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Health psychology > MIDTERM 1 (Chapter 1,2,4) > Flashcards

MIDTERM 1 (Chapter 1,2,4) Flashcards

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1
Q

What is health

A

Positive and desired state of being
Involves bio-psychosocial processes
Occurs along a continuum

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2
Q

What is health psychology

A

Understanding the biopsychosocial influences on health and illness

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3
Q

4 missions

A

Promote and maintain health
Prevent and treat illness
Identify the causes of health and illness
Analyze and improve the health care system

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4
Q

Preventive medicine

A

Efforts to maintain well-being and offset of disease

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5
Q

Chronic disorder

A

Persist or worsen over time

Over 3 months

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6
Q

Acute disorder

A

Abrupt onset and short duration

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7
Q

Identifying the causes

A

Identifying the biopsychosocial factors that put people at risk

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8
Q

Etiology

A

Causes of disease

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9
Q

Epidemiology

A

Factors occurring most often with a disease

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10
Q

Improve the health care system

A

Analyze how changes in the delivery of health could improve the lives of patients

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11
Q

Components of the biopsychosocial model

A

Biology
Psychology
Social context

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12
Q

Biopsychosocial model

A

Consider the interactions between these processes for health and illness

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13
Q

Risk genes

A

May increase the likelihood that we will develop the disease but they don’t cause directly the disease
APOE-e4 gene (25% more likely if we have this gene)

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14
Q

Deterministic gene

A

Genes that actually cause the disease to develop

HTT gene mutation

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15
Q

Systems theory

A

Concept of the body as a system governed by many different factors
Input - Processing - Output

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16
Q

Objective

A

Assessment of health from observable measures

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17
Q

Subjective

A

How individuals evaluate their own health status

Health is BOTH a subjective and objective experience because of interindividual differences

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18
Q

Health around the world

A

BPS model encourages a global health approach
Improve health and achieve more equal outcomes, and highlights areas to improve
Examine the differences in the experience of health
Helps overcome the ethnocentric views (discrimination)

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19
Q

Countries

A

Developed countries are wealthy

Underdeveloped countries are less wealthy (lower level of material well-being)

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20
Q

Health disparities

A

Differences in overall health, access to the quality health care system

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21
Q

Social determinants of health

A 
Social and community context
Economic stability
Education
Neighborhood and built environment 
Health and health care
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22
Q

2267-2648 BC

A

Imhotep
Physician of a pharaoh
Healing god

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23
Q

1550-1536 BC

A

Ebers Papyrus attributes illness to supernatural causes

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24
Q

460-370 BC

A

Hippocrates argued that disease is not divine punishment

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25
Q

129 BC-200 AD

A

Galen connected spinal cord damage and paralysis
In force for the next 14 centuries
Humoral theory: body fluids are very important to regulate emotions (blood, yellow bile, black bile, phlegm)

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26
Q

14th century

A

Bubonic plague
Poor sanitation
Beliefs that health is focused on superstition
Illness results from the sins of the soul
Relief through meditation, prayers, trepaning, exorcism

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27
Q

14-15th century

A

Renaissance with renewed interest for science (da Vinci, Paré, Versalius)
The germ theory of disease attributed the disease to microorganisms (van Leeuwenhoek)

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28
Q

17th century

A

Descartes set apart mind and body
Discovery of antibiotics and vaccines
Penicillin by Flemming
Polio vaccine by Salk

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29
Q

Late 19th century

A

Dualism of mind and body created a division in healing

Freud unites mind and body in a belief in holism (everything works as a whole)

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30
Q

19th-20th century

A

Freud: discovered therapeutic influence of talk therapy, the basis of psychoanalysis
Psychosomatic medicine: the relationship between mind and body in disease

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31
Q

1930

A

American Psychosomatic Society

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32
Q

Lessons

A

HP follows the history of medicine
HP is based on belief in the mind-body link
Beliefs tied to HP can only be understood in the context of time and place

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33
Q

Why are we living longer

A 
Current life expectancy of 29 y.o.
Treating acute and infectious diseases
Managing chronic illness to preserve a quality of life
Medical advancements
Riskier lifestyle choices
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34
Q

