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psyco 104 > midterm 1 (chapter 1-4) > Flashcards

midterm 1 (chapter 1-4) Flashcards

1
Q

goals of psychology?

A
  1. ) describe how people behave
  2. )explain and understand the causes of said behavior
  3. )to predict how people and animals will behave under certain conditions
  4. )influence and control behavior through knowledge to enhance human welfare.
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2
Q

basic research vs. applied research

A

basic: the quest for knowledge for its own sake.
applied: designed to solve specific problems.

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3
Q

3 levels of analysis?

A

biological: Behaviour and its causes.
psychological: Thoughts feelings and motives.
environmental: Past and current physical/social environment to which were exposed.

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4
Q

Mind-body dualism

A

The belief is that the mind is a spiritual entity and is not subject to physical laws that govern the body.

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5
Q

Monism

A

Mind and body are one and that the mind isn’t a separate spiritual entity.

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6
Q

British empiricism

A

All ideas and knowledge are gained empirically through what a man can observe and experience.

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7
Q

Structuralism

A

analysis of the mind in terms of its basic elements.

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8
Q

Functionalism

A

searches for the cause of behavior within the inner workings of our personality.

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9
Q

psychoanalysis

A

analysis of internal primary and unconscious psychological forces.

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10
Q

Critical thinking

A

Taking an active role in understanding the world around you. Ask questions about claims of a new fact. (what claim, who made it, what evidence)

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11
Q

repression

A

defence mechanism, keeping unwanted thoughts and feelings down.

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12
Q

behaviorism

A

Behaviorism: environmental control of behavior through learning
Cognitive Behaviorism: suggest the environment affects thoughts and influences us.

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13
Q

natural selection

A

inherited traits that allow the next generation to survive better.

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14
Q

nature v nurture

A

nature: genetic inheritance
Nurture: exposure, experiences, and learning

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15
Q

Psychodynamic perspective

A

emphasizes unconscious psychological processes and search for the cause of behaviour with the inner workings of our personality.

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16
Q

Behavioural perspective

A

states all behavior is learned through interaction with the environment through conditioning. (external environment/stimuli in governing our actions)

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17
Q

Humanistic perspective

A

emphasizes personal freedom and self-actualization the reaching of ones individual potential (humans have their own fate in their own hands.)

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18
Q

Cognitive perspective

A

how mental processes affect behavior (humans = problem solvers+ info processors)

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19
Q

sociocultural perspective

A

The social environment affects behaviour, feelings, and emotions

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20
Q

biological perspective

A

brain processes regulate behaviour, feelings and emotions.

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21
Q

Wundt

A

1879 first psych laboratory @university of leipzig

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22
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

proposed inborn force towards self-actualization

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23
Q

Carl Rogers

A

Identified key aspects of psychotherapy.

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24
Q

Rene Descartes

A

the belief of mind-body dualism proposed mind-body interactions through the pineal gland.

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25
Q

John b Watson

A

forwarded school of behaviorism

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26
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Founded psychoanalysis

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27
Q

William James

A

Leader of functionalism

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28
Q

Steps involved in scientific process

A
  1. ) identify- question of interest
  2. ) gather info and form hypothesis
  3. ) test hypothesis by conducting research
  4. ) Analyze data draw conclusions and report
  5. ) Build a body of knowledge
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29
Q

Hindsight reasoning

A

Explaining results after the fact, flawed because it perceives past events as more predictable than they actually were.

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30
Q

Independent/dependent variable

A

dependent: variable being tested and measured in experiment its dependent on the independent variable.
independent: manipulated variable assumed to have a direct effect on the dependent.

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31
Q

Understanding through prediction control and theory building

A

Understanding the causes of given behaviour we can predict the conditions under which that behaviour will occur.

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32
Q

variable

A

characteristics of a given organism that can differ, defines a variable in terms of procedures to measure or produce it.

