Midterm 1: Concepts/terms Flashcards
What term describes sources that comprise firsthand experiences or records created by individuals directly involved in or present during historical events?
Primary Sources
What category do examples such as official documents, letters, contemporary newspapers, artifacts, and oral accounts passed down through generations belong to in terms of what type source?
Primary Sources
What term or type of source encompasses the study of artifacts, oral accounts, archaeology, letters, and similar sources?
Secondary Sources
What term or type of source refers to books, articles, and summaries that offer insights, perspectives, and interpretations of historical events derived from original, firsthand evidence?
Secondary Sources
What is the process of altering the material world to serve some human purpose called?
Technology
When was the first evidence of bow and arrow/poison discovered?
60,000 years ago
Where was the first evidence of bow and arrow/poison found?
Sibudu Cave, South Africa
What is the name of the site in Sudan where remains of 61 people, including 38 with signs of trauma, were found?
Jebel Sahaba
Who authored a book titled “Rethinking Military History,” which focused on specific challenges within warfare?
Jeremy Black
What term describes the traditional approach to military history, which primarily focuses on battles, campaigns, and military leaders, while often neglecting social, cultural, and political aspects of warfare?
Old Military History
What term refers to a contemporary approach in military history that aims to expand its scope by integrating interdisciplinary perspectives such as social history, cultural studies, and gender studies to provide a deeper understanding of warfare beyond conventional military narratives?
New Military History
What does the “Ways of War” refer to?
The ways individuals in warfare fought
During which time period did the Old Kingdom Military occur?
(2685-2200 BCE)
During which time period did the new Kingdom Military occur?
(1570-1085 BCE)
During which time period did the Middle Kingdom Military occur?
(2040-1785 BCE)
What was the lifestyle of the people at Jebel Sahaba?
Hunter-gatherers
Which valley is Jebel Sahaba located near?
Nile Valley
How many stone projectiles were found at Jebel Sahaba?
21
When was Jebel Sahaba discovered?
Discovered in 1960s
What archaeological site sparks debate regarding the occurrence of early hunter-gatherer battles?
Talheim Death Pit”
When did Crickley Hill in the UK date back to?
Dates back to approximately 5500 years ago.
When did the Battle of Crickley Hill occur?
Occurred around 3500 BC.
What geographical feature played a significant role in the development of Ancient Egyptian civilization?
The Nile Valley
When did Upper and Lower Egypt combine to form a unified kingdom?
Around 3500 BCE.
What two metals were combined to create bronze during the Bronze Age in Ancient Egypt?
Cooper and tin
What are some sources of evidence for understanding Ancient Egyptian civilization?
Hieroglyphics, the Rosetta Stone, archaeology, and monuments.
What are the “Intermediate Periods” in Ancient Egyptian history?
Periods of political fragmentation and instability between the major kingdoms.
What are the three main periods of Ancient Egyptian history?
Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom.
Who was the supreme ruler of Ancient Egypt, often referred to as a “pharaoh”?
The pharaoh
What was the main role of the pharaoh in Ancient Egyptian society?
The pharaoh was considered a divine ruler and held authority over religious, political, and military matters.
How did the Nile River impact the daily lives of Ancient Egyptians?
It provided fertile land for agriculture, transportation, and served as a vital water source.
What period within Ancient Egypt Military did the Hkysos invasion begin?
New Kingdom Military Period
During which period in Ancient Egypt was the military not highly developed and prestigious?
Old Kingdom Military Period
During which period in Ancient Egypt did Nubian mercenaries, often specializing in archery, arrive to train and aid the Egyptian military?
Old Kingdom Military Period
During which specific time period did the Old Kingdom military era occur in Ancient Egypt?
2685 to 2200 BCE
During which period in Ancient Egyptian history was the evidence relatively sparse or less compelling compared to other periods?
Old Kingdom Military Period
During which period in Ancient Egypt were soldiers often recruited from the lower classes to join the military?
Old Kingdom Military Period
What are the Hyksos in Egyptian MIlitary History?
There are a group of rulers within foreign lands which ruled half of egypt and introduced the concept of chariots. In addition vastly improve their military and use of weapons in warfare. Big upgrade in a sense
What event was the first evidence or usage of Chariots?
Eurasian Steppe(3500 BCE)
What is the Eurasian Steppe(3500 BCE)?
It was the first evidence of chariots through the usage of agricultural transport
Which group of foreign rulers, during the New Kingdom military era, introduced chariots to the Egyptian military?
The Hyksos
During which period in Egyptian military history were weapons such as the composite bow, bronze armor and weapons, as well as penetrating axes and sickle-shaped swords, utilized?
The New Kingdom Military Period
During which period of Ancient Egyptian military history did the Theban Dynasty commence, leading to significant reforms and innovations within the Egyptian military?
The New Kingdom Military Period
What significant event transpired during the New Kingdom period of Ancient Egyptian Military History between 1650 and 1580 BCE?
