Midterm 1: COPY Flashcards

Question

ARMENIAN GENOCIDE: Reason 3: Ottoman-Russian fault line

Answer 1

• War of 1829-1829 (Splits) • War of 1877-1878  Armenian Russians prominent in army  some Armenians on Ottoman side join Russian army when invading • Berlin treaty: further annexation --\> Armenians living in this territory celebrate  Turks forced out and replaced with Armenians

Answer 2

1. Nationalist Mobilization (Dashnaks) 2. Marxist Mobilization (Hunchnak group)

Answer 3

 Normalization of violence ---\> 1894: Sasun massacre • 1890s: Violent repression of Armenian Marxists in cities (Hunchak) • Counterrevolution against CUP  WWI ---\> REVENGE, TERRITORY (SPACE), RACE, MINORITY PROTECTION  Van Uprising

Answer 4

Intimate Violence: Anti-Jewish Pogroms on the Eve of the Holocaust by Jason Wittenberg and Jeffrey Kopstein---\> • Minority bloc in Poland  United minorities in Poland-\>gaining autonomy  Zionist leader  Difference: unified several minorities under that banner • More pogroms in towns with high support for minority block

Answer 5

 Twa: 6th century, 1st original group, Hunters and gatherers. 1990: 1% population  Huti: 7th century, Crop cultivators. 1990: 84% population  Tutsi: 8/9th century, Cattle traders, 1990: 15% population

