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EAS 221 > Midterm 1, Deck pt 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1, Deck pt 1 Flashcards

Basics - Projections on Review Sheet

1
Q

Which type of data is discrete

Vector or Raster

A

Vector

points/lines/polygons

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2
Q

T/F: A vector layer can include points, lines, AND polygons

A

False

one vector layer can include only one of the three

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3
Q

Vector data exists only when…

A

there is data there

It is only there if something exists there

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4
Q

Vector data consists of…

3 options

A

Points, lines, and polygons

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5
Q

What is a point

A

zero-dimensional, [x,y] location

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6
Q

What is a line

A

one dimensional, two points connected

1D, just distance, no area

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7
Q

What is a polygon

A

2 dimensional, lines connected to lines

2D, have an area

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8
Q

which is the most accurate? Points, lines or polygons?

A

points

because they have no dimension, they are just a place, infinitely accurate

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9
Q

What is remote sensing

A

gathering of data from a distance, typically from satellites

measure amount of EMR from a distance and then analyze and interpret it

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10
Q

Pros of remote sensing

A

unobtrusive, removes sampling bias through systematically collected data, helps to explain natural processes

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11
Q

cons of remote sensing

A

expensive, need expertise, can become uncalibrated, only collects superficial info (skin of the Earth)

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12
Q

What is Resolution

A

The detail we can get from remote sensing data

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13
Q

What are the four types of resolution

A

spatial, spectral, temporal, radiometric

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14
Q

what is spatial resolution

A

the physical size each pixel represents

also scale/grain

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15
Q

What is pixel heterogeneity

A

Different components represented within a pixel

The pixel is the average reflectance of all the components in the given area, the more components you have the harder it is to identify

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16
Q

what is spectral resolution

A

the number of spectral bands, measured in widths of the EMR

wavelengths and their spectral characteristics

the more spectral bands, the more complex the data

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17
Q

What is temporal resolution

A

how often a satellite captures the same area

with high being often, low being not often

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18
Q

what type of resolution do we lose at the expense of high temporal resolution

A

Spatial

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19
Q

Greyscale

what is radiometric resolution

A

the level of precision in your data

the digital number of possible brightness values, variability of brightness

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20
Q

what is raster data

A

A pixel grid of things that exist everywhere

every pixel (cell) contains a value to typically form an image and is given a scale to decide the resolution

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21
Q

Can we decide when/what a pixel represents in raster data

A

NO

There is always a value for everything, we do not decide what is and isn’t represented, something real is always there

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22
Q

What is scale

A

representative fraction, map distance : actual distance

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23
Q

coarse vs fine scale

A

coarse: larger area, more generalized
fine: smaller area, less generalized

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24
Q

large scale vs small scale

A

large: large representative fraction, more detail
small: larger area with reduced detail

