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EAS 221 > Midterm 1, Deck pt 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1, Deck pt 1 Flashcards

Basics - Projections on Review Sheet

1
Q

Which type of data is discrete

Vector or Raster

A

Vector

points/lines/polygons

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2
Q

T/F: A vector layer can include points, lines, AND polygons

A

False

one vector layer can include only one of the three

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3
Q

Vector data exists only when…

A

there is data there

It is only there if something exists there

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4
Q

Vector data consists of…

3 options

A

Points, lines, and polygons

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5
Q

What is a point

A

zero-dimensional, [x,y] location

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6
Q

What is a line

A

one dimensional, two points connected

1D, just distance, no area

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7
Q

What is a polygon

A

2 dimensional, lines connected to lines

2D, have an area

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8
Q

which is the most accurate? Points, lines or polygons?

A

points

because they have no dimension, they are just a place, infinitely accurate

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9
Q

What is remote sensing

A

gathering of data from a distance, typically from satellites

measure amount of EMR from a distance and then analyze and interpret it

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10
Q

Pros of remote sensing

A

unobtrusive, removes sampling bias through systematically collected data, helps to explain natural processes

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11
Q

cons of remote sensing

A

expensive, need expertise, can become uncalibrated, only collects superficial info (skin of the Earth)

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12
Q

What is Resolution

A

The detail we can get from remote sensing data

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13
Q

What are the four types of resolution

A

spatial, spectral, temporal, radiometric

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14
Q

what is spatial resolution

A

the physical size each pixel represents

also scale/grain

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15
Q

What is pixel heterogeneity

A

Different components represented within a pixel

The pixel is the average reflectance of all the components in the given area, the more components you have the harder it is to identify

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16
Q

what is spectral resolution

A

the number of spectral bands, measured in widths of the EMR

wavelengths and their spectral characteristics

the more spectral bands, the more complex the data

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17
Q

What is temporal resolution

A

how often a satellite captures the same area

with high being often, low being not often

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18
Q

what type of resolution do we lose at the expense of high temporal resolution

A

Spatial

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19
Q

Greyscale

what is radiometric resolution

A

the level of precision in your data

the digital number of possible brightness values, variability of brightness

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20
Q

what is raster data

A

A pixel grid of things that exist everywhere

every pixel (cell) contains a value to typically form an image and is given a scale to decide the resolution

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21
Q

Can we decide when/what a pixel represents in raster data

A

NO

There is always a value for everything, we do not decide what is and isn’t represented, something real is always there

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22
Q

What is scale

A

representative fraction, map distance : actual distance

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23
Q

coarse vs fine scale

A

coarse: larger area, more generalized
fine: smaller area, less generalized

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24
Q

large scale vs small scale

A

large: large representative fraction, more detail
small: larger area with reduced detail

large - lots of detail
small - very little detail

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25
Q

how is scale affected in GIS

A

it allows for limitless zooming in, because of the layers we can keep detail

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26
Q

what are the two types of maps

A

reference and thematic

general and special purpose (respectively)

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27
Q

what do reference maps include

A

geographical features, roads, boundaries, etc.

locations of physical features, and their boundaries/borders

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28
Q

what is the purpose of a thematic map

A

show the spatial distribution of data themes

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29
Q

types of thematic maps

A

choropleth, isopleth, continuous scale, dot maps, graduated symbols

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30
Q

what is a choropleth map

A

gradation in tones/shades of an area to represent data variability

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31
Q

choropleth maps and spatially….

spatially extensive

A

data value is equally true for whole area

data extends equally across whole space

(no matter where you are in alberta, the population of alberta remains the same)

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32
Q

choropleth maps and spatially…

spatially intensive

A

data is variable within the boundaries of a given area

population density of alberta is different throughout alberta

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33
Q

What is an isopleth map

A

lines connect points of equal value

contour maps and similar

good for generalizing point data

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34
Q

What is a dot map

A

each dot (symbol) represents a mapped feature

35
Q

what is a continuous scale map

A

uses colour ramping of symbols to show both location and magnitude of a feature

intensity of colour or shade depicts magnitude

36
Q

what is a graduated symbol map

(proportional symbol map)

A

uses sizes of a symbol to represent a range of values at various locations

we are more sensitive to colour changes than size changes

37
Q

How do we decide how to classify data

A

you choose based on what you want your message to be from what you are representing, what you are trying to convince

38
Q

common data classifications

A

equal interval, quantile, natural breaks, standard deviations

39
Q

equal interval classification and pros/cons

A

split x-axis into equal percentile ranges

pros/cons: easy to understand but doesn’t always show variability or accuracy

40
Q

Quantile classification

A

ranked list of data points where each category has same percentage of data

each class has same number of entries (25% of data, not 25% of x-axis)