Evidence-based practice

A

Evidence-based science
Conscientious use the best current scientific evidence
Applied to health-related decisions making

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35
Q

What is included in evidence-based practice

A

Best research evidence
Clinical expertise
Patient values and preferences

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36
Q

Theory

A

Set of ideas that explain the world in which we live

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37
Q

Hypotheses

A

Statements that can best be tested to determine if the theory is supported

38
Q

Epidemiology

A

Field concerned with gathering data on health-related issues
First developed to discover causes of contagious diseases
Now also includes chronic conditions

39
Q

Mortality rate

A

Number of deaths

40
Q

Risk factors

A

Variable associated with an increased risk of disease

Try to reduce the risks

41
Q

Morbidity

A

State of being unhealthy

42
Q

Incidence

A

Number of new cases at a given time

43
Q

Prevalence

A

Total number of cases at a given time

44
Q

Lifetime prevalence

A

The proportion of the population that has, at some point in their lives, had the condition

45
Q

Surveillance

A

Gathers detailed information about health by assessing the magnitude of a problem
Descriptive and Analytic studies

46
Q

Research methodology

A

Quantitative data are gathered through carefully designed examination
Discrete and continuous data

47
Q

Quantitative research

A

Gathered through designed examination

48
Q

Qualitative research

A

Gathered through observations and open questions

49
Q

Correlational research

A 
Aims to find linkages between variables 
Correlation coefficient (r) to quantify that link
Statistical relationship
50
Q

Correlation and causation

A

Only when

  1. Predictor variable and outcome variable are related (covariation)
  2. Predictor variable precedes the outcome in time (temporal precedence)
  3. No plausible alternative explanation (nonspurious relationship)
51
Q

Independent variable

A

Factors that researchers manipulate across different groups of conditions within the experiment
Predictor variables

52
Q

Dependent variable

A

Observed outcomes that researchers measure

Outcome variables

53
Q

Experimental research

A

Direct manipulation of the variables within a carefully controlled experimental condition
Experimental and control group
Random assignment
Measure outcomes for both groups

54
Q

Quasi-experimental research

A

Less complete control
No random assignement
Comparaison group

55
Q

Experimental protocol

A

Detailed plan of study
Baseline, random assignment to conditions, experimental or control condition, outcome measured, differences due to treatment

56
Q

Blind experiments

A

Patients are unaware of which treatment they are receiving

57
Q

Double-blind experiment

A

No one involved knows of the assigned experimental conditions

58
Q

Developmental studies

A

How age or developmental stage relates to some outcomes

59
Q

Cross-sectional studies

A

Compare groups of people at one point of time

Cross-cultural

60
Q

Longitudinal studies

A

Follow individuals through their lifespan
Prospective (through time) and retrospective (backward through time) studies
A lot of data, expensive, hard to follow individual through time

61
Q

Sequential

A

Mix of both

62
Q

Social genomics

A

Aims to understand genetic, chemical, hormonal, and neural mechanisms
Uses complex technologies and methodologies to examine the reciprocal interactions between biological and social-cognitive characteristics

63
Q

Epigenetics

A

Only a small portion of a gene is expressed

Influence of body and mind

64
Q

Microbiome

A

We all have a unique microbiome and the microbiota within are constantly in flux
Within the gut live microorganisms that contain genetic information referred to as the microbiome

65
Q

Microbiota

A

Contained within the microbiome and form part of the microbiota-gut-brain axis

66
Q

Ethics of experiments

A

Must receive approval from Institutional Review Board

The review process was instituted due to past harm and endangerment of participants (Tuskegee Syphilis experiment)

67
Q

Current issues of experiments

A

Replicability crisis: scientific fraud, falsified data, failure to replicate studies
Need to facilitate full disclosure of and access to methods, data, and findings

68
Q

Health-enhancing behaviors

A

Behaviors that maintain and promote good health, well-being, and longevity
Self-efficacy focuses on what one can do, not one cannot

69
Q

Healthy eating

A

Maintains or improves your health
Protects against malnutrition
May decrease risks for chronic diseases
Some consensus about healthy eating, but no one size fits all

