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Soci 201 > Midterm #1 (class 3-11) > Flashcards

Midterm #1 (class 3-11) Flashcards

1
Q

3 Non-scientific ways of knowing

A

Authority, Rationality and Reason, and Intuition

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2
Q

Describe “Authority”

A

When someone in a position of authority tells you something. You are inclined to believe this because they are considered to be “legitimate” sources of authority in society

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3
Q

Give an example for “Authority”

A

The surgeon general saying “cigarettes cause cancer” or a policeman saying “a child is missing”

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4
Q

Why is “Authority” not a scientific way of knowing

A

Because we are not the ones to gain the knowledge ourselves and we are not usually there for these events and cannot confirm or deny these claims are true. Voices of authority also tend to be exaggerated and selective

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5
Q

Describe “Rationality and Reason”

A

When we know something by coming to a conclusion through a process of logical and mental reasoning”. If A and B then C…

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6
Q

Give an example of “Rationality and Reason”

A

A. Canadians are good hockey players
B. Linda is Canadian
C. Linda will be good at hockey

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7
Q

Why is “Rationality and Reason” not a scientific way of knowing

A

Just because Linda is Canadian doesn’t mean Linda will be good at hockey. Whether you are a good hockey player hinges on other aspects, not just where you are from. Rationality and Reason doesn’t take the complexity of a phenomenon into account

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8
Q

Describe “Intuition”

A

Knowing something in your gut. Like your body or mind is telling you something and you just “know” it is true

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9
Q

Give an example of “Intuition”

A

Mothers intuition or Deja Vu

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10
Q

Why is “Intuition” not a scientific way of knowing

A

They may be interesting, but we can only take them on faith and we have no way of actually knowing whether the claims are true or not

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11
Q

The 4 characteristics of the scientific method

A
  1. Systematic
  2. Evidentiary
  3. Skeptical
  4. Negativistic
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12
Q

Describe “Systematic”

A

Means that there are rules, regulations, policies, procedures, standards and guidelines in place that scientists must follow when they are collecting their scientific information

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13
Q

What are the systematic guidelines used for

A

To evaluate scientific knowledge claims

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14
Q

How do we assess a scientific knowledge claim

A

By comparing it to standards of good scientific research

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15
Q

Why do we follow these systematic guidelines

A

Because we expect scientific research to be reliable, valid and ethical

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16
Q

Describe “Evidentiary”

A

Means that the scientific method is based on evidence that the scientist can see themselves. They do not have to trust that the information is true, because they are observing it directly

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17
Q

Describe “Skeptical”

A

Skeptical in the scientific world means “critical”, as in “critical thinking. So when we say the scientific method is “skeptical” we mean it is characterized by careful open minded questioning. It means scientists do not accept knowledge claims at face value. They must carefully evaluate the claim by comparing it to good standards of research and be open minded to new ideas, no matter how far fetched it is (ex. COVID-19)

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18
Q

Describe “Negativistic”

A

This characteristic of the scientific method basically means that scientists know that they will never have a complete understanding of some scientific phenomenons. They are basically saying that they will never be able to explain anything with 100% certainty because something else could come along tomorrow that could change the way we understand things and how the world as we know it works (ex. COVID-19)

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19
Q

What is the difference between social sciences

A

It’s perspective

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20
Q

What is sociology

A

Sociology is the use of theories of the sociological perspective and the scientific method to study human behaviour

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21
Q

The 6 factors that help explain human behaviour

A
  1. Cognitive Process
  2. Biological Factors
  3. Reactions to actions and characteristics of others
  4. Ecological factors
  5. Characteristics of the social or cultural context
  6. Aspects of the social structure
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22
Q

Describe “Cognitive Process”

A

This is an emphasis on an individuals cognitive process (the way we think). This theory argues that how we think about certain things such as our attitudes, beliefs or values, will in turn effect our behaviour

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23
Q

Example for “Cognitive process”

A

If we like a certain product, we will be more likely to buy it, or if we care passionately about a certain cause, we will be more likely to protest

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24
Q

Describe “Biological Factors”

A

This theory argues that various biological factors can be used to explain human behaviour, such as, instincts, drives, or products of our genetic makeup (height, age, or other physical aspects).

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25
Q

Example for “Biological Factors”

A

Fight or Flight response is an instinctive response, and height is sometimes a factor for why athletes play professional basketball

26
Q

What else are “Biological Factors” theories called

A

“Biological Determinism”, meaning that biological or genetic factors determine human behaviour

27
Q

Describe “Reactions to the Actions and Characteristics of Others”

A

This theory argues that human behaviour can be explained as a reaction to what someone else does or how they look

28
Q

Example of “Reactions to the Actions and Characteristics of Others”

A

Road rage. This is a reaction of how other people are driving. Also how people form relationships with people based on how the other person looks

29
Q

Describe “Ecological Factors”

A

These theory argues that aspects of the physical environment (both inside and outside) can be used to explain human behaviour

30
Q

Example of “Ecological Factors”

A

All the things that effect someones driving time, like weather, traffic, number of red lights, etc. All of these things are out of the persons control, but they still affect how we behave. Another example of this is hoarders, the space they are in is a stressful environment, and is affecting their behaviour

31
Q

Describe “Characteristics of the Social or Cultural Context”

A

This theory argues that there are things that we have learned to expect in different social or cultural situations that affect how we behave

32
Q

Example of “Characteristics of the Social or Cultural Context”

A

When attending a funeral in Calgary we would expect people to be sad and to wear dark clothing, there would also likely be a tribute to the person who had passed. We would not expect someone to stand up on their chair and start yelling “Go Flames Go”, but that yelling would be perfectly normal expected behaviour at a Calgary Flames game. These are called norms

33
Q

Describe “Informal norms”

A

Rules of expected behaviour that are generally not written down, we just learn them through experience over time. The consequences for “breaking” or “violating” an informal norm is usually not too serious

34
Q

Example of an “Informal norm”

A

When you are in kindergarten and are taught to raise your hand to ask a question.

