Midterm 1 Material Flashcards
What is used to describe the schronidger wave functions of atomic orbitals?
The principle Quantum number is used to describe the wavefunctions of atomic orbitals
What model do we use to describe an atom and its components in this day and age?
We use the Bohr Model of the atom, which describes electrons moving in specific orbits (hence the phrase: Orbitals) and we enhance this idea using basic quantum mechanics, specifically the mathematical expression the Schodinger Equation with describes the wave functions of electron orbitals
Which electrons are typically involved with bonding interactions between two atoms?
The electrons with the highest principle quantum number, or the valence electrons, are the ones typically involved with bonding. Quantum numbers range from 1-4
What are Azimuthal Quantum Number?
These numbers describe the spatial distribution of the orbital with respect to the nucleus and indicates the angular momentum of the orbital.
The numbers range from m=0,1,2,3….
What orbitals are allowed for quantum number 1
quantum number 1 are the 1s orbital
What is a nodal Plane?
Nodal Plane exist in 2p orbitals, it contains the nucleus and it perpendicular to the orbital axis. The electron density is zero at the nucleus.
What is the magnetic Quantum Number?
The magnetic Quantum number is associated with a third set of quantum numbers
the p orbitals have -1,0,1 and each one represents one of the three different orthogonal directions in space
the d orbitals have the magnetic quantum numbers -2,-1,0,1,2
What is the phasing of atomic orbitals
the phasing of an atomic orbital is a result of the mathematical functions describing the orbitals. One color indicates the function is positive in this defined region of space while the other color indicates that the function is negative. The probability of finding an electron in the positive or negative region is the same.
What is electron density or Electron Distribution?
Electron density is the probability of finding an electron within a particular part of the orbital and it is related to the square of the mathematical function that describes the orbital.
the fourth and final quantum number is what?
The fourth and final quantum number is Ms or magnetic spin number, associated with the spin of an electron. the Ms value can be either +1/2 or -1/2. the numbers of the two values must be oppositely signed if they exist within the same orbital.
What is Correlation regarding electrons and orbital theory?
Correlation is the ability of an electron to feel the trajectory of another electron and therefore alter its own course so as to minimize coulombic repulsions and keep the energy of the system minimum. This results because of electrons negative charged, particle like character that causes them to repel one another.
Electron Configuration of an atom describes all the atomic orbitals that are populated with electrons? How do we write this out
1s^2 2s^2 2p^2 … with the superscript designating the number of electrons within the orbitals
What is an electron diagram?
An electron diagram describes the atomic orbitals by representing them as horizontal lines. the higher the line on the electron diagram, the higher the energy level for the atomic orbital.
What is the Aufbau principle?
Electrons will occupy the lowest energy level first, only two electrons can be in each orbital, and the two electrons must be spin paired.
What is Hunds Rule?
Hunds Rule discusses degenerate orbitals. degenerate orbitals are those that have the same energy. Degenerate orbitals will be singly occupied first and their spin states will be the same for all singly occupied orbitals.
What is the octet Rule?
The octet rule states that atoms are most stable when their valence shell, the one with the highest principle atomic number, is ful
What is the valence number and how can you figure out what an atoms valence number will be?
The valence number reflects how many bonds an atom can form; the valence number can be derived from an electronic diagram and the octect rule.
What is the formal charge?
The formal charge is referred to as the overall charge of the atom or molecule, even though the entire atoms charge is delocalized the summation of all the individual charge distributions gives the formal charge.
What is the formula for formal charge?
The formula for formal charge is
formal charge= # valence electrons - number of unshared electrons - 1/2 the number of shared electrons
What does VSEPR stand for?
VSEPR stands for valence-shell electron-pair repulsion
What is the VSEPR Rule?
The VSEPR rule indicates that al group emanating from an atom where single double or triple bonds or lone pairs will be in positions that are as far apart from one another as possible.
it is base on purely on the notion that electrostatic repulsions between entities consisting of two or more electrons dictate molecular geometries.
What are the bond angles between groups of a linear arrangement
a linear arrangement has bond angles of 180 degrees between one another.
When does a molecule have a trigonal planar arrangement?
A molecule has a trigonal planar arrangement when the central atom is attached to three groups, the bond angles are approximately 120 degrees between bonding groups.
When does a molecule have a tetrahedral arrangement?
A molecule has a tetrahedral arrangement when the central atoms is attached to four groups, the bond angles between each group are between 109.5 degrees.