midterm 1 (chapter 1-4) Flashcards
(181 cards)
1
Q
goals of psychology?
A
- ) describe how people behave
- )explain and understand the causes of said behavior
- )to predict how people and animals will behave under certain conditions
- )influence and control behavior through knowledge to enhance human welfare.
2
Q
basic research vs. applied research
A
basic: the quest for knowledge for its own sake.
applied: designed to solve specific problems.
3
Q
3 levels of analysis?
A
biological: Behaviour and its causes.
psychological: Thoughts feelings and motives.
environmental: Past and current physical/social environment to which were exposed.
4
Q
Mind-body dualism
A
The belief is that the mind is a spiritual entity and is not subject to physical laws that govern the body.
5
Q
Monism
A
Mind and body are one and that the mind isn’t a separate spiritual entity.
6
Q
British empiricism
A
All ideas and knowledge are gained empirically through what a man can observe and experience.
7
Q
Structuralism
A
analysis of the mind in terms of its basic elements.
8
Q
Functionalism
A
searches for the cause of behavior within the inner workings of our personality.
9
Q
psychoanalysis
A
analysis of internal primary and unconscious psychological forces.
10
Q
Critical thinking
A
Taking an active role in understanding the world around you. Ask questions about claims of a new fact. (what claim, who made it, what evidence)
11
Q
repression
A
defence mechanism, keeping unwanted thoughts and feelings down.
12
Q
behaviorism
A
Behaviorism: environmental control of behavior through learning
Cognitive Behaviorism: suggest the environment affects thoughts and influences us.
13
Q
natural selection
A
inherited traits that allow the next generation to survive better.
14
Q
nature v nurture
A
nature: genetic inheritance
Nurture: exposure, experiences, and learning
15
Q
Psychodynamic perspective
A
emphasizes unconscious psychological processes and search for the cause of behaviour with the inner workings of our personality.
16
Q
Behavioural perspective
A
states all behavior is learned through interaction with the environment through conditioning. (external environment/stimuli in governing our actions)
17
Q
Humanistic perspective
A
emphasizes personal freedom and self-actualization the reaching of ones individual potential (humans have their own fate in their own hands.)
18
Q
Cognitive perspective
A
how mental processes affect behavior (humans = problem solvers+ info processors)
19
Q
sociocultural perspective
A
The social environment affects behaviour, feelings, and emotions
20
Q
biological perspective
A
brain processes regulate behaviour, feelings and emotions.
21
Q
Wundt
A
1879 first psych laboratory @university of leipzig
22
Q
Abraham Maslow
A
proposed inborn force towards self-actualization
23
Q
Carl Rogers
A
Identified key aspects of psychotherapy.
24
Q
Rene Descartes
A
the belief of mind-body dualism proposed mind-body interactions through the pineal gland.
25
John b Watson
forwarded school of behaviorism
26
Sigmund Freud
Founded psychoanalysis
27
William James
Leader of functionalism
28
Steps involved in scientific process
1. ) identify- question of interest
2. ) gather info and form hypothesis
3. ) test hypothesis by conducting research
4. ) Analyze data draw conclusions and report
5. ) Build a body of knowledge
29
Hindsight reasoning
Explaining results after the fact, flawed because it perceives past events as more predictable than they actually were.
30
Independent/dependent variable
dependent: variable being tested and measured in experiment its dependent on the independent variable.
independent: manipulated variable assumed to have a direct effect on the dependent.
31
Understanding through prediction control and theory building
Understanding the causes of given behaviour we can predict the conditions under which that behaviour will occur.
32
variable
characteristics of a given organism that can differ, defines a variable in terms of procedures to measure or produce it.
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social desirability bias
tend to respond in a socially acceptable manner rather than how subject truly feels
34
obtrusive measures
recording behaviour in a way that participants are unaware
35
archival measures
records or documents that already exist
36
measuring of overt behavior
recording directly measurable and observable behavior. ex.reaction time.
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psychological tests
tests to measure variables; personality, intelligence, neuropsychological, how well they perform tasks
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psychological measures
also, record physiological responses to assess what subjects are experiencing; heart rate, blood pressure.
39
descriptive research
seeks to identify how humans and animals behave in natural settings.
40
Case study
in-depth analysis of a single group, person, or event. the researcher hopes to find principles of behavior
41
naturalistic observations
the researcher observes behavior in a natural setting and avoids anything that would influence the subjects.