Answer 6

``` Not Fixed • Social class not ethnic identity--\> social mobility allowed to move • Socio-economic class status ```

Answer 7

1. Colonial politics-\>Activation ethnic boundary ---\> Berlin Conference (1884) ---\> Germans: Introduce Hamitic myth --\> Versailes Treaty: Rwanda goes to Belgium--\> further racism ---\> Mid-1950s: Nationalism among Tutsis, Belgians reverse status--\> inversion of Hamitic Myth 2. Decolonization-\>Envy and threat through status reversal Independence 1960s---\> 300,000 Tutsis flee to Burundi

Answer 8

RPF Try to destabilize Rwanda by launching attacks from Burundi

Answer 9

* Economic crisis creates threats to Hutu elites * Democratization creates threats to Hutu elites

Answer 10

1973: Coup Habyararimana --\> strict ethnic policies, business interests first, strong informal economy Late 1980s: economic unrest--\> coffee price falls, International debt, IMF/World Bank/France--\>  Structural adjustment: open markets & reduce informal economy Late 1980s: political unrest--\> • IMF/World Bank/France loan for multi-party system - --\> Rise Left wing non-ethnic parties against Hutu elites - -\> Rise Hutu extremists against Hutu elites (Akazu) Habyararimana responds: Hutu nationalism, (Akuzu) into party, racism in school, propaganda on radio, "Hutu 10 Commandments"

Answer 11

Political elite: Hutu and Rich--\> don’t want to activate wealth fault line because then would be in majority, instead invoke Hutu racial line

Answer 12

• Invasion RPF (group of Tutsis in Burundi) • Arusha accords---\> peace accords in aftermath of war due to invasion of RPF International Community steps in --\> Requires Power sharing government--\> ethnic groups need to share power ---\> International community deploys UN troops guard the peace • Plane crash Habyararimana ---\> RPF Invasion, response killing and blockades

Answer 13

Cote d'ivoire or Ivory coast vs. Rwanda? Sources of RESTRAINT Method of difference: Negative cases (Strauss) • No sampling on the dependent variable • Compare cases that vary in outcome to be explained (Genocide) • Choose case that is very similar but does not experience a genocide • Trace differences • Allows one to see how the absence of something matters (restraint) Straus • Why did genocide break out in Rwanda but not in Ivory Coast? • Ivory coast as a negative case:  Very similar on a lot of dimensions--\> instability, democratization, war, active militias, political elites condoned violence  On the verge of Genocide  Retreated from the brink BECAUSE: sources of economic restraint and culture of dialogue by leaders

Answer 14

Methods of agreement and Methods of difference

Answer 15

 Culture of dialogue--\> promotes form of tolerance  Economic interests--\> more dependent upon exports, would suffer greater economic consequences if commit mass murder

Answer 16

Question: Why do genocides break out? Actors:States, nations, elites, global forces - --\> High aggregation level - --\> focuses less on individual cases

Answer 17

- -\> WAR - --\> AGGRESSIVE NATIONALISM - --\> DEMOCRATIZATION - --\> DECLINE - --\> MISMATCH RACE AND SPACE

Answer 18

 Serbs (Orthodox)  Croats (Roman Catholic)  Bosniacs (Muslim) • Mixed 1991--\> people from neighboring countries living there, some concentration of groups, but largely living together in same localities

Answer 19

Faultline of Rome and Constantinople ---\> 1054 Split: East Balkans: Serbs- \>Orthodox (first form of Serbs) and West Balkans: Rest-\>Roman Catholic---\> Bosnia and Serbia--\> independent states • 1400s: Both Bosnia and Serbia become Part of Ottoman Empire---\> Bosnians convert to Islam ---\> Battle of Kosovo (start of a myth) • 1878: Decline Ottoman empire---\> Serbian independence--\> greater Serbia myth • WWI---\> Kingdom of Yugoslavia forms ---\> Serbians dominate, Croats annexed, Bosnians not recognized * WWII: Revenge through minority rule --\> resistance by Chetniks and Communists---\> Tito rise * Decentralization under Tito 1960-1980 1980: Kosovo independence movement, 1981 Put down

Answer 20

Economic & political problems late 1980s --\> End Cold War, Lose Special Status, Oil Crisis, Debt IMF structural adjustments---\> conditional loans for Multiparty system SANU-Memorandum 1986: Claim Serbian oppression, Ustase returning to power, greater Serbia, denounced by Serbian pres., Milosovic support Milosevic rides the waves of nationalism, Kosovo, Communist into nationalist party ---\> Media declares Serbs under attack Slovenia: 1991 Independence Croatia: 1991 • Nationalist party led by Tudjman, Greater Croatia Proclaim independence

Answer 21