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33
Q

social desirability bias

A

tend to respond in a socially acceptable manner rather than how subject truly feels

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34
Q

obtrusive measures

A

recording behaviour in a way that participants are unaware

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35
Q

archival measures

A

records or documents that already exist

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36
Q

measuring of overt behavior

A

recording directly measurable and observable behavior. ex.reaction time.

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37
Q

psychological tests

A

tests to measure variables; personality, intelligence, neuropsychological, how well they perform tasks

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38
Q

psychological measures

A

also, record physiological responses to assess what subjects are experiencing; heart rate, blood pressure.

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39
Q

descriptive research

A

seeks to identify how humans and animals behave in natural settings.

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40
Q

Case study

A

in-depth analysis of a single group, person, or event. the researcher hopes to find principles of behavior

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41
Q

naturalistic observations

A

the researcher observes behavior in a natural setting and avoids anything that would influence the subjects.

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42
Q

Survey research

A

Administering questions or interviews to many people.

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43
Q

population

A

all individuals you wish to survey

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44
Q

sample

A

a subset of individuals drawn from the population

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45
Q

representative sample

A

accurately reflects populations characteristics

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46
Q

random sample

A

each member has equal chance of being picked

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47
Q

Correlation Research

A
  1. )measures X variable
  2. )measures second variable Y
  3. )determines if X and Y are related
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48
Q

correlation vs causation

A

correlation doesn’t equal causation always must consider that x caused y, y caused x or they influenced each other or that there was a third variable that influenced them. positive correlation is when x and y change in the same direction, negative correlation is when x changes in one direction and y changes in the opposite direction.

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49
Q

Scatter plots

A

graph commonly used to examine correlation date each pair of scores is one point; establishes relations found in lab to generalize, can discover associations, and some questions cant be studied with experiments but can be with correlation methods.

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50
Q

experiments:

A
  1. )manipulates 1 or more variable
  2. )measures whether this manipulation influences variable
  3. ) attempts to control extraneous factors that might influence outcome of experiment
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51
Q

experimental/control

A

experimental: group that receives treatment
control: group that isn’t exposed to treatment

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52
Q

experimental designs

A

between groups design: each experimental group is composed of different participants.
repeated measures: each participant in experiment is exposed to all conditions.

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53
Q

counterbalance

A

procedure in which order of conditions is varied so that no condition has an overall advantage.

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54
Q

internal validity

A

degree to which an experiment produces clear causal conclusions, high when no confounding variables.

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55
Q

external validity

A

degree which the results can be generalized to an entire population. To determine external validity the experiment is replicated to determine whether results are replicated

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56
Q

confounding variables

A

intertwining of independent variables with another, preventing participants to differentiate which variable is responsible for changes of behaviour.

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57
Q

placebo

A

inactive inert non pharmaceutical substance that patient believes to be helpful

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58
Q

placebo effects

A

change in behaviour that occurs because of the expectation or belief that one is receiving a treatment

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59
Q

experimenter expectancy effects

A

unintentional way an experimenter influences the subjects to behave in a way that confirms hypothesis

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60
Q

double blind procedure

A

mitigates experimenter expectancy effects by keeping experimenter and participants unaware of research condition each has been applied.

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61
Q

cross cultural replication

A

repeating a study tot see whether findings can be generalized across different cultures.

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62
Q

repeated measures

A

subjects measured 2+ times on dependent variable

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63
Q

demand characteristics

A

subject believing that they need to report a higher or lower number.

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64
Q

single blind study

A

only researcher knows which treatment is being applied to participants

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65
Q

Ethical standards

A
  • must be approved by the tri council policy for ethical conduct for researching humans
  • avoid harming participants
  • protect/promote welfare
  • ensure consent is given without coercion
  • complete disclosure must be given
  • informed consent must be given which persons involved with study must be informed of all possible risks
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66
Q

neurons

A

building block of nervous system, generate electricity, and release chemicals

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67
Q

dendrites

A

branching fivers that extend from the soma of a neuron and receive messages from adjacent neurons.