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Survey research
Administering questions or interviews to many people.
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population
all individuals you wish to survey
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sample
a subset of individuals drawn from the population
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representative sample
accurately reflects populations characteristics
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random sample
each member has equal chance of being picked
47
Correlation Research
1. )measures X variable
2. )measures second variable Y
3. )determines if X and Y are related
48
correlation vs causation
correlation doesn't equal causation always must consider that x caused y, y caused x or they influenced each other or that there was a third variable that influenced them. positive correlation is when x and y change in the same direction, negative correlation is when x changes in one direction and y changes in the opposite direction.
49
Scatter plots
graph commonly used to examine correlation date each pair of scores is one point; establishes relations found in lab to generalize, can discover associations, and some questions cant be studied with experiments but can be with correlation methods.
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experiments:
1. )manipulates 1 or more variable
2. )measures whether this manipulation influences variable
3. ) attempts to control extraneous factors that might influence outcome of experiment
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experimental/control
experimental: group that receives treatment
control: group that isn't exposed to treatment
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experimental designs
between groups design: each experimental group is composed of different participants.
repeated measures: each participant in experiment is exposed to all conditions.
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counterbalance
procedure in which order of conditions is varied so that no condition has an overall advantage.
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internal validity
degree to which an experiment produces clear causal conclusions, high when no confounding variables.
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external validity
degree which the results can be generalized to an entire population. To determine external validity the experiment is replicated to determine whether results are replicated
56
confounding variables
intertwining of independent variables with another, preventing participants to differentiate which variable is responsible for changes of behaviour.
57
placebo
inactive inert non pharmaceutical substance that patient believes to be helpful
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placebo effects
change in behaviour that occurs because of the expectation or belief that one is receiving a treatment
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experimenter expectancy effects
unintentional way an experimenter influences the subjects to behave in a way that confirms hypothesis
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double blind procedure
mitigates experimenter expectancy effects by keeping experimenter and participants unaware of research condition each has been applied.
61
cross cultural replication
repeating a study tot see whether findings can be generalized across different cultures.
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repeated measures
subjects measured 2+ times on dependent variable
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demand characteristics
subject believing that they need to report a higher or lower number.
64
single blind study
only researcher knows which treatment is being applied to participants
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Ethical standards
- must be approved by the tri council policy for ethical conduct for researching humans
- avoid harming participants
- protect/promote welfare
- ensure consent is given without coercion
- complete disclosure must be given
- informed consent must be given which persons involved with study must be informed of all possible risks
66
neurons
building block of nervous system, generate electricity, and release chemicals
67
dendrites
branching fivers that extend from the soma of a neuron and receive messages from adjacent neurons.
68
axon
extension from 1 side of the neuron cell body that conducts nerve impulses to other neurons muscles or glands.
69
glial cells
surround neuron and hold them in place, as well as manufacture and transport proteins
70
blood brain barrier
specialized timing of cells in the brains blood vessels that screen out foreign substances while nutrients pass through neurons
71
electrical activity of neurons
1. ) neuron has electrical resting potential due to positive and negative charged ions in and out of cells
2. ) when stimulated ions flow in and out of cell it reverses the electrical charge of resting potential producing action potential or nerve impulse.
3. ) original distribution of ions is restored and neuron is again at rest and capable of being activated.
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action potential
nerve impulse resulting from depolarization of axons cell membrane
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depolarization
reversal of resting potential a neurons cell membrane produces that produces action potential
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absolute refractory period
time of recovery during which cell membrane is not excitable and cannot generate another action potential
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all or none law
action potential isn't proportional to intensity of stimulation, neuron fires with full capacity or doesn't fire at all
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action potential threshold
intensity of stimulation needed to produce an action potential -70 to -50 millivolts
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graded potential
change in the electrical potential of a neuron
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myelin sheath
fatty insulating substance on the axon of same neurons that increase the speed of neural transmission
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synaptic transmission
neuron communicates across a synapse requires impulse from 1 neuron to another
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synapse
microscopic space between neurons over which the nerve impulse is biochemically transmitted
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synaptic cleft
tiny gap between axon terminal of a neuron and dendrite on the next one
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neurotransmitters
substance released from axon of one neuron travelling across the synaptic space and bind to specially keyed receptors in another neuron to produce chemical reaction that is excitatory and inhibitory.