The Theban Dynasty
Which period of ancient Egypt introduced what is considered the earliest wheeled vehicle in history, known for its significance in warfare?
Chariots in New Kingdom Period
Who was the ruler referred to as the pharaoh during the New Kingdom era, renowned for his leadership in the successful Battle of Megiddo, and esteemed for his strategic prowess and military tactics in Egyptian history?
Pharaoh Thutmose III
Which ruler in Ancient Egyptian military history sought to utilize the Egyptian military for offensive campaigns, aiming to expand and consolidate control over various regions, thereby building empires and acquiring resources?
Pharaoh Thutmose III
What term describes the recruiting system utilized by several ancient civilizations, including Egypt, where a segment of the population was mandated to serve in the military for a designated duration?
Conscription
What term characterizes the recruiting system observed in ancient societies such as New Kingdom Egypt, where military leadership and land grants were hereditary, establishing a professional class of military leaders passed down through generations?
Hereditary Officer Corps:
What term describes the recruiting system that was introduced during the Marian Reforms in Rome, shifting from part-time citizen soldiers to professional, full-time soldiers, thereby enhancing the discipline and effectiveness of the military force?
Professional Standing Army
What method did Prussia heavily rely on, involving taxation and conscription of rural populations, to maintain a large professional army?
Taxation and Conscription
What system in Sweden allotted land to farmers who were then responsible for providing soldiers to the Swedish army?
Swedish Allotment System
What officials were responsible for recruiting and leading military contingents in the Mughal Empire?
Mansabdars
What term refers to slave soldiers in the Egyptian military, known for their loyalty to the ruler and expertise in cavalry warfare?
Mamluks
What elite infantry force of the Ottoman Empire was recruited from Christian communities and trained from a young age?
Janissaries
What type of bow, notable for its durability and range, was introduced during the Hyksos invasion of Egypt?
Composite Bow
What medieval naval weapon, known for its devastating effects and mysterious composition, was used by the Byzantine navy?
Greek Fire
What type of sail, characterized by its triangular shape, increased the maneuverability and efficiency of ships like the Byzantine Dromon?
Stirrup
What piece of equipment revolutionized cavalry warfare by providing stability and enabling more effective mounted combat?
Trebuchet
What siege engine, used to hurl large projectiles over castle walls, represented a significant advancement in medieval siege warfare?
Arab Trebuchet
What revolutionary invention, including cannons, rockets, and bombs, transformed warfare with its early use in China?
Chinese Gunpowder/Fire Weapons
Which significant battle in Ancient Egyptian history, occurring during the New Kingdom period, specifically in 1274 BCE, pitted Egypt against the Hittite Empire in one of the largest chariot battles recorded?
The Battle of Kadesh
During the New Kingdom period in Ancient Egyptian history, who was the leader of the Hittites in the Battle of Kadesh?
Muwatallis II
What was the end result of the Battle of Kadesh?
The battle ultimately resulted in a stalemate, leading to the first recorded peace treaty in history in 1259 BCE.
What war or battle in Ancient Egyptian warfare led to the first peace treaty?
The Battle of Kadesh
Who is the author of the famous book “The Art of War” in the history of Chinese warfare?
Sun Tsu
What devastating conflict between Southern European Catholics and Northern European Christians occurred from 1618 to 1648, leading to major political changes?
The 30 Years War
What key engagement during the Seven Years’ War in 1757 saw Frederick the Great’s Prussian forces defeat a larger French army in the Battle of Rossbach?
Battle of Rossbach
In another crucial battle of the Seven Years’ War in 1757, Prussian forces under Frederick achieved victory over a larger Austrian army in what battle?
Battle of Leuthen
What significant clash occurred during the New Kingdom of Egypt against the Hittites, characterized by the use of chariots and resulting in the first peace treaty around 1259 BCE?
The Battle of Kadesh
What pivotal battle between the Greeks and the Persians during the first Persian invasion is notable for the Greeks’ strategic maneuvering and victory in 490 BCE?
Battle of Marathon
In 1066, what decisive battle in the Norman Conquest of England led to William the Conqueror’s victory over Harold II of England?
Battle of Hastings
Fought between the Greek city-states and the Persian Empire, which battle is particularly notable for the stand of the Spartan-led Greek forces against overwhelming Persian forces?
Battle of Thermopylae
What significant battle during the Second Punic War between Rome and Carthage culminated in Roman victory led by Scipio Africanus in 202 BCE?
Battle of Zama
Mamluk Egyptians achieved a significant victory over Mongols through fake retreats in what battle fought in 1260?
Battle of Ain Jalut
In 1415, what English victory over the French, despite being outnumbered, was attributed to strategic positioning and effective use of longbows?
Battle of Agincourt
What naval battle in 1499 saw Ottoman forces achieve victory over the Venetians, notable for being one of the first battles where cannons were used on ships?
Battle of Zonchio
Holy League secured victory over the Ottoman Empire in what battle in 1571, considered one of the largest naval battles in history and a turning point against Ottoman naval dominance?
