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Linguistics 1001 > Midterm 1 Key Terms > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Key Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Linguistics

A

The scientific study of the nature and use of language

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2
Q

Grammatical

A

A term used to describe a sentence that is in accordance with the descriptive grammatical rules of some language, especially syntactic rules

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3
Q

Ungrammatical

A

Not in accordance with the descriptive grammatical rules of some language, especially syntactic rules

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4
Q

Competence

A

What we know when we know a language; the unconscious knowledge that a speaker had about his/her native language

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5
Q

Performance

A

The observable use of language

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6
Q

Grammar

A

A system of linguistic elements and rules

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7
Q

Descriptive Grammar

A

Objective description of a speakers or a group of speakers knowledge of a language based on their use of the language

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8
Q

Prescriptive Grammar

A

A set of rules designed to give instructions regarding the socially embedded notion of the “correct” or “proper” way to speak or write

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9
Q

Phonetics

A

The study of the minimal units of language (ex-the sounds of spoken language)

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10
Q

Linguistic Context

A

The linguistic environment in which an utterance is uttered; specifically the discourse that has immediately preceded the utterance in question

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11
Q

Co-articulation

A

The adjustment of articulation of a segment due to the influence of a neighbouring sound

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12
Q

IPA

A

Stands for International Phonetic Alphabet
- transcript all human speech sounds unambiguously
- provides exact one to one mapping between speech sounds

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13
Q

Articulation

A

The motion or positioning of some part of the vocal tract. (Often but not always a muscular part such as the tongue or lips) with respect to some other surface of the vocal tract on the product of speech sound

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14
Q

Consonant

A

Speech sound produced with a construction somewhere in the vocal tract that impedes airflow

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15
Q

Diacritic

A

Extra mark in written symbol, meaning some other character of its pronunciation or a vowel

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16
Q

Three part articulatory descriptions of consonants

A

1) voicing
- is the sound voiced or voiceless
2) place of articulation
- where the airstream is constricted
3) Manner of articulation
- how is the airstream constricted
must be listed in this order

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17
Q

Bilabial

A

Place of articulation
- sound produced by bringing both lips together
[p] [b] [m] [w] [wo]

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18
Q

Labiodental

A

Place of articulation
- sound produced by making contact between the lower lip and the upper teeth
[f] [v]

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19
Q

Interdental

A

Place of articulation
- sound produced by positioning the top of the tongue between the upper and lower teeth

[θ] [ð]

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20
Q

Alveolar

A

Sound produced by raising the front of the tongue towards the upper alveolar ridge
[t] [d] [s] [z] [n] [I] [ɹ]

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21
Q

Post Alveolar

A

Place of articulation
Sound produced by raising the tongue towards the front part of the hard palate, just behind the alveolar ridge
[tʃ] [ʃ] [ʒ] [dʒ]

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22
Q

Palatial

A

Place of articulation
- sound made by raising the body of the tongue toward the hard part of the roof of the mouth
[j]

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23
Q

Velar

A

Place of articulation
- sound produced by raising the back of the tongue toward the velum
[k] [g] [ɳ]

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24
Q

Glottal

A

Place of articulation
- sounds produced at the larynx
[h] [ʔ]

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25
Q

Stops

A

Manner of articulation
- sound produced by completely obstructing the airstream in the oral cavity and then quickly releasing the constriction to allow the air to escape
[p] [b] [t] [d] [k] [g] [ʔ]

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26
Q

Fricatives

A

Manner of articulation
- sound made by forming a nearly complete obstruction of the airstream so that when air passes through the small passage, turbulent airflow (ie friction) is produced
[f] [v] [θ] [ð] [s] [z] [ʃ] [ʒ] [h]

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27
Q

Affricates

A

Manner of articulation
- sound produced by complete obstruction of the airflow followed by a straight release of the obstruction, allowing friction. (can be thought of as a combination of a stop and a fricative)
[tʃ] [dʒ]

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28
Q

Nasal

A

Manner of articulation
- sound produced by making a complete obstruction of the airflow in the oral cavity and lowering the velum to allow air to pass through the nasal cavity
[m] [n] [ɳ]

29
Q

Liquids

A

Manner of articulation
- sound produced with slightly more construction than a glide and in which the quality changes depending on where it occurs in a word
lateral liquid [I]
retreoflec liquid [ɹ]

30
Q

Glides

A

Manner of articulation
- sound produced with only a slight closure of the articulators and that requires some movement (or gliding) of the articulators during production
[w] [j] [w] - with o under

31
Q

Flap

A

Maner of articulation
- sound produced by bringing two articulations together very quickly
[r]

32
Q

vowel articulation

A

a speech sound produced with at most only a slight narrowing somewhere in the vocal tract, allowing air to flow freely through the oral cavity

33
Q

Syllable

A

a unit of speech made up of an unset and rhyme

34
Q

Syllabic Consonant

A

a consonant that is the nucleus of a syllable and takes on the function of the vowel in that syllable

35
Q

Monophthong

A

a simple vowel, composed of a single configuration of the vocal orgins

36
Q

Dipthongs

A

a complex vowel, composed of a sequence of two different configurations of the vocal organs