35
Q

Describe “Formal norms”

A

Rules of expected behaviour that have been written down or institutionalized into laws and polices. Not following these could mean being arrested or other harsh consequences

36
Q

Example of a “Formal norm”

A

Canada’s Criminal Code

37
Q

Describe “Aspects of Social Structure”

A

This theory argues that there are aspects of how society is “structured” or organized that affect how we behave

38
Q

2 types of Social Structure

A
  1. Social Institutions

2. Demographic Characteristics

39
Q

Describe “Social Institutions”

A

Enduring aspects of society that are larger than the individuals that make them up. Also called “Social systems” and include the political, economic and education system, family, religion, medicine, mass media, and even sport

40
Q

Example of “Social Institutions”

A

Education is mandated for all until age 16

41
Q

Describe “Demographic Characteristics”

A

Things that put people in social groups. These include social class, sex assigned at birth, race, ethnicity, religious affiliation, marital status, and employment status

42
Q

Example of “Demographic Characteristics”

A

We expect the upper class to live differently than the working class and we expect single people to act differently than people who are married

43
Q

The 2 theoretical approaches of The Sociological Perspective

A
  1. Macro-Structural Approach

2. Micro-Interpretive Approach

44
Q

Describe the “Macro-Structural Approach”

A

Human behaviour is determined by things that are outside of our individual control

45
Q

Example of “Macro-Structural Approach” theories

A

Weather or our DNA

46
Q

One critique of the “Macro-Structural Approach”

A

The theories are “deterministic”. They suggest that human beings have no choice over how they live their lives

47
Q

Describe the “Micro-Interpretive Approach”

A

Human behaviour is influenced by the meanings we create for ourselves in social situations. How we interpret situations and what they mean to us, will in turn influence how we behave

48
Q

What did William Isaac Thomas and Dorothy Swaine Thomas say regarding the “Mircro-Interpretive Approach”

A

“What is perceived by an individual to be “real”, will be real in it’s consequences. This argued that to understand someones behaviour, you would have to ask them for their “definition of the situation” (their interpretation of what is happening in a certain social situation).

49
Q

What does having a “Sociological Imagination” mean

A

Means that the person has the ability to see the social world from a sociological point of view

50
Q

Process of developing a “Sociological Imagination”

A
  1. Understand where sociology came from (historical roots)
  2. Understand the ideas of social thinkers who are considered to be the founders of sociology
  3. Understand the foundational theoretical ideas that make up the contemporary sociological perspective
51
Q

What are the prevalent ideas of a historical era called

A

Ideologies

52
Q

Ideologies are…..

A

Socially constructed (created by the people)

53
Q

2 types of “Ideologies” we should know

A
  1. Dominant or Hegemonic Ideology

2. Alternate Ideology

54
Q

Describe the “Dominant or Hegemonic” ideology

A

The words “dominant” and “hegemonic”, refer to the most prevalent ideas of the time. This is a very powerful and very resistant to change. People accept these ideas, and see no reason to change them

55
Q

Describe the “Alternate” ideology

A

Refers to ideas that attempt to challenge the dominant ideas in order to produce change

56
Q

Example of the “Alternate” ideology

A

Dove Beauty and the Pro-Aging campaign reflects the alternate ideology that all women can be beautiful. This challenges the hegemonic ideology that only young, skinny women are beautiful

57
Q

Describe the Roman Empire

A

This society was largely based around agriculture (agrarian based economy). There were 2 social classes, the upper class (aristocracy) who owned the land, and the lower class (serfs), who worked the land and produced the goods. This system was called a “feudal system”

58
Q

What were the inheritance laws

A

If a member of the upper class passed away, their land would go to another member of the aristocracy. No matter how good you were at farming and producing good, the serfs would never be passed on land, they could only pass on their skills for farming and producing goods

59
Q

Describe the dominant religious ideology created by the Roman Catholic Church

A

Stated that God wanted society to be organized this way (the church was a part of the aristocracy). People accepted this ideology without question because no one was going to question God. The serf class was also illiterate and the only messages they ever received about society was from their landowners

60
Q

What events transformed the Western European Society

A
  1. The Renaissance
  2. The Reformation
  3. The Rise of the Natural Sciences (Scientific Revolution)
  4. The Enlightenment
  5. The American and French Revolutions
  6. The Industrial Revolution
61
Q

Describe “The Renaissance”

A

The Renaissance thinkers rejected religion as a way of knowing and was in favour of using rationality and reason to understand the social world. These thinkers were persuaded by the ideas of ancient philosophers. They were able to spread their ideas when the printing press was invented in 1450. Their work was reflected in literature, art and architecture (Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo). This was the first major challenge to the dominant religious ideology of the church

62
Q

Describe “The Reformation”

A

This was a historical period

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