70
Q

Good eating habits

A
  1. Try to burn as much energy as you eat, eat as much energy you burn
  2. Increase consumption of plant foods
  3. Limit intake of fats, avoid saturated fats, prefer unsaturated fats, eliminate trans fats
  4. Limit intake of granulated sugar
  5. Limit salt consumption, prefer iodized salt
  6. Limit alcohol consumption
71
Q

Carbs

A

Complex: not processed, harder to digest, healthy foods, more nutrients
Simple: processed, easier to digest, unhealthy foods

72
Q

Food recommendation

A 
Balanced and varied 
Increase in fruit and veggies
Increase in complex carbs
Decrease in fats 
Decrease in sugar
Decrease in sodium
73
Q

Malnutrition

A

Food scarcity
Limited food security
Causes more than a third of deaths in childhood developing countries
Fast-food over-consumption in developing countries

74
Q

Obesity

A

Genetic factor: heritability estimated at 40-70%
Environmental contribution: consumption of high caloric foods, sugar-rich foods and drinks
Linked to health problems: cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, cancer

75
Q

Body mass index

A

Measure of body fat based on weight and height
Weight x 703 divided by height 2
Not a good indicator because differences in body shape and doesn’t distinguish fat distribution
Waits-hip ration

76
Q

Factors of influence for weight

A 
Thrifty gene hypothesis
Genetic component
Age-related changes in metabolism
Eating habits
Big-five personality traits
77
Q

Thrifty gene hypothesis

A

Evolutionary perspective
Store fat more easily for survival (cytokines) with sex differences
Women: hips, thighs, buttocks
Men: abdomen, upper body

78
Q

Genetic component

A 
Heritability 40-70%
Gene polymorphisms (involved in the regulation of appetite, satiety, energy expenditure, weight)
79
Q

Eating habits

A

Intuitive eaters (most optimal type of eating, better health outcomes)
Restrained eaters restrain their eating
External eaters eat in response to food cues
Emotional eaters tend to eat in response to negative emotions

80
Q

Big-five Personality traits

A

Neophobia

Emotionality

81
Q

Self-control

A

Ability to control one’s desire, emotions and behaviors

82
Q

Self-efficacy

A

Belief in one’s ability to succeed

83
Q

Eating biology

A

Preference for sweet and salty foods is a genetic predisposition that is shaped by experiences
Sweet comes first as a newborn (breast milk is sweet)
Salty comes with solid eating
Heritability component (twin studies and sugar)
Needs vary depending on an individual’s basal metabolic rate

84
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Neural appetite center
GI tract, adipose tissue, stomach
Ghrelin: hunger hormone (signal that we are hungry, excitatory)
Insulin: help breaks down sugar (inhibitory)
Leptin: suppressant (inhibitory)

85
Q

Physical exercise

A

Physical inactivity costs a lot in health care and lost productivity
Important to maintain a certain level of aerobic and resistance training

86
Q

Benefits of exercise

A

Decreases depression and stress
Increases chances of living longer
Increases energy and self-esteem
Promotes better sleep
Improves cardiovascular, respiratory, and immune functioning
Reduces body fat, overweight, and obesity
Builds endurance and strong bones, muscles, and joints
Conditions heart and lungs

87
Q

Lack of physical exercise

A

2 hours per day sitting around can increase the chance of having heart problems
Lifestyle choices are key
Various barriers to exercise reported

88
Q

Sleep

A

About 7-8 hours per night

Sleep debt: potential deleterious consequences of suboptimal sleep

89
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

Biological cycles that carry us from night to day, and day to night
Cortisol and melatonin

90
Q

Sleep stages

A

Light transitional sleep: voluntary muscles relax
More stable sleep: body temperature drops, heart rate slows, sleep spindle occurs
Deep sleep: tissue repair occurs
REM sleep: memory is revitalized, dreams occur

91
Q

Sleep hygiene

A 
Maintain a consistent bedtime schedule 
Avoid screens
Limit alcohol
Avoid eating before bed 
Comfortable room temperature
Exercise during the day 
Limit decision making
Unwind
92
Q

Other healthy behaviors

A 
Reduce tobacco use
Screening for breast cancer or colorectal cancer at 40-50 y.o. 
Preventive health practices
Increase sun protection
Increase seat-belt use 
Safe(r) sex

Health psychology (1 decks)

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