Midterm 1: Chapters 1-6 Flashcards
Question:
What is the correct order for the stages of Freud’s theory of psychosexual development?
Answer:
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
Question:
Bronfenbrenner proposes that human development occurs across multiple systems. If a child’s parents are both struggling with unemployment, which system would this affect in a child’s life?
Answer:
Exosystem
Question:
Which of the following is an example of development occurring discontinuously?
Answer:
The adolescent growth spurt
Question:
In which type of sample can each member of a population expect to have an equal chance of being selected to participate?
Answer:
Random
Question:
Which best summarizes experiments?
Answer:
There are independent and dependent variables
Question:
Dr. Liu was interested In testing the effects of violent television on six-year-old children. She showed a particularly violent episode of power rangers to one group and a short, non-violent episode of Sesame Street to another. She then observed the groups in the playground and measured their behaviors. What is the dependent variable in the study?
Answer:
Behaviour on the playground
Question:
Why is the purpose of the Code of Ethics created by the Canadian Psychological Association?
Answer:
To protect research subjects from harm
Question:
How did Erickson’s stage theory differ from Freud’s?
Answer:
Erickson focuses on social development into adulthood
In operant conditioning, which response to a child’s unwanted behaviour will result in its extinction?
Answer:
The observer no longer pays attention to or reinforces the behaviour
Which type of theorist is likely to view development as continuous?
Answer:
Behaviourist
Question:
What best summarizes the current status of the nature versus nurture debate where human development is concerned?
Answer:
Both are considered equally important across the lifespan
Question:
More aggressive people are more likely to watch TV shows. What statement best relates to this finding?
Answer:
It shows a relationship between aggressive behaviour and violent TV shows
Question:
A group of first year post secondary students have been told that they will all gain weight (about 15 pounds each) this year as a result of living in residence where they will have less sleep and perhaps make poor dietary choices. What would be the independent variable in an experiment to test the statements truth
Answer:
Residence vs non-residence housing
Question:
How do negative reinforcers differ from punishments?
Answer:
Negative reinforcers increase the frequency of behaviour when they are removed
What best describes the cohort effect?
Answer:
Those born at the same time may not compare accurately with others of the same age born at a different time given changes in culture
Question:
What statement most accurately reflects the relationship between the age of the parents and possible health risks of conceiving and carry a healthy child?
Answer:
The age of both the mother and the father matter
Question:
Diabetes is an example of a multifactorial abnormality. What does this mean?
The cause is both hereditary and environmental
Question:
What is an example of a sex-linked disease?
Answer:
haemophilia
Question:
What procedure involves extracting and sampling fetal cells in order to look for abnormalities?
Answer:
Amniocentesis
Question:
Sally comments that George has great hair. What is sally commenting on?
Answer:
His Phenotype
(Genotype = Genes) (Phenotype = Physical Traits)
Question:
What is the term that refers to the prenatal development period from conception to implantation?
Answer:
Germinal
Question:
What is meant by the terms cephalocaudal and proximodistal?
Answer:
The fetus develops head to tail and inside to outside
Question:
What disorder causes children to lose muscle control, to experience sensory and intellectual losses, and to likely die by the age of five years old?
Answer:
Tay-Sachs disease
Question:
What condition is characterized by maternal antibodies being transmitted to the fetus or infant potentially causing brain damage or death
Answer:
Rh incompatibility
Question:
In the 1940s and 1950s a powerful estrogen was often prescribed to help prevent miscarriage. Since then, it has been shown to cause cervical, vaginal, and, testicular cancers in some offspring. What is the name of the substance?
Answer:
DES
Question:
At which critical period of development is the heart most vulnerable to teratogens?
Answer:
Three to six weeks after conception
Question:
Who is most likely to inherit a sex-linked disease?
Answer:
The son of a female carrier
Question:
What is not likely to be transmitted to the fetus through the placenta?
Answer:
HIV
Question:
Which of the following is a dominant trait?
A. Straight hair
B. Type O blood
C. Farsightedness
D. Lactose intolerance
Answer:
Farsightedness
Question:
A father would like to read to his unborn fetus. What would you say to him about the impact on the fetus?
