception
  • Ventral: emotional relevance
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14
Q

2 Elements of brain a a battleground

A

1) intentional interference: competing attention

2) cogntiive control: directing attention

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15
Q

Prioritization

A

1) emotional relevance

2) attention

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16
Q

3 things that give motivation energy and attention

A

1) Arousal
2) Goals
3) Approach or avoidance

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17
Q

2 elements of motivation

A

1) energy

2) direction

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18
Q

4 sources of motivation

A

1) needs (psychological, physical, social)
2) emotions
3) cognitions
4) external events (all other ones are internal)

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19
Q

4 ways to measure motivation

A

1) behavioural
2) engagement
3) brain/physiological activation
3) self-report (less reliable)

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20
Q

3 ways motivation is used to solve practical problems

A

1) identify practical problems e.g. student drop-out
2) what we know about human motivation
3) solutions

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21
Q

4 Grand theories

A

1) will: good and primitive; dead end
2) instinct; became naming
3) drive; doens’t explain all beahviours
4) incentive

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22
Q

3 characteristics of post-drive theory

A

1) active view of humans
2) cognitive revolution
3) focused on social relevance

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23
Q

4 reasons for rise of mini theories

A

1) motivational phenomenen
2) specific groups of people
3) specific circumstances
4) theoretical questions

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24
Q

Layers of Neurons:
1-3
4
5-6

A

1-3: integative functions (cortico-connections)
4: sensory input
5-6: descending output (more subcortical connections)

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25
Q

Dorsolateral striatum

A
  • action coding
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26
Q

Dorsomedial striatum

A
  • action value
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27
Q

Ventral Striatum

A
  • Worth doing?
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28
Q

Limbic system

A
  • cingulate gyrus & hippocampus

- Broca thought had nothing to do–> Maclean –>Papez

29
Q

Hess (brain reward)

A
  • complex goal directed behaviour from brain stimulation
30
Q

Old and Milner (brain reward)

A
  • direct reinforcement come from brain stimulation
31
Q

Reid (brain reward)

A
  • there are similarities between brain stimulation and “natural rewards” like food
32
Q

4 motivationally relevent NT

A
  • dopamine
  • serotonine
  • norephinephrein (adrenaline)
  • endorphins
33
Q

2 routes of stress

A

1) amygdala

2) hypothalamus (stress-hormone triggers ACTH)

34
Q

Effects of stress (2)

A
  • inrease density and sensitivity of amygdala

- decrease cortical thickeness of hipocampus

35
Q

What are emotions (3)

A

1) motivation (feeling and bodily response)
2) readout (social-expressive)
3) battle for attention to determine behaiour = sense of purpose

36
Q

What causes emotions (4 aspects)

A

Significant life event –> distinct neural activity –> cognitive or biological process

37
Q

Biological perspective of emotions

A
  • focus on primary emotions
  • bottom-up
  • automatic
38
Q

Cognitive perpsetive of emotions

A
  • prerequisite to emotion and focus on secondary emotions
  • top-down
  • controlled
  • the appraisal causes the emotion not the event itself
39
Q

3 types of emotions

A

1) basic emotions (7)
2) self-conscious emotions
3) cognitively complex emotions `

40
Q

Utility of emotion (2)

A

1) coping functions

2) social functions

41
Q

Emotions (antecedents, action specficity, time course)

A

1) from specific event
2) influence behaviour and direct attention
3) short-lived

42
Q

Moods (antecedents, action specficity, time course)

A

1) ill-defined event
2) influence cognition
3) long-lived

43
Q

What is Barett known for?

A
  • a constructivist view of emotion (there are no absolute emotions) and all dependent on appraisal
  • core affect is the state of pleasure/displeasure (valence) on X axis and activation (high or low) is on the Y axis = CIRCUMPLEX
44
Q

What are 3 types of human needs?

A

1) psysiological
2) psychological
3) social needs

45
Q

What are 3 physiological needs?

A

1) Thirst
2) hunger
3) sex

46
Q

Hypotonic solution

A
  • more water; less solute
47
Q

hypertonic solution

A
  • less water; more solute
48
Q

Where are salt detectors that signal need for water?

A

Lateral hypothalmic nucleus

49
Q

What brain structure is responsible for the subjective experience of thirst?

A 
Laimin terminals (this is the last activity in the brain that terminates after drinking) 
- will remain elevated until osmoality is restored
50
Q

Osmotic thrist

A
  • body fluids are too salty and water is drawn out of cells (hypertonic solution)
51
Q

Volemic Thirst

A
  • drop in body fluids
52
Q

What detects the drop in blood pressure in body?

A
  • baroceptors
53
Q

Why do we eat (3 perspectives?)

A

1) biological: to satisfy needs
2) emotional: to feed good
3) social

54
Q

How do we avoid toxins (3 perspectives)

A

biological: 1) smell and taste
2) gagging
learened: avoid new foods etc.
cogntiive: warning signs and toxins

55
Q

how do we select food (3 perspectives)

A

biological: taste preference
learned: what we like
congitive: reasoning what we eat “this is healthy”

56
Q

Zygomaticus minor and major

A
  • smile
57
Q

Levator labia superior

A
  • digusted look
58
Q

Corrugator supercilli

A
  • downward brow
59
Q

Name 4 taste values from most revolting to least

A

1) bitter
2) salty
3) sour
4) sweet

60
Q

Lipstatic hypothesis

A
  • food deprivation = drop in fat storage –> adipose tissue in fat trigger Ghrelin –> hungry feeling
61
Q

Eating myth #1

A
  • The size of the bowl doesn’t effect how much we eat

- Experiment shows that those with a bigger bowl ate more stale popcorn than those with fresh popcorn in small bowl

62
Q

Eating myth #2

A
  • Ppl know they are full and won’t overeat

- Experiment with endless soup made people eat more and underestimate how much they eat

63
Q

Eating myth #3

A
  • obese people are obese because they eat out of their home

- Experiment showed that recipies were changing to include bigger portions and more calories

64
Q

Sexual Scripts

A
  • mental schemata of how sexual episode should be enacted
65
Q

2 reasons that women like the smell of men’s androstenone

A

1) within 2 days of ovulation

2) MHC genese are significantly different from their own

66
Q

Androstenone

A
  • smell that men give off where there is hair

- when mixed with sweat the bacteria strives

67
Q

Human sexual arousal (learned and cognitive component)

A

1) learned: visual simulus elicits sexual arousal e.g. sexual scripts - sex is rewarding
2) cognitive: sex scripts are influenced by beliefs, attitudes

68
Q

Attraction, passion, reproduction (evolutionary, biological, learned component)

A

1) evolution: to produce offspring
2) biological: to promote long-term relationship and euophric state; endorphin mediate attachment and oxytocin stimulate bonding
3) learned component: thoughts about other person, increase/decrease attraction; self-disclosure etc.

69
Q

Attraction (cognitive, commitment)

A

1) cognitive: making decision that you love someone, willing to invest time
2) commitment: satisfying needs of 2 distinct individuals; problems need to be resolved (passion, intimacy, commitment)

Motivation Midterm 1 (1 decks)

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