Serbians declare open war in Slovenia--\> Open war in Croatia Bosnian Response: Leader Izetbegovic Rotating leadership (Bosnian rules, serb rules, croat rules)  Serbs and Croats abdicate---\> under influence of developments in Serbia no longer want to take part Bosnian independence • EU declares support for independence in both Croatia and Slovenia • Bosnian-Serbs declare independence in response Open war breaks out in Bosnia • Day of the referendum Serbian military invades Bosnia and circles Sarajevo  Claim to defend Yugoslavia RESPONSE: Self-defense units form People flee, mass murder, and rape

Answer 22

* NATO threatens with airstrikes---\> make peace or BOMB * Peace plan: divide between serbs, croats and Bosnians, Safe-areas for Bosniaks--\> where Bosniaks live and protected by UN Soldiers * UN protection (use of force) * Talks fail-\>Fighting continues

Answer 23

• Falls to Bosnia Serb militias (led by Mladic) • 400 Dutch UN soldiers meant protect Bosnians from Croats, don't NATO intervention  “Operation Deliberate Force”

Answer 24

• William Golding Lord of the Flies: humans brutal animals hardwired to commit violence, only avoid because of veneer of civilization • Margaret Mead Coming of Age in Samoa: Men actually good and peaceful ---\>why we fight war: We invented war and that is what made us killers  Draws on Rouseau

Answer 25

* Human nature = good * Violence created by Property, Ideology, Killing machinery * War and violence are modern inventions--\> governments produce rather than tame violence)

Answer 26

• Human nature bad. • Without a strong authority men would be living in anarchy--\> • Without a constant a strong state of authority war, as if men of every, would against live in every men. • Need The Leviathan: --\> peaceful need a strong government ---\>Nothing in the state of nature, if you would create or produce something people would murder you--\> no one has incentive to produce

Answer 27

War of all against all--\> unhappy life--\> individuals give up rights--\> formation of state--\> cost of disobediance--\> individual compliance--\> social order

Answer 28

 Peaceful: Commonwealth institution  Violent: Commonwealth by acquisition (using violence to create order from above)

Answer 29

- -\> Wars catalysts for important social change. - --\> Leviathan end result of war - --\>Universities, property rights, courts, democracies - --\>Demands of war create opportunities for innovation and adaptation. - --\> shaped modern society - --\> In the West: war produced STRONG nation-states. - --\>Strong nation-states, after being produced by war, create peace!

Answer 30

state is an entity that uses coercion and the threat of force to rule in a given territory.  Monopoly of violence (requires the ability of organized use of violence)  Legitmacy

Answer 31

a group of people who imagine they share some sort of common identity like a language, a religion, an ethnicity, or common history.

Answer 32

state in which a single nation predominates and the legal, social, demographic, and geographic boundaries of the state are connected in important ways to that nation.

Answer 33

Protection Racket---\> • States trade security for revenue • Seller of security (which they create need for) represents a key threat to the buyer of security.

Answer 34

1. Make War: eliminating rival protection rackets 2. Control: eliminate rivals inside your territory. 3. Protect: eliminate enemies of those who you protect 4. Extraction: acquire enough capital, loyalty and soldiers to make war, control, and protect

Answer 35

Strong state and scientific knowledge: self-reinforcing processes:  Strong state can facilitate acquisition of better scientific knowledge  Scientific knowledge produces stronger state

Answer 36

 Scientific revolution---\> independent exploration (new guns, new boats, new technologies) ---\>win more wars--\> more power  Protection bracket= incentive to invest in scientific knowledge---\> create universities---\> creates better weaponry, etc.  Results in decline of religious knowledge and rise in scientific knowledge

Answer 37

* War requires taxation, legitimates state/racket taxation, means through which to collect taxes: strong army, increase power of state. * War and taxation reinforce eachother * Taxes reflect power and legitimacy of the state

Answer 38

Stronger state with more opportunity to invest in resources--\> creates bureaucracy

Answer 39

 Bureaucracy--\> different way of organizing authority  Authority distinguished from power---\> Power: gun to head do something; authority: don’t need threat of force to make do something  Authority relationships in modern societies started shifting fundamentally---\> used to be based on tradition (royalty, religion---\> appeal to sacred rule appeals to obedience) Modern Authority--\>legally and rationally ordered, No personal master. Obey to roles instead, obey rules and laws, society organized around this

Answer 40

cooperation/integration people. Magic driven out.--\>impersonal, divided up in small tasks, no longer producing only in charge of small piece of production process • Without a heart-\>Rationality without morality  No longer interacting with process • Iron cage.