Answer:
There is evidence that fetuses can detect pitch and rhythm, especially in the third trimester
Question:
What signs might tell a woman that she is experiencing real labour contractions rather than Braxton Hicks contractions?
Answer:
They will be much more painful, more regular and will increase in intensity when she walks
Question:
What occurs during the transition stage of labour?
Answer:
The head of the fetus moves into the birth canal
Question:
How is an epidural block administered?
Answer:
Anaesthetics are injected into the spinal canal of the mother
Question:
What might a pregnant woman, at risk for delivering premature babies, be injected with in order to increase a baby’s chances of survival?
Answer:
Corticosteroids
Question:
What is a statement that best describes the infant mortality rate in Canada?
Answer:
Canada’s First Nations infant mortality rate is 1.5 times higher than in the general population
Question:
Which reflex causes the neonate to fan it’s toes in response to stroking the underside of the foot?
Answer:
Babinski
Question:
Which of the following is evident in neonates?
A. Visual accommodation
B. Near-sightedness
C. Preference for the colour blue
D. Convergence of the eyes
Answer:
Near-sightedness
Question:
Which taste do neonates have a preference for?
Answer:
Sweet
Question:
How many hours per day does the typical neonate spend sleeping?
Answer:
16 hours
Question:
Which of the following groups is SIDS more common among?
A. Female babies
B. Babies who are out to sleep on their stomachs
C. Babies of mothers in their twenties
D. European American babies
Answer:
Babies who are put to sleep on their stomachs
Question:
What is one of the most important benefits of cuddling, touching, and massaging newborns?
Answer:
Increased rate of weight gain
Question:
What is a perfect Apgar score?
Answer:
10
Test checks for appearance(skin colour), pulse, grimace(reflex irritability), activity(muscle tone), and respiration
Up to 2 points for each check
Question:
Which of the following has the ability to soothe neonates early on?
A. Their moms voice
B. Their dads voice
C. Dogs barking
D. Music
Answer:
Music
Question:
Approximately how many births in Canada take place under the care of a midwife today?
Answer:
15-20%
Question:
How many new mothers are likely to experience the “baby blues”
Answer:
80%
Question:
What is usually an indicator that an infant is about to experience a growth spurt?
Answer:
Increases sleeping and naptime
Question:
What nutritional guideline is recommended for introducing solid foods to infants?
Answer:
Start with iron enriched cereal at around 4-6 months
Question:
How long does it take for a child’s brain to reach at least half of its adult weight?
Answer:
1 year
Question:
What function does myelination of motor pathways make possible in neonates?
Answer:
Reflexes
Question:
What part of the brain helps the child maintain balance?
Answer:
Cerebellum
Question:
At what age does a child’s visual acuity first approximate adult levels?
Answer:
By 3-5 years of age
Question:
What advice would you give to a new parent about newborn hearing and the best way to help the infant sleep
Answer:
Allow the infant to habituate to household noise so that usually sounds do not disrupt sleep
Question:
What is the potential impact of damage to the cerebellum?
Answer:
Difficulties with coordination and balance
Question:
At what age is a child no longer considered an infant?
Answer:
24 months
Question:
Sally, a 14 month old has hurt her finger and is in pain. She throws herself in her mothers arms and thrashes around in pain but her mother does not know what part of her is hurting. What has sally not yet developed?
Answer:
Differentiation
Question:
What is an example of a micronutrient required for physical growth?
Answer:
Vitamins
Micronutrients are measured in micro or milligrams because our bodies don’t need as much
Macronutrients are foods we measure and eat in grams because our bodies need a lot of them
Question:
Tim is a 4 month old infant who had just begun holding objects clumsily between his fingers and palm. What is the term used to refer to this ability?
Answer:
Palmer grasp
Reflexive grasp - Young babies have a reflexive grasp; their hands automatically close tightly when pressure or stimulation is applied to their palms
Proximodistal grasp - Development occurs in a proximodistal fashion, meaning it starts at the center of the body and works its way out. Children are able to reach for toys and push themselves up long before they are able to grasp small items or write with a pencil.