large - lots of detail
small - very little detail

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25
how is scale affected in GIS
it allows for limitless zooming in, because of the layers we can keep detail
26
what are the two types of maps
reference and thematic | general and special purpose (respectively)
27
what do reference maps include
geographical features, roads, boundaries, etc. ## Footnote locations of physical features, and their boundaries/borders
28
what is the purpose of a thematic map
show the spatial distribution of data themes
29
types of thematic maps
choropleth, isopleth, continuous scale, dot maps, graduated symbols
30
what is a choropleth map
gradation in tones/shades of an area to represent data variability
31
# choropleth maps and spatially.... spatially extensive
data value is equally true for whole area | data extends equally across whole space ## Footnote (no matter where you are in alberta, the **population** of alberta remains the same)
32
# choropleth maps and spatially... spatially intensive
data is variable within the boundaries of a given area ## Footnote **population density** of alberta is different throughout alberta
33
What is an isopleth map
lines connect points of equal value | contour maps and similar ## Footnote good for generalizing point data
34
What is a dot map
each dot (symbol) represents a mapped feature
35
what is a continuous scale map
uses colour ramping of symbols to show both location and magnitude of a feature | intensity of colour or shade depicts magnitude
36
what is a graduated symbol map ## Footnote (proportional symbol map)
uses sizes of a symbol to represent a range of values at various locations ## Footnote we are more sensitive to colour changes than size changes
37
How do we decide how to classify data
you choose based on what you want your message to be from what you are representing, what you are trying to convince
38
common data classifications
equal interval, quantile, natural breaks, standard deviations
39
equal interval classification and pros/cons
split x-axis into equal percentile ranges ## Footnote pros/cons: easy to understand but doesn't always show variability or accuracy
40
Quantile classification
ranked list of data points where each category has same percentage of data | each class has same number of entries (25% of data, not 25% of x-axis)
41
Standard Deviations classification and pros/cons
take the mean and sd of data set, to measure the dispersion of the data ## Footnote pros/cons: easy to defend based on statistical pattern, unbiased
42
natural breaks classification and pros/cons | Jenks breaks
look for obvious breaks between classes that represent meaningful differences ## Footnote pros/cons: minimize variation w/in classes, maximize between, but not supportable with math or stats
43
Qualitative vs Quantitative | NOIR
No math can be done vs Math can be done (respectively) ## Footnote NO/IR (respectively)
44
NOIR
feature grouping Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio
45
Nominal Data
categories, unranked and unordered ## Footnote apples, oranges, bananas
46
Ordinal Data
Ranked data but with no specific ranking interval, think order - they are in some arbitrarily decided order | doesn't matter by how different the rankings are, just that they are ## Footnote borderline qualitative/quantitative
46
Interval Data
known and consistent intervals, with **no real zero** | no real zero like 0 degrees Celsius ## Footnote can add and subtract
46
Ratio Data
Known and consistent zeroes, with a real zero | 0 Kelvin is a real zero
47
What does real zero mean (represent)
The absence of something, Nothing
48
How is nominal data represented
distinctive symbols for each category
49
how is ordinal data represented
categorized sizes
50
how is interval/ratio data represented
size and/or colour/tone
51
tone
shades of black
52
three dimensions of colour
hue, value, chroma
53
Hue
Actual shade | red vs blue vs green ## Footnote qualitative, just meant to show difference
54
Value
Brightness (absence of black in a colour) | light vs dark ## Footnote quantitative, lighter (brighter) = higher value
55
Chroma
Saturation/Intensity | pale green vs lime green ## Footnote Qualitative
56
what is a developable surface
a shape that is flattenable, can be "unrolled" without distortion | cylindrical, conical, azimuthal (planar circle) ## Footnote can be curved but in one direction only
57
what are the three developable surface *aspects* | orientation of surface to Earth's axis
normal, transverse, and oblique | 0 degrees, 90 degrees, anything else (respectively)
58
the two developable surfaces of secancy
tangent and secant | touches but doesn't intersect, intersects the globe (respectively) ## Footnote nature of the surfaces contact with the ellipsoid
59
3 main projections
conformal, equidistant, equal-area
60
conformal
preserves shape but distorts size
61
equal-area
preserves size (area), distorts shape
62
T/F: you can never have conformal **and** equal-area
True
63
equidistant
preserves distances between places
64
where is the least distortion
on the lines of secancy
65
what is georeferencing
the act of locating places ## Footnote by coordinates, addresses, landmarks, etc.
66
three requirements for georeferencing
uniqueness, interoperability, persistence ## Footnote one coordinate per location, has the same meaning across users, and coordinates do not change
67
2 coordinate systems
geographic and projected ## Footnote lat/long locations on a sphere, reference to a plane then applied to a sphere
68
is UTM tangential or secant
Secant ## Footnote It intersects the globe in two spots
69
how wide is a UTM zone and how many are there
6 degrees of longitude and 60 zones
70
what are the three things you need to locate something using UTM
Westing/Easting, zone number in N or S hemi., Northing/Southing
71
central meridian value of UTM
500000 m
72
Geoid
What gravity would to to Earth if it were fluid, bumpy and uneven but roughly mean sea level
73
Ellipsoid
smooth, mathematical, non-spherical model of the earth
74
what changes in an ellipsoid, latitude or longitude
latitude, it is no longer a measure of the angle to the center of the Earth, but to an equatorial **plane**
75
Datums
an area, point, or line used as reference for locating something ## Footnote we can choose how we want them to fit the ellipsoid
76
What is the Alberta Township System | ATS
A map of land ownership, an Albertan version of the Dominion Land Survey
77
__ Meridians in Alta., traveling ___
3, West ## Footnote "West of the 4/5/6 meridian"
78
Ranges run ___, for __ miles
East-West, 6 | Roads run N-S
79
Townships run ___, for __ miles
South-North, 6 | roads run E-W
80
Range roads and townships form squares of __ ________ | (number and name of numbers)
36 sections | 6x6 mile square, 1x1 mile section
81
1 section is split into ___ and each is called a _____ ______
16ths, legal subdivision ## Footnote legal subdivion is a quarter mile by quarter mile
82
Order of ATS address
Legal Sbdv - Section - Twp - Rg - W of _ meridian

EAS 221 (7 decks)

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