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synaptic vesicles
chambers within the axon terminal of a neuron and dendrite of the next one.
84
receptor sites
protein molecules on neurons dendrites or some that are specially shaped to accomodate a specific neurotransmitter molecule
85
reuptake
process where transmitter substances taken back into the presynaptic neuron so they don't stimulate the postsynaptic neurons.
86
specialized transmitter systems
neuromodulators are substances that are released by neurons and circulate within the nervous system to affect the sensitivity of many neurons to their natural transmitters substances
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sensory neurons
specialized neurons that cary messages from sense organs to spinal cord + brain
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motor neurons
specialized neurons that carry messages from the brain and the spinal cord to the muscles and glands
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interneurons
outnumber any other neuron and perform associate or integrate functions within the nervous system
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central nervous system
portion of the nervous system that involves the brain and spinal cord
91
peripheral nervous system
all the neurons connect the central nervous system within the sensory receptors, the muscles, and the glands
92
agonsists
increase activity of neurotransmitters and production, release and inhibiting reuptake
93
antagonists
decrease activity of neurotransmitters, and blocks receptor sites so transmitters cant bind
94
peripheral nervous system
information to and from the central nervous system somatic and autonomic nervous system are both apart of the PNS
95
somatic nervous system
voluntary controls voluntary muscles and conveys sensory info to the CNS and messages to muscles, allows you to sense and respond to environment
96
autonomic nervous system
controls involuntary life functions; heart rate ETC.
contains the sympathetic: arousal of body to confront stressor
contains the parasympathetic: calms body to conserve and restore status quo, to return to state of rest
97
central nervous system
neural and basic life processes, spinal cord, and brain (forebrain-(cerebral cortex, limbic, thalamus, hypothalamus), midbrain- (reticular formation), hindbrain- (Pons, cerebellum, medula)
98
neuropsychological test
measure verbal and non verbal behaviours used to evaluate people who've suffered brain damage. test memory, planning give indication of brain damage inflicted
99
destruction or simulation technique
researchers can produce damage or stimulation via electrical impulses or heat, then study consequences
100
Wilder Penfield
pioneered brain surgery with an awake interacting patient
101
electroencephalogram
records electrical activity of thousands of neurons, can also use it to study event related potentials which measure neural response to specific events
102
CT computerized tomography
x-ray to study structures, narrow slices of brain to from anatomical image
103
PET position emission tophography
measures brain activity, person is injected with radioactive tracer which can be tracked to measure blood flow
104
MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging
study brain structures, long magnetic cylinder exposes atoms in body to uniform magnetic field, provides colours images which can tell what chemicals are active in tissue
105
fMRI functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
measures neural activity by detecting changes in magnetic response of hemoglobin
106
HindBrain
Medulla-vital functions such as heart rate
Pons-bridge carries impulses between higher and lower levels of nervous system
Cerebellum-muscular movement co-ordination learning and imagery
107
Midbrain
reticular formation- brains gatekeeper alerts higher centre of brain that messages are coming and block them or let them through.
108
Forebrain (2 large cerebral hemispheres left and right wrap around brain stem)
Thalamus-
Ganglia-
Hypothalamus-
>and the limbic system
109
Limbic system (memory and goal directed behaviour)
Hippocampus- forming/retrieving memories.
| Amygdala-organizes emotional response patterns, particularly those linked to aggression and fear.
110
nucleus accumbens
1 of the structures of the limbic involved in reward and motivation
111
cerebral cortex
- outermost layer of human brain essential to quality of living
- 3 fissures that divide brain into left and right, hemispheres cerebrum into front and rear halves, and runs from front to rear along side of brain
112
frontal
- speech/skeletal motor functions
- self awareness, planning and responsibility
- emotional experience
113
parietal
governs bodily functions
114
temporal
brains visual area
115
occipital
messages from auditory system are sent here
116
motor cortex
controls 600+ muscles involved in voluntary body movements
117
sensory cortex
certain areas receive input from receptors
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auditory area
- on temporal lobe of each hemisphere for auditory
| - occipital lobe has vision area
119
Wernickes area
Temporal lobe, language comprehension,
120
Brocas area
frontal lobe is necessary for speech production
121
Association cortex
found in all lobes, highest level of mental functions involved here
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pre frontal cortex
mental abilities involving goal setting, judgement, strategic planning and impulse control allow people to direct their behaviour in adaptive fashion.