Pincer grasp - uses the pads then tips of the index finger and thumb to pick up and grasp objects. Lots of developmental skills need to be in place for a baby to master the pincer grasp such as core and should stability.
Question:
What advice could be given to parents who want to immerse their infant in training sessions to speed up and enhance the development of motor skills
Answer:
The child may experience a temporary advantage over other infants but advantages will disappear in time
Question:
What would best describe motor development?
Answer:
It follows a specific order but each infant may proceed through the events at a different pace
Question:
What does it mean when an infant is experiencing a syndrome called “failure to thrive”
Answer:
The infant is not eating enough of the required foods to gain weight after birth
Question:
Which statement best describes what happens during the sensorimotor stage of cognitive development during the first two years of life?
A. The infant learns to understand the world using vocabulary.
B. The infant moves from responding with reflexes to responding in a goal-oriented manner.
C. The parent and child develop a unique way of understanding one another based on visual and auditory cues.
D. The mother is able to provide the required nourishment to allow the infant’s brain to develop according to the usual stages.
Answer:
The infant moves from responding with reflexes to responding in a goal-oriented manner.
Question:
What is the difference between the primary and secondary circular reaction sub-stages?
Answer:
During the primary sub-stage the focus is on one’s own body and in the secondary sub-stage the focus is on objects in the environment.
Question:
Which skill has an infant developed if she knows to look for a ball that has been hidden behind something to obstruct it from view?
Answer:
object permanence
Extra info:
Secondary schemes-Instead of simply prolonging interesting events, babies now show signs of an ability to use their acquired knowledge to reach a goal
Deferred imitation-watching someone perform an act and then performing that action at a later date
Habituation-a decrease in response to a stimulus after repeated presentations
Question:
What is the explanation for how a two-week-old neonate is able to mimic his mother sticking out her tongue?
Answer:
mirror neurons - a neuron that fires both when an animal acts and when the animal observes the same action performed by another. Thus, the neuron “mirrors” the behavior of the other, as though the observer were itself acting
Question
What is object repetition?
Answer:
is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen, heard, touched, smelled or sensed in any way
Question:
Which statement best describes the current methods of measuring intelligence in infants?
A. Infants as young as six months are assessed using methods similar to those used on older children.
B. Observational methods are used to assess neurological functioning in infancy.
C. There is currently no reliable way to assess neurological functioning in children under the age of two years.
D. Anecdotal research methods using parental recall of infant development are used to measure the neurological functioning of infants.
Answer:
Observational methods are used to assess neurological functioning in infancy.
Question:
Tia believes that her child will grow up to be very intelligent based on assessments of the infant’s intelligence at nine months of age. What would you say to Tia about this belief?
Answer:
Intelligence scores achieved in infancy are not a reliable predictor of later intelligence.
Question:
What is thought to be the significance of cooing?
Answer:
It communicates positive excitement.
Question:
What is the relationship between a child’s receptive vocabulary development and her expressive vocabulary development?
Answer:
Receptive vocabulary develops more rapidly than expressive vocabulary.
Receptive vocabulary - refers to all the words that can be understood by a person, including spoken, written, or manually signed words
Question:
At what age do infants typically say their first word?
Answer:
12 months
Question:
Which of the following is an example of a specific nominal?
Answer:
Mommy
- a name or term, a noun
Question:
Cheyanne has just learned many new words and likes to communicate by pointing and naming objects. What is her communication style?
Answer:
referential language style
Question:
What type of speech pattern is an infant using when she says “Mommy up”?
Answer:
telegraphic-omitting inessential words; concise
Extra info:
Referential-use vocabulary to refer to things. They label objects and people, and structure their speech with the goal of being understood
Overextended-when a categorical term (a word used to describe a group of things) is used in language to represent more categories than it actually does. Ex. referring to all animals as a doggy, or a lion as a kitty
Holophrastic-Consisting of a single word, such as “Go.” or “Whatever.” Pertaining to the stage of development where a child produces simple one-word utterance
Question:
What makes up most of a child’s vocabulary for the first two years?