Answer 41

• Claims Bureaucracies are for responsible for rise of genocides--\> modern phenomenon • Holocaust is intertwined with modern civilization • Bureaucracy was a necessary condition for the Holocaust, i.e. industrial killing --\> large coordination needed to make holocaust happen • Rules, differentiation, routines and authority ---\> networks of cooperation ---\>distance between perpetrators and victims ---\> distance between perpetrators and killing---\> don’t see people dying --\_\> obedience to authority (follow rules and follow orders) ---\> Erode moral behavior ---\> Large scale violence can be used without moral considerations--\> small piece

Answer 42

producing stronger states, peace?? Nationalism, Bureaucracy, Reason, Commerce, war with STRONG STATE AT CENTER

Answer 43

war intimately linked with genocide • War--\> linked to genocide because…  Battle between at least two groups with opposing goals (in group and outgroup genocide)  Accompanied by violence, victims, devastation • Consequences of warfare: Both long-term and short term

Answer 44

war and revolutions

Answer 45

- -\> Internal colonialism - --\> External colonialism - --\> Revolution - --\> Nationalist Revolutions

Answer 46

CREATION OF UTOPIA--\> perfect society, population, distinctinction, popular mobilization, breakdown of pre-existing norms 1. Promotes ideological Utopia-\>Outsiders (fall outside of utopia)-\>Target group 2. Mobilization population-\>Capacity for mobilization of people for collective violence against groups 3. Changing authority-\>Disorder-\>Opportunity for killing 4. Use of force-\> Promotion of violence-\>Mode of annihilation--\> acceptance of violence and violent solutions

Answer 47

revolutionary dynamics and resentment • Rise of social classes • Inequality • Conflict over property • Resentment among losers of modernization • Social Revolution --\> CREATED NEED FOR RACISM ---\> scientific revolution---\> ideas in scientific discourse that can be adopted and legitimize exploitation/racism

Answer 48

UNIVERSAL MANKIND: Darwin: mankind as one species (universal mankind). Positive selection of Individual level mutations. NO UNIVERSAL MANKIND: • Spencer: Survival of the Fittest • Combined Darwin’s insights about individuals to groups and societies. • Legitimized group hierarchies and domination. • Galton: Eugenics: selective breeding of the fittest people

Answer 49

The plural society theory: Leo Kuper Goldhagen Kiernan

Answer 50

* Genocides= products of deep societal cleavages * deep ethnic, religious or economic divisions----\> discrimination, mutual distrust, hatred----\>Dehumanization---\> violence

Answer 51

* distinct German characteristic leads to willingness among German population to kill * Eliminationist anti-Semitism--\> leads to rise in Nazis * Nazis provide opportunity to participate INFLUENTIAL FOR POLICY MAKERS

Answer 52

• Assumes group boundaries are fixed (ancient hatred) • Neighbors become killers  How is that possible if hatreds are ancient • Cleavages are wide spread but genocide actually quite rare • Timing? • Does not explain why do groups operate like unfired actors?

Answer 53

1965 killings in Indonesia and killings in East Timor (GENOCIDE)? EXPLAIN DIFFERENCE? 5 Ideational components that shape whether genocide takes place and when 5 ideas come together genocide emerges 1. Racism 2. Religious prejudice 3. Expansionist Narratives 4. Narrative of Decline 5. Myths of cultivation \*\*\*ideas of CULTIVATION

Answer 54

- -\>Need to understand where these ideas come from - -\> Narratives and ideas or related to objective changes in society that produce this outcome

Answer 55

Social revolution linked to genocide: - -\> Social revolutions are likely to pass through a radical phase in which revolutionary vanguards attempt to destroy their supposed enemies and to create a new political community in line with their ideologies. - --\> Social revolutions create opportunities for movements that had espoused genocide even before the revolution to seize power and to implement their policies. - -\> Regimes opposing revolutions may use genocidal methods not only against their political enemies but against the social groups from which their opponents spring.

Answer 56

(1) Despised minorities undergoing rapid social mobilization and adaptation to the modern world  the social mobilization of despised minorities made them targets of genocidal movements (2) Both imperial regimes were swept away by revolution and war and both were succeeded by revolutionary vanguards who became the perpetrators of the two genocides  revolutions-created the conditions for genocidal movements to come to power and radicalized the views of revolutionary vanguards who had seized power (3) occurred in the midst of major wars.  wartime facilitated the implementation of genocide as a policy of the state.

Answer 57