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68
Q

axon

A

extension from 1 side of the neuron cell body that conducts nerve impulses to other neurons muscles or glands.

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69
Q

glial cells

A

surround neuron and hold them in place, as well as manufacture and transport proteins

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70
Q

blood brain barrier

A

specialized timing of cells in the brains blood vessels that screen out foreign substances while nutrients pass through neurons

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71
Q

electrical activity of neurons

A
  1. ) neuron has electrical resting potential due to positive and negative charged ions in and out of cells
  2. ) when stimulated ions flow in and out of cell it reverses the electrical charge of resting potential producing action potential or nerve impulse.
  3. ) original distribution of ions is restored and neuron is again at rest and capable of being activated.
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72
Q

action potential

A

nerve impulse resulting from depolarization of axons cell membrane

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73
Q

depolarization

A

reversal of resting potential a neurons cell membrane produces that produces action potential

74
Q

absolute refractory period

A

time of recovery during which cell membrane is not excitable and cannot generate another action potential

75
Q

all or none law

A

action potential isn’t proportional to intensity of stimulation, neuron fires with full capacity or doesn’t fire at all

76
Q

action potential threshold

A

intensity of stimulation needed to produce an action potential -70 to -50 millivolts

77
Q

graded potential

A

change in the electrical potential of a neuron

78
Q

myelin sheath

A

fatty insulating substance on the axon of same neurons that increase the speed of neural transmission

79
Q

synaptic transmission

A

neuron communicates across a synapse requires impulse from 1 neuron to another

80
Q

synapse

A

microscopic space between neurons over which the nerve impulse is biochemically transmitted

81
Q

synaptic cleft

A

tiny gap between axon terminal of a neuron and dendrite on the next one

82
Q

neurotransmitters

A

substance released from axon of one neuron travelling across the synaptic space and bind to specially keyed receptors in another neuron to produce chemical reaction that is excitatory and inhibitory.

83
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

chambers within the axon terminal of a neuron and dendrite of the next one.

84
Q

receptor sites

A

protein molecules on neurons dendrites or some that are specially shaped to accomodate a specific neurotransmitter molecule

85
Q

reuptake

A

process where transmitter substances taken back into the presynaptic neuron so they don’t stimulate the postsynaptic neurons.

86
Q

specialized transmitter systems

A

neuromodulators are substances that are released by neurons and circulate within the nervous system to affect the sensitivity of many neurons to their natural transmitters substances

87
Q

sensory neurons

A

specialized neurons that cary messages from sense organs to spinal cord + brain

88
Q

motor neurons

A

specialized neurons that carry messages from the brain and the spinal cord to the muscles and glands

89
Q

interneurons

A

outnumber any other neuron and perform associate or integrate functions within the nervous system

90
Q

central nervous system

A

portion of the nervous system that involves the brain and spinal cord

91
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

all the neurons connect the central nervous system within the sensory receptors, the muscles, and the glands

92
Q

agonsists

A

increase activity of neurotransmitters and production, release and inhibiting reuptake

93
Q

antagonists

A

decrease activity of neurotransmitters, and blocks receptor sites so transmitters cant bind

94
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

information to and from the central nervous system somatic and autonomic nervous system are both apart of the PNS

95
Q

somatic nervous system

A

voluntary controls voluntary muscles and conveys sensory info to the CNS and messages to muscles, allows you to sense and respond to environment

96
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

controls involuntary life functions; heart rate ETC.
contains the sympathetic: arousal of body to confront stressor
contains the parasympathetic: calms body to conserve and restore status quo, to return to state of rest

97
Q

central nervous system

A

neural and basic life processes, spinal cord, and brain (forebrain-(cerebral cortex, limbic, thalamus, hypothalamus), midbrain- (reticular formation), hindbrain- (Pons, cerebellum, medula)

98
Q

neuropsychological test

A

measure verbal and non verbal behaviours used to evaluate people who’ve suffered brain damage. test memory, planning give indication of brain damage inflicted