123
corpus callosum
bridge that acts as a major link between both hemispheres allows them to function as a single unit
124
lateralization
greater localization of a function in 1 hemisphere over the other.
- language is lateralized to the left hemisphere
- right handed people have left sphere dominance
125
aphasia
loss to communicate
126
right hemisphere
negative emotions
127
left hemisphere
positive emotions
128
plasticity/neural plasticity
neurons ability to change in structure and function, the effects of early experience on brain development.
129
chromosomes
DNA coiled and partly covered by proteins
130
genotype
specific genetic makeup of an individual
131
phenotype
observable characteristics produces by genetic endowment
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genes
biological units of heredity on chromosomes
133
alleles
alternate forms of genes which produce different characteristics
134
dominant gene
pair from mom and dad, produces particular characteristics
135
recessive gene
gene whos characteristics will be masked by a corresponding dominant gene
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polygenic gene
number of genes working together to create particular phenotypic characteristic
137
epigenetic
change in gene function caused by external
| environment
138
genetic engineering
duplication and modification of genes (CRSPR efficiently deletes genes adds them rather new technique)
139
behavioural genetics
studies genetic and environmental factor in psychological traits
140
heritability coefficient
the exact degree of variation in a particular characteristic
141
heredity
passage of characteristics from parents to offspring by way of genes
142
adoption study
adopted people are compared on some characteristics compared the characteristics the genetic components might have
143
twin study
identical or fraternal twins are compared on some characteristic
144
reaction range
genetically influenced limits within environmental factors can exert their effects on an organism influenced by genetic inheritance
145
evolutionary psychology
seeks to understand how behavioural tendencies have evolved in response to environment
146
biologically based mechanism
receive input from environment, process and responds
147
evolution
change in characteristics over several generations
148
natural selection
evolutionary process in which characteristics that increase chance of survival are preserved in gene pool
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adaptations
allow organisms to meet recurring environmental challenges to increase reproductive ability
150
evolution personality theory
attempt to account for traits in terms of evolutionary history of human species. traits thought to arise from natural selection.
151
parental investments
effort time energy risk associated with caring for offspring
152
polygny
1 male many females mates
153
monogomous mating system
mating system where parents stay together until their young are self sufficient
154
polyandry
1 female many male mates
155
polygandry
mating system in which all members of a group mate with all members of a group
156
altruism
occurs when an individual helps another but in doing so they accrue some cost
157
genetic determinism
view that genes have invariant and unavoidable affects
158
social darwinism
argues that the more fit are the most succesful and at the top of the social and economic ladder.
159
aggresion
developed as means to protect ones self and ones mate
160
longterm altruism
long term cooperation 1 individual may help another but that assistance will be reciprocated at some time in the future
161
co operation
situations in which individuals help each other with no loss to either both gain some advantage
162
theory
coherent explanation for a large number of facts and observations about the natural world
1. )gather and give meaning
2. )allows hypotheses
3. ) supported by new research
4. ) is parsimonious
163
law
description of a natural phenomena on principal that invariably holds true under specific conditions
164
standard deviation
quantity calculated to indicate the extent of a deviation fora group as a whole
- 1 SD encompasses 68%
- 2 SD encompasses 95%
- 3 SD encompasses 99.7%
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p-value
probability of obtaining results as extreme as the observed results of a statistical hypothetical test assuming null is correct
166
T-test
inferential statistic to determine if there is a significant difference between the means of 2 groups
167
channels
are proteins that allow ions to pass through
168
transporters
proteins that require energy to allow the passage of ions through
169
resting potential
inside axon negatively charged, transports positive ions until balanced off
170
depolarization
shift in electric charge distribution, resulting in less negative charge inside compared to outside
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repolarization
sodium stops flowing cell is reversed polarized, charge across membrane is restored
172
Glutamate
excitory, learning/memory
173
GABA
inhibitory, huntingtons disease
174
acetylcholine
muscle, alzheimers
175
dopamine
rewards, parkinsons
176
seratonin
eating, depression, SSRI's
177
endorphins
inhibit pain signals, energizes
178
sensory neurons
nerves cell outside central nervous system
179
inter neurons
entirely maintained inside spinal cord
180
afferent neuron
carries signals to the brain and spinal cord as sensory data
181
efferent neuron
produces effect