41
Q

Standard Deviations classification and pros/cons

A

take the mean and sd of data set, to measure the dispersion of the data

pros/cons: easy to defend based on statistical pattern, unbiased

42
Q

natural breaks classification and pros/cons

Jenks breaks

A

look for obvious breaks between classes that represent meaningful differences

pros/cons: minimize variation w/in classes, maximize between, but not supportable with math or stats

43
Q

Qualitative vs Quantitative

NOIR

A

No math can be done vs Math can be done (respectively)

NO/IR (respectively)

44
Q

NOIR

A

feature grouping
Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, Ratio

45
Q

Nominal Data

A

categories, unranked and unordered

apples, oranges, bananas

46
Q

Ordinal Data

A

Ranked data but with no specific ranking interval, think order - they are in some arbitrarily decided order

doesn’t matter by how different the rankings are, just that they are

borderline qualitative/quantitative

46
Q

Interval Data

A

known and consistent intervals, with no real zero

no real zero like 0 degrees Celsius

can add and subtract

46
Q

Ratio Data

A

Known and consistent zeroes, with a real zero

0 Kelvin is a real zero

47
Q

What does real zero mean (represent)

A

The absence of something, Nothing

48
Q

How is nominal data represented

A

distinctive symbols for each category

49
Q

how is ordinal data represented

A

categorized sizes

50
Q

how is interval/ratio data represented

A

size and/or colour/tone

51
Q

tone

A

shades of black

52
Q

three dimensions of colour

A

hue, value, chroma

53
Q

Hue

A

Actual shade

red vs blue vs green

qualitative, just meant to show difference

54
Q

Value

A

Brightness (absence of black in a colour)

light vs dark

quantitative, lighter (brighter) = higher value

55
Q

Chroma

A

Saturation/Intensity

pale green vs lime green

Qualitative

56
Q

what is a developable surface

A

a shape that is flattenable, can be “unrolled” without distortion

cylindrical, conical, azimuthal (planar circle)

can be curved but in one direction only

57
Q

what are the three developable surface aspects

orientation of surface to Earth’s axis

A

normal, transverse, and oblique

0 degrees, 90 degrees, anything else (respectively)

58
Q

the two developable surfaces of secancy

A

tangent and secant

touches but doesn’t intersect, intersects the globe (respectively)

nature of the surfaces contact with the ellipsoid

59
Q

3 main projections

A

conformal, equidistant, equal-area

60
Q

conformal

A

preserves shape but distorts size

61
Q

equal-area

A

preserves size (area), distorts shape

62
Q

T/F: you can never have conformal and equal-area

A

True

63
Q

equidistant

A

preserves distances between places

64
Q

where is the least distortion

A

on the lines of secancy

65
Q

what is georeferencing

A

the act of locating places

by coordinates, addresses, landmarks, etc.

66
Q

three requirements for georeferencing

A

uniqueness, interoperability, persistence

one coordinate per location, has the same meaning across users, and coordinates do not change

67
Q

2 coordinate systems

A

geographic and projected

lat/long locations on a sphere, reference to a plane then applied to a sphere

68
Q

is UTM tangential or secant

A

Secant

It intersects the globe in two spots

69
Q

how wide is a UTM zone and how many are there

A

6 degrees of longitude and 60 zones

70
Q

what are the three things you need to locate something using UTM

A

Westing/Easting, zone number in N or S hemi., Northing/Southing

71
Q

central meridian value of UTM

A

500000 m

72
Q

Geoid

A

What gravity would to to Earth if it were fluid, bumpy and uneven but roughly mean sea level

73
Q

Ellipsoid

A

smooth, mathematical, non-spherical model of the earth

74
Q

what changes in an ellipsoid, latitude or longitude

A

latitude, it is no longer a measure of the angle to the center of the Earth, but to an equatorial plane

75
Q

Datums

A

an area, point, or line used as reference for locating something

we can choose how we want them to fit the ellipsoid

76
Q

What is the Alberta Township System

ATS

A

A map of land ownership, an Albertan version of the Dominion Land Survey

77
Q

__ Meridians in Alta., traveling ___

A

3, West

“West of the 4/5/6 meridian”

78
Q

Ranges run ___, for __ miles

A

East-West, 6

Roads run N-S

79
Q

Townships run ___, for __ miles

A

South-North, 6

roads run E-W

80
Q

Range roads and townships form squares of __ ________

(number and name of numbers)

A

36 sections

6x6 mile square, 1x1 mile section

81
Q

1 section is split into ___ and each is called a _____ ______

A

16ths, legal subdivision

legal subdivion is a quarter mile by quarter mile

82
Q

Order of ATS address

A

Legal Sbdv - Section - Twp - Rg - W of _ meridian

EAS 221 (7 decks)

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