99
Q

destruction or simulation technique

A

researchers can produce damage or stimulation via electrical impulses or heat, then study consequences

100
Q

Wilder Penfield

A

pioneered brain surgery with an awake interacting patient

101
Q

electroencephalogram

A

records electrical activity of thousands of neurons, can also use it to study event related potentials which measure neural response to specific events

102
Q

CT computerized tomography

A

x-ray to study structures, narrow slices of brain to from anatomical image

103
Q

PET position emission tophography

A

measures brain activity, person is injected with radioactive tracer which can be tracked to measure blood flow

104
Q

MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging

A

study brain structures, long magnetic cylinder exposes atoms in body to uniform magnetic field, provides colours images which can tell what chemicals are active in tissue

105
Q

fMRI functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

A

measures neural activity by detecting changes in magnetic response of hemoglobin

106
Q

HindBrain

A

Medulla-vital functions such as heart rate
Pons-bridge carries impulses between higher and lower levels of nervous system
Cerebellum-muscular movement co-ordination learning and imagery

107
Q

Midbrain

A

reticular formation- brains gatekeeper alerts higher centre of brain that messages are coming and block them or let them through.

108
Q

Forebrain (2 large cerebral hemispheres left and right wrap around brain stem)

A

Thalamus-
Ganglia-
Hypothalamus-
>and the limbic system

109
Q

Limbic system (memory and goal directed behaviour)

A

Hippocampus- forming/retrieving memories.

Amygdala-organizes emotional response patterns, particularly those linked to aggression and fear.

110
Q

nucleus accumbens

A

1 of the structures of the limbic involved in reward and motivation

111
Q

cerebral cortex

A
  • outermost layer of human brain essential to quality of living
  • 3 fissures that divide brain into left and right, hemispheres cerebrum into front and rear halves, and runs from front to rear along side of brain
112
Q

frontal

A
  • speech/skeletal motor functions
  • self awareness, planning and responsibility
  • emotional experience
113
Q

parietal

A

governs bodily functions

114
Q

temporal

A

brains visual area

115
Q

occipital

A

messages from auditory system are sent here

116
Q

motor cortex

A

controls 600+ muscles involved in voluntary body movements

117
Q

sensory cortex

A

certain areas receive input from receptors

118
Q

auditory area

A
  • on temporal lobe of each hemisphere for auditory

- occipital lobe has vision area

119
Q

Wernickes area

A

Temporal lobe, language comprehension,

120
Q

Brocas area

A

frontal lobe is necessary for speech production

121
Q

Association cortex

A

found in all lobes, highest level of mental functions involved here

122
Q

pre frontal cortex

A

mental abilities involving goal setting, judgement, strategic planning and impulse control allow people to direct their behaviour in adaptive fashion.

123
Q

corpus callosum

A

bridge that acts as a major link between both hemispheres allows them to function as a single unit

124
Q

lateralization

A

greater localization of a function in 1 hemisphere over the other.

  • language is lateralized to the left hemisphere
  • right handed people have left sphere dominance
125
Q

aphasia

A

loss to communicate

126
Q

right hemisphere

A

negative emotions

127
Q

left hemisphere

A

positive emotions

128
Q

plasticity/neural plasticity

A

neurons ability to change in structure and function, the effects of early experience on brain development.

129
Q

chromosomes

A

DNA coiled and partly covered by proteins

130
Q

genotype

A

specific genetic makeup of an individual

131
Q

phenotype

A

observable characteristics produces by genetic endowment

132
Q

genes

A

biological units of heredity on chromosomes

133
Q

alleles

A

alternate forms of genes which produce different characteristics

134
Q

dominant gene

A

pair from mom and dad, produces particular characteristics

135
Q

recessive gene

A

gene whos characteristics will be masked by a corresponding dominant gene

136
Q

polygenic gene

A

number of genes working together to create particular phenotypic characteristic

137
Q

epigenetic

A

change in gene function caused by external

environment

138
Q

genetic engineering

A

duplication and modification of genes (CRSPR efficiently deletes genes adds them rather new technique)