Answer:
Nouns
Question:
According to the study discussed in the textbook, why does two-year-old “Ben” revert to his own expression of “they” versus “them” even when the adult attempts to shape his response?
Answer:
Ben uses his own understanding of syntax to produce his own language.
Question:
Which of the following best characterizes infant-directed speech?
Answer:
speaking slowly and with a higher pitch than normal
Question:
Which kind of attachment is used to describe babies who seem confused and may move toward the mother while looking away from her?
Answer:
disorganized-disoriented
Question:
What is secure attachment?
Answer:
classified as children who show some distress when their caregiver leaves but are able to compose themselves knowing that their caregiver will return. Children with secure attachment feel protected by their caregivers, and they know that they can depend on them to return
Question:
What is avoidant attachment?
Answer:
classified as extremely independent, self-directed, and often uncomfortable with intimacy. They’re commitment-phobes and experts at rationalizing their way out of any intimate situation. They regularly complain about feeling “crowded” or “suffocated” when people try to get close to them
Question:
Which school of thought views attachment as a means of ensuring survival through establishing that basic needs will be met?
Answer:
ethological - scientific and objective study of animal behaviour, usually with a focus on behaviour under natural conditions, and viewing behaviour as an evolutionarily adaptive trait.
Question:
What term did Bowlby use to reference the idea that infants develop beliefs and expectations about whether or not they are worthy of love and protection from others?
Answer:
internal working model
Question:
Which school of thought proposes that there is a critical period for developing attachment?
Answer:
ethological
Ethology involves instinctive behaviour patterns
Question:
An infant cries to the point of making himself sick when his mother leaves him at daycare in the morning but when she arrives to pick him up he has no interest in her. What type of attachment is this infant most likely demonstrating?
Answer:
ambivalent/resistant
Question:
What is the impact of attachment in infancy on teen and adult behavior?
Answer:
Securely attached infants are more likely to be well adjusted later in life.
Question:
Which factor is most likely to increase attachment between fathers and their children?
Answer:
affection
Question:
According to research reported in the text, what appears to be the most common form of child maltreatment in Canada?
Answer:
Witnessing domestic violence
Question:
What changes were made in 2013 to how autism is diagnosed and treated
Answer:
Is it now a spectrum disorder diagnosed on a continuum
Question:
Which condition applies to the duty to report legislation?
Answer:
Anyone who has reasonable grounds to suspect abuse must report directly to a child welfare agency
Question:
What does research evidence indicate about autism?
Answer:
Autism runs in families to some degree
Question:
What does research evidence suggest is the impact of childcare on attachment security?
Answer:
If there is a strong parent–child bond already in place the child will remain securely attached when placed in a quality care situation
Question:
Gina’s son is eight months old and has suddenly begun to cry hysterically and cling to her when strangers come over in the supermarket to say how cute he is. Knowing you are a psychology student, she asks you what you think. Which statement best reflects what you have learned by reading this chapter?
Answer:
Her son is behaving normally
Question:
What does a fear of strangers in a nine-month-old indicate?
Answer:
The child is developing normally
Question:
According to research, what is the reason for differences between boys and girls in terms of toy and activity preferences?
Answer:
socialization
Question:
What is psychoanalytic/psychoanalysis
Answer:
Psychoanalysis is a set of theories and therapeutic techniques related to the study of the unconscious mind, which together form a method of treatment for mental disorders.
Question:
What does Psychoanalytic theory focus on?
Answer:
The roles of internal conflict
Question:
What is it meant by “discontinuous” ?
Answer:
Occurring in stages
Question:
What is the cohort effect?
Answer:
Similarities in behaviour among a group of peers as a result of being of approximately the same age
Question:
What is a “punishment”
Answer:
Aversive events that suppress or decrease the frequency of the behaviour they follow
Question:
Difference between a positive and negative reinforcer
Answer:
Negative-a reinforcer that when removed, increases the frequency of a response
Positive-a reinforced that when applied increases the frequency of a response