37
Q

Tense

A

vowel sound that has a more peripheral position in the vowel space

38
Q

lax

A

vowel sound that has a less peripheral position in the vowel space

39
Q

Nasalized

A

vowel produced while lowering the velum to allow air to pass through the nasal cavity

40
Q

Segmental Feature

A

a phonetic character of speech sounds, such as voicing, place of articulation, rounding, etc

41
Q

Suprasegmental feature

A

a phonetic characteristic of s[eech sounds such as length, intonation, tone, or stress that “rides on top of” segmental features. Must usually be identified by comparison of the same feature on other sounds or strings of sounds
- stress, length, tone, intonation

42
Q

Stress

A

a property of syllables; stressed syllable is more prominent than an unstressed one, due to having greater loudness, longer duration, different pitch or full vowels
suprasegmental feature

43
Q

length

A

the duration of a segment
suprasegmental feature

44
Q

tone

A

pitch at which the syllable of a word is pronounced; can make difference in meaning
suprasegmental feature

45
Q

Intonation

A

commonly refers to the pattern of pitch movements across a stretch of speech such as a sentence. The meaning of a sentence can depend in part on the intonation contour of the sentence
Suprasegmental feature

46
Q

Four-Part articulatory descriptions of vowels

A

(1) tongue height (high, mid, low)
(2) tongue advancement (front, central, back, front)
(3) Lip rounding (rounded, unrounded)
(4) tenseness (tense, lax)

47
Q

Aspiration

A

a puff of air that follows the release of a consonant when there is a delay in the onset of voicing
symbolized by a superscript <h></h>

48
Q

Allophone

A

one of a set of noncontrastive relizations of the same phoneme; an actual phonetic segment

49
Q

Phonology

A

the study of the sound system of a language, how the particular sounds contrast in each language to form an integrated system for encoding information and how such systems differ from one language to another

50
Q

Contrastive

A

a term used to describe two sounds that can be used to differentiate words in a language
replacing one sounds in the words changes the words meaning

51
Q

Noncontrastive

A

a term used to describe two sounds that are not used to differentiate words in a language
interchanging the 2 sounds does not result in a change in the meaning of the word

52
Q

Phone

A

a speech sound, Phones are written in square brackets
ex - [t]

53
Q

phoneme

A

a class of speech sounds identified by a native speaker as the same sound: a mental entity (or category) related to various allophones by phonological rules. Phonemes are written between slashes
ex - /p/

54
Q

Minimal Pair

A

Two words that differ only by a single sound in the same position and that have different meanings

55
Q

Contrastive distribution

A

the occurrence of sounds in a language such that their use distinguishes between the meaning of the words in which they appear, indicating that those sounds are phonemes of the language in question.
Sounds that are in contrastive distribution are allophones of the same phonemes

56
Q

phonetic environment

A

the sounds that come before and after a particular sound in a word

57
Q

Phonological Rule

A

the description of a relationship between a phoneme and its allophones and the conditioning environment in which the allophone appears

58
Q

underlying form

A

the phonemic form of a word or morpheme before phonological rules are applied

59
Q

Conditioning Environment

A

neighboring sounds of a given sound that cause it to undergo a change

60
Q

Natural Class

A

group of sounds in a language that satisfy a given description to the exclusion of other sounds in that language

61
Q

Sibilant

A

a member of the natural class of sounds that are characterized by a high-pitched hissing quality
[s,z,ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ]

62
Q

labial

A

a member of the natural class of sounds produced with the lips; includes both bilabial and labiodental sounds
[p,b,f,v,m,w,w]

63
Q

Obstruenet

A

a natural class of sounds produced with obstruction of airflow in the oral cavity while the nasal cavity is closed off. Includes oral stops, fricatives, and affricates
[p,b,t,d,k,g,ʔ, f,v, θ, ð, s,z,ʃ, ʒ, h, tʃ, dʒ]

64
Q

Sonorant

A

Sound (usually voiced) is produced with a relatively open passage of airflow. Nasals, Liquids, glides, and vowels are all sonorants

65
Q

Obstruenet

A

a natural class of sounds produced with obstruction of airflow in the oral cavity while the nasal cavity is closed off. Includes oral stops, fricatives, and affricates
[p,b,t,d,k,g,ʔ, f,v, θ, ð, s,z,ʃ, ʒ, h, tʃ, dʒ]

66
Q

Contrastive Distribution

A

the occurrence of sounds in a language such that their use distinguishes between the meanings of the words in which they appear, indicating that those sounds are phonemes of the language in question. Sounds that are in contrastive distribution are allophones of different phonemes

67
Q

Complementary distribution

A

the occurrence of sounds in a language such that they are never found in the same phonetic environment. Sounds that are in complementary distribution are allophones of the same phoneme

68
Q

Minimal pair

A

a pair of words whose pronunciation differs by exactly one sound (ie one phone) and that have a different meanings

69
Q

The components of a phonological rule

A

(1) the sound affected by the rule
(2) the environment where the rule applies
(3) the result of the rule

Linguistics 1001 (2 decks)

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