• Pillars of modernity—Rationality, technology, industry, bureaucracy—were not incidental but integral to the destruction of European Jews • Rules, differentiation, routines and authority  Facilitate Large networks of cooperation that killed  Create distance between perpetrators and victims  Create distance between perpetrators and killing---\> don’t see people dying  Creates obedience to authority (follow rules and follow orders)  Erode moral behavior

Answer 58

• Paradox of the civilized barbarian  Modernity-\>Violence goes down  Modernity-\>Produces genocide

Answer 59

severity of cleavages not reliable indicator

Answer 60

• War--\> linked to genocide because…  Battle between at least two groups with opposing goals  Accompanied by violence, victims, devastation • Genocide also need: At least 2 groups  Ingroup-out group dynamics (perpetrator and killer) • Victims, violence, devastation  \*\*Long and short term consequences of war

Answer 61

war and revolutions--\> Internal and external colonization: Revolutionary dimensions (Weitz): • An utopian ideal to transform society (classless, national) driving revolution • Mass mobilization of the population--\> large groups of people involved • Transformation of authority structures • Use of force (but not always) Nationalist revolutions

Answer 62

Commerce and genocide  Linked to genocide in two ways: revolutionary dynamics and resentment • Commerce and classes • Rise of social classes • Inequality • Conflict over property • Resentment among losers of modernization • Social Revolution Rise of modern nation state--\> created ideas about racism  Commerce provided need for racism  Scientific revolution created ability to exploit and apply racism

Answer 63

• The more people influence decision making the more democratic a country---\> the less likely a genocide becomes Constraints limit violence--\> power kills. absolute power kills absolutely

Answer 64

We the people--\> creates US vs. Them • Under 3 conditions democratization does not fuse with other fault lines and leads to domestic peace (i.e. England) ---\> needed for it to be peaceful 1. Economic development: strong bourgeoisie (middle-class that can carry democracy) 2. Strong connections between state and society--\> democratic legacies, bureaucracies, free media 3. Ethnic homogeneity at the time democratization starts

Answer 65

Strong Bureacracy--\> mobile capital, elites want influence--\> strong institutional legacy w/ courts--\> taxation/ bureaucracy DEMOCRACY IS ELITE PROJECT ethnic homogeneity

Answer 66

NATIONALISM--\> unite people 1. popular rivalries 2. elite persuasion \*\*\*exclusionary

Answer 67

ethnic, counterrevolutionary, revolutionary

Answer 68

institutional dessert

Answer 69

ethnically based federalism and regional autonomy--\> bring in speech slowly

Answer 70

Truly murderous cleansing unexpected, originally unintended, emerging out of unrelated crises like war. Conversely, when states and geopolitics remain stable, even severe ethnic tensions and violence tend to be cyclical and manageable at lesser levels of violence * Rwanda: fragmenting and factionalizing * Nazis: newly consolidated, determinedly repressing dissidents and factionalism * Bosnian and Croatian States: brand-new states, consolidation was very uneven

Answer 71

Dispossessive mass killing • “Policies that by design or a by consequence strip large groups of their way of life” • Often a “final solution”, less extreme solutions have not worked  Reforms  Repression  Forced migration  Deportation  Mass killing

Answer 72

STRATEGIC ARGUMENT: looking for causes of mass killing: should begin with the specific goals and strategies of high political and military leadership, not with broad social or political structures. --\> society smaller role--\> mass killing rarely neighbor against neighbor • Impetus for mass killing usually originates from a relatively small group of powerful political or military leaders, not from the desires of the broader society. • Violence occurs when powerful leaders come to believe it is the most "practical" way to accomplish certain radical goals, counter powerful threats or solve difficult military problems. Broader elements of society need not share these goals or the conviction that mass killing is the best way to achieve them.

Answer 73

Consequences of Loss: 1. Refugees--\> emotional reaction 2. Blame perceived or actual injury --\> loss compensation --\> revenge feels goods 3. Those perceived to be at fault also refugees or viewed as comfortable and wealthy--\> targeted for massacre or ultimately genocide \*competing for same resource--\> and class 4.. Prospect theory: losses valued more highly than gains--\> asymmetry 5. Importance of territoriality should not be minimized--\> territory=fundamental to state secruit mass brutalities justified in name of state Risk-taking, minimization of loss, punishment