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Geography - Human Development & Capitalism > Midterm 1 Concepts > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Concepts Flashcards

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1
Q

Theoretical Approaches to Environment & Development

A
  1. Tragedy of the Commons
  2. Market Failure
  3. Government Failure
  4. Local is best - small is beautiful
  5. Big is best
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2
Q

Two explanations on how the third world was made

A
  1. Primitive Nature

2. Capitalism

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3
Q

Types of Contradictions

A
  1. Labor versus Capital
  2. Capital versus capital
  3. Production versus Consumption
  • Contradictions are the engine that help run the system
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4
Q

The World’s economies are divided into two chambers

A
  1. Articulated
    - producer sector and consumer sector
    - first world
  2. Disarticulated
    - no producer sector, weak consumer sector
    - low health, life expectancy, high urbanization, high unemployment, low economic dynamics, lower education
    - Political economies: export enclave and import substitution
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5
Q

Capitalist Development - Triple meaning

A
  1. Accumulation: in order to develop you need accumulation
  2. Social Differentiation: People are built into different categories with different experiences
  3. Impact on ecosystem
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6
Q

Capitalist Development

A

Process of growth and expansion of the system itself

- Involves mostly accumulation but also social differentiation

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7
Q

Development in Capitalism

A

How resources of that growth are distributed, Going from disarticulated to articulated
- Mainly defined by social differentiation

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8
Q

Systems/Forces of Development

A
  1. Military System: Prevent other people from doing certain things
  2. Political System Organizes and regulates the world’s system at both the nation-state level and global level
  3. Economic System: Distributing resources, services and goods across regions
  • These work together to create domination (physical force) and hegemony (subscribing into)
  • Different levels of these systems
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9
Q

Defining Development

A
  • Production: requires capacity, hardware/software, capitalism and usually articulated
    - Development requires production
  • Surplus: production exceeds consumption
  • Reinvestment: help people or rub people off
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10
Q

History of Debates

A
  1. Exploration/Civilization vs. Colonization/Exploitation
  2. Modernization vs. Structural Transformation
    - Modernization: Agriculture to Industrialization transformation
    - Structural Transformation: Restructuring an economy to combat against people trying to colonize
  3. Neo-liberalization vs. Strong State Leaders
    - Social Accumulation: Investing surplus in good public health, education, roads, etc.
    - Private Accumulation: Trying to accumulate as much
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11
Q

Standard Measures of Development

A
  1. GNP
  2. PPP
  3. Gini Coefficient: Measure of inequality
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12
Q

Trickle-down Theory (60s-70s)

A

If there is growth, things will trickle down to the poor as a benefit (this was a failure)

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13
Q

Millennium Development Goals

A
  • Eradicate Extreme Poverty
  • Invest in primary education so everyone has access
  • Equality between males and females (gender eq.)
  • Increased investment in health and reduce infant mortality
  • Protection of the ecosystem
  • Global partnerships and more investments
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14
Q

Types of Capital

A

1) Human Capital
- labor/intelligence, organization & culture (skills & knowledge)
2) Financial Capital
- Cash investments & monetary instruments
3) Manufactured Capital
- Infrastructure, machine/tools & factories
4) Nature Capital
- Resources, living systems, ecosystem services

-Top three can be produced and lead to the 4th

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15
Q

Sustainability is a Normative Concept

A

1) Right of Future Generations
- Can’t consume at the level we are now
2) What environments do human want
- Sustainability of nature & constant natural capital
3) Internal Justice
- Global equity between and within generations
- Ecological system is not divisible
- 2 Dimensions: Ecological & Social sustainability

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16
Q

Environmental Space

A

Part of human beings can use in the natural world without doing lasting damage to its essential characteristics

A function of carrying capacity of the area and its recuperative efficiency

17
Q

4 Needs/recommendations from Environmental space

A

1) Use of resources must not exceed its regenerative capacity
2) Discharge maximally match absorptive capacity
- What we put in the earth shouldn’t exceed what it can take
3) Limit use of non-renewables
4) Decomposition of waste should be in balance with natural processes

18
Q

Methods of Sustaining

A

1) Radical Resource Productivity
- Least energy used for max. output (solar panels)
2) Biomimicry
- Mimicking nature as it produces little waste
- Reducing wasteful throughput, Eliminating idea of waste, redesign industrial system on biological lines
3) Service & Flows Economy
- Change relationship between producer and consumer
- Move ownership from access to service economy
4) Invest in Natural Capital
- Protect grasslands, water systems, forests

19
Q

Gender Relations

A

Hierarchical relations of power between men and women that tend to disadvantage women
- Draws upon socially and culturally determined norms of what is appropriate for men and women

20
Q

System of Patriarchy

A

It’s a societal system that institutionalizes male power over women, be it physical, economic or social

21
Q

Intersectionality

A

women’s experiences are not uniform and are shaped by race, class, ethnicity, and caste backgrounds

22
Q

WID

A

Calls for integration of women into the development process through legal and policy changes

23
Q

WAD

A

Women have been an integral part of development, whose work reproduces existing structures of inequality

24
Q

GAD

A

Women’s subordination and exclusion is systemic

- Need to challenge existing gender roles, relations and structures

25
Q

Eco-Feminism

A
  • Women & nature are placed below men and culture
  • Women have a stake in ending environmental degradation
  • Violence against women & nature rooted in ideological material dominance
  • Ignores intersectionality
26
Q

Feminist Environmentalism

A
  • Critique of Eco-feminism and seeks to understand role of intersectionality
  • Division of labor, property and power determine access to and control over resources
  • Women can be affected by degradation in specific ways but can also use their knowledge as bearers of change
  • Challenge notions about gender, g-division or labor and gender relations as well as who appropriates nature’s resources and how
27
Q

Forms of appropriation

A

1) Statization
- State control over forests and village commons
- Restrictions on locals’ access to NTFPs
- Harassment by forest officials
2) Privatization
- Private (usually male) ownership of community resources
- Illegal encroachments made over time
- Redistributing public land to private individuals

Both contribute to erosion of commons and undermine local knowledge systems
- need sanction of state for privatization

28
Q

Women as agents of change

A
  • Women at the forefront of movements against ecological destruction
  • Women’s leadership linked to material realities and placed below men
  • Chipko Movement
  • “Foresters”: profits and timber form forest
  • Women: focus on soil, water and pure air from forest (more sustainable focus)
29
Q

What is the Ecological Problem?

A

Full Earth Transparency

  • Changing Gaseous composition (GW)
  • Loss of productive soil
  • Overfished Oceans
  • Severely depleted acquires
  • Alarming extinction of many species
  • Depletion of forest ecosystems
30
Q

Population Growth and Consumption main points

A
  • Population growth is serious and undermines development
  • Generalized western consumption levels is substantially more disruptive to the ecosystem
  • Income of poor needs to increase and reduction of population
  • Greening of production and reduction of per capita income in developed countries

Geography - Human Development & Capitalism (1 decks)

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