Midterm 1 Content Flashcards
Define Adolescence
A time period that begins with puberty and ends with a transition into adult roles (approx. 10-early 20s)
Define Biological Perspectives of Adolescence
Begins at the onset of puberty, ends when capable of sexual reproduction
Define Emotional Perspectives of Adolescence
Begins with a detachment from the parents, ends with development of a separate sense of identity
Define Cognitive Perspectives of Adolescence
Begins with development of advanced reasoning skills, ends with full access to advanced reasoning skills
Define Interpersonal Perspectives of Adolescence
Begins with a shift of interest from parents to peers, ends with full capacity for peer intimacy
Define Social Perspectives of Adolescence
Begins with training for ‘adult roles’ (work, family, citizen), ends with having adult privileges/status
Define Educational Perspectives of Adolescence
Begins with junior high, ends with finishing formal schooling
Define Legal Perspectives of Adolescence
Begins with juvenile legal status, ends with adult/majority legal status
Define Chronological Perspectives of Adolescence
Begins with turning desired age (10), ends when reaching ‘adult’ age (21)
Define Cultural Perspectives of Adolescence
Begins with introduction to training for cultural ceremonies/rights of passage, ends with the rite of passage from completion of ceremony
Define Early Adolescence
Ages 10-13, aligning with junior high/middle school
Define Middle Adolescence
Ages 14-17, aligning with high school
Define Late Adolescence
Ages 18-21, aligning with
‘college’ years
Define Emerging Adulthood
Ages 18-25, where people transition from adolescence to adulthood
Define the 3 Views of Adolescence on Emerging Adulthood
Early Starters: graduate high school -> get a job -> move out -> start a family before 22
Employment Focused: graduate high school -> find a job -> move out, but not have kids until several years later
Education Focused: graduate high school -> finish schooling around 22 -> start a family around 24
Define Ecological Perspective on Human Development
perspective that focuses on the context in which development occurs
Define Psychosocial
aspects of development that are both psychological and social -> identity and sexuality
Define Identity
psychosocial domain involving self conceptions, self-esteem, and sense of self
Define Autonomy
psychosocial domain involving the development of individual expressions of independence
Define Intimacy
psychosocial domain involving the formation, maintenance, and termination of close relationships
Define Sexuality
psychosocial domain involving the development/expression of sexual feelings
Define Achievement
psychosocial domain involving behaviors/feelings in evaluative settings
Describe Biosocial Theories of Adolescence
a far end of ‘biological’ belief about adolescence where the changes are entirely biological and thusly unavoidable
Describe Organismic Theories of Adolescence
theories of adolescence that focus on how biological changes interact with their surrounding environment
Describe Freudian Theories of Adolescence
the belief that development could be understood through separate psycho-sexual conflicts that arise over time, where puberty puts adolescence in temporary times of crisis
Describe Learning Theories of Adolescence
the belief that focuses on the patterns of behavior gained through external reinforcement/punishment or through observation/imitation (conditioning)
Describe Sociological Theories of Adolescence
theories of adolescence that emphasize the ways adolescents, as a group, are treated by society
Define Three Chief Physical Manifestations
- rapid acceleration in growth (height and weight)
- development of primary sex characteristics (gonads), which create hormonal changes
- development of secondary characteristics including changes in genitals, breasts, and body hair
Define the Endocrine System
A system in the body that produces, circulates and regulates hormones
Define Hormones
Specialized substances that are made by endocrine glands
Define Glands
Organs that stimulate areas of the body and regulate how those areas respond to different hormones
Define Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Neurons
Specialized neurons in the brain that are activated by specific pubertal hormones
Define Set Point
A physiological setting that the body attempts to regulate to
Define Pituitary Gland
A chief gland responsible for regulating bodily hormone levels
Define Hypothalamus
Part of the brain that regulates the pituitary gland
Define Gonads
Glands that secrete sex hormones (testes/ovaries)
Define Androgens
A type of sex hormone that is higher in males than females
Define Estrogens
A type of sex hormone found more in females
Define HPG Axis
Neurophysiological pathway that creates a feedback loop with the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and the gonads
Define Adrenarche
The. Maturation of the adrenal glands during puberty/adolescence
Define Cortisol
A hormone produced in response to stress
Define kisspeptin
A chemical that triggers puberty to start
Defin Leptin
A protein produced by fat cells that impacts kisspeptin
Define melatonin
A hormone that contributes to sleepiness and triggers puberty by impacting kisspeptin
Define Peak Height Velocity
The time during puberty which the body is growing most rapidly
Define Epiphysis
The closing of the ends of the bones which stops growth after the growth spurt
Define Tanner Stages
A system that describes that first 5 stages of puberty
Define Menarche
The first period/menstration
Define pheremones
Chemicals secreted by animals that stimulate behaviours in others of the same species
Define secular trend
The trend of individuals to be larger/reach puberty sooner over the past two centuries due to improvements in nutrition
Define Deductive Reasoning
Taking what is seen/known and then coming to a conclusion
Define Aolescnece Egocentrism
A self absorbed caused by the introduction of thinking about thinking without the proper tools to manage it
Define Imaginary Audience
The belief that everyone is watching you, heightened by the awareness of beings aware for the first time
Define Metacognition
The process of thinking about thinking
Define Personal Fable
An adolescence’ belief that they are unique and thusly above the rules that apply to others
Define Cognitive Developmental View
A perspective that has stages of develoipment related to cognition
Describe CognitiveDevelopmental View
Sensorimotor Period: 0-2
Preoperational Period: 2-5
Concrete Operations: 6-adolescence
Formal Operations: adolescence-adulthood
Define Information Processing Perspective
Viewpoint on cognition that breaks it down into parts like one would look at AI
Define Reminiscenece Bump
Tendency for adolescence to be better remembered than the rest of life