139
Q

behavioural genetics

A

studies genetic and environmental factor in psychological traits

140
Q

heritability coefficient

A

the exact degree of variation in a particular characteristic

141
Q

heredity

A

passage of characteristics from parents to offspring by way of genes

142
Q

adoption study

A

adopted people are compared on some characteristics compared the characteristics the genetic components might have

143
Q

twin study

A

identical or fraternal twins are compared on some characteristic

144
Q

reaction range

A

genetically influenced limits within environmental factors can exert their effects on an organism influenced by genetic inheritance

145
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

seeks to understand how behavioural tendencies have evolved in response to environment

146
Q

biologically based mechanism

A

receive input from environment, process and responds

147
Q

evolution

A

change in characteristics over several generations

148
Q

natural selection

A

evolutionary process in which characteristics that increase chance of survival are preserved in gene pool

149
Q

adaptations

A

allow organisms to meet recurring environmental challenges to increase reproductive ability

150
Q

evolution personality theory

A

attempt to account for traits in terms of evolutionary history of human species. traits thought to arise from natural selection.

151
Q

parental investments

A

effort time energy risk associated with caring for offspring

152
Q

polygny

A

1 male many females mates

153
Q

monogomous mating system

A

mating system where parents stay together until their young are self sufficient

154
Q

polyandry

A

1 female many male mates

155
Q

polygandry

A

mating system in which all members of a group mate with all members of a group

156
Q

altruism

A

occurs when an individual helps another but in doing so they accrue some cost

157
Q

genetic determinism

A

view that genes have invariant and unavoidable affects

158
Q

social darwinism

A

argues that the more fit are the most succesful and at the top of the social and economic ladder.

159
Q

aggresion

A

developed as means to protect ones self and ones mate

160
Q

longterm altruism

A

long term cooperation 1 individual may help another but that assistance will be reciprocated at some time in the future

161
Q

co operation

A

situations in which individuals help each other with no loss to either both gain some advantage

162
Q

theory

A

coherent explanation for a large number of facts and observations about the natural world

  1. )gather and give meaning
  2. )allows hypotheses
  3. ) supported by new research
  4. ) is parsimonious
163
Q

law

A

description of a natural phenomena on principal that invariably holds true under specific conditions

164
Q

standard deviation

A

quantity calculated to indicate the extent of a deviation fora group as a whole

  • 1 SD encompasses 68%
  • 2 SD encompasses 95%
  • 3 SD encompasses 99.7%
165
Q

p-value

A

probability of obtaining results as extreme as the observed results of a statistical hypothetical test assuming null is correct

166
Q

T-test

A

inferential statistic to determine if there is a significant difference between the means of 2 groups

167
Q

channels

A

are proteins that allow ions to pass through

168
Q

transporters

A

proteins that require energy to allow the passage of ions through

169
Q

resting potential

A

inside axon negatively charged, transports positive ions until balanced off

170
Q

depolarization

A

shift in electric charge distribution, resulting in less negative charge inside compared to outside

171
Q

repolarization

A

sodium stops flowing cell is reversed polarized, charge across membrane is restored

172
Q

Glutamate

A

excitory, learning/memory

173
Q

GABA

A

inhibitory, huntingtons disease

174
Q

acetylcholine

A

muscle, alzheimers

175
Q

dopamine

A

rewards, parkinsons

176
Q

seratonin

A

eating, depression, SSRI’s

177
Q

endorphins

A

inhibit pain signals, energizes

178
Q

sensory neurons

A

nerves cell outside central nervous system

179
Q

inter neurons

A

entirely maintained inside spinal cord

180
Q

afferent neuron

A

carries signals to the brain and spinal cord as sensory data

181
Q

efferent neuron

A

produces effect

psyco 104 (1 decks)

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