Battle of Lepanto
Russian forces achieved victory over the Ottoman Empire in what battle in 1770, highlighting the vulnerability of sail ships to fire and marking a significant Ottoman naval defeat?
Battle of Chesme
Who was the ruler of Prussia during the mid-18th century, renowned for his military reforms and successful leadership in conflicts like the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years’ War?
Frederick the Great
Which Swedish leader, known for implementing new military tactics and strategies, particularly during the Thirty Years War, reigned from 1611 to 1632?
Gustavus Adolphus
Which Dutch leader, associated with the development of new ideas of war during the Military Revolution, ruled during the late 16th and early 17th centuries?
Maurice of Nassau (1590s-1625)
Who is recognized as the founder of the Ottoman Empire, credited with transitioning the empire from a warrior culture to a permanent professional army?
Osman I
Who is known as the founder of the Mughal Empire, celebrated for his military prowess and establishment of gunpowder weaponry in Indian warfare?
Babur
Who was the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty, known for his successful military leadership against the Crusaders?
Salah al-Din
Which Roman general and statesman was responsible for the Marian Reforms, which transformed the Roman military into a professional standing army?
Gaius Marius
Who was the Macedonian king and military leader known for his conquests and the spread of Hellenistic culture, employing innovative military strategies and tactics?
Alexander the Great
When were elephants first introduced in the Punic Wars?
Third
What was a Trireme? What Form of warfare was it apart of?
Naval vessel, part of Greek Warfare
What were the Second Persian Invasion of Greece?
Battle of Thermopylae
Battle of Salamis
Who were the individuals who fought and won the Battle of Thermopylae?
Persian vs Greek, Persians won
who led the Persians in the Battle of Thermopylae?
King Xerxes
Who were the individuals who fought and won the Battle of Salamis?
Greek city state Athens(General Themistocles) vs Persians(King Xerxes), Greek won stopping them from being conquest
What was the Battle of Actium?
it was a naval battle
When did the Battle of Actium take place?(date wise)
31 BCE
Who were the primary participants in the Battle of Actium?
The forces of Mark Antony and Cleopatra fought against Octavian.
Mark Anthony & Cleopatra vs Octavian
MA & C loose the battle
What were the consequences of the Battle of Actium?
The Battle of Actium resulted in the end of the Roman Republic and the rise of the Roman Empire.
What innovation rendered traditional pikemen obsolete during the 17th century?
Socket Bayonet
What firearm introduced a self-igniting mechanism, improving firing efficiency in the 17th century?
Flintlock Musket
What development simplified the loading process for muskets in the 17th century?
Premade Ammunition
What type of weapons provided a significant advantage in warfare during the Bronze Age due to their strength and durability?
Bronze Weapons
What tactic was used by warships equipped with reinforced prows to puncture enemy vessels during naval warfare?
Ramming Ships
What weapon provided the Macedonian phalanx with a formidable reach advantage in battle?
Sarissa
What weapon was the mainstay of the Mongol army, known for its long range and power?
Composite Recurve Bow
What weapon was synonymous with English warfare and effective for raining down arrows on enemy forces?
Longbow arrows
Which period in Chinese history saw the use of a massive army numbering around 1 million and faced invasion from the Mongols?
Sung/Song (960-1279)
What military development during the Sung/Song dynasty (960-1279) contributed to the rise of central power and the curbing of generals’ authority?
Infantry - gunpowder
What naval innovation during the Ming dynasty led to the construction of large ships for “treasure voyages” in the early 1400s?
Navy
Which ancient Chinese dynasty expelled the Mongols and established a powerful standing army armed with gunpowder weapons?
Ming (1368-1644)
During the Ming dynasty (1368-1644), what transition occurred in the military, shifting from inherited soldiers to professional soldiers?
Transition from inherited soldiers to professional soldiers
Which dynasty, from 1115 to 1234, relied heavily on cavalry and may have been the first to use gunpowder in warfare?
Great Jin Dynasty (1115-1234)
What military development marked the decline of the central army and the rise of regional generals during the Sui-Tang period (581-907)?
Military schools
What innovation in warfare emerged during the Three Kingdoms period (220-280 CE) that significantly enhanced the effectiveness of cavalry?
Stirrup
During the Qin-Han period (221 BC to 220 CE), which ancient empire faced nomadic horse archer enemies and relied on a mix of conscripted and professional soldiers?
Qin-Han -221BC to 220 CE
In which period, spanning from 480 to 221 BC, did centralized states, professional generals, and massive armies armed with iron and crossbows emerge?
Warring States – 480-221 BC
What military treatise, attributed to Sun Tsu and dated around 500 BCE, emphasizes strategies for winning without direct conflict?
Sun Tsu (c.500 BCE) “The Art of War”
During which early period, from 2100 to 500 BC, were peasant levies and aristocrats on chariots prominent in warfare?
Early Period – 2100 to 500 BC
