Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AS101 > midterm 1 (ch 1-3) > Flashcards

midterm 1 (ch 1-3) Flashcards

1
Q

Constellation

A
  • The region of the sky containing the star pattern
  • Not a group of star but rather a section of sky, all stars in this section belongs to the constellation
  • Stars could be moving in opposite direction and could be very far apart but are named because that’s how they appear to us
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Asterism

A
  • A named grouping of stars that is not one of the recognized constellations, due to boundaries crossing into starts
  • The Big Dipper is an asterism. The Great Square of Pegasus is also an asterism.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Greek letters - star brightness

A

α- the brightest star
β- the second brightest star
γ- the third brightest star

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Paradoxical entity

A

There is no end to space, more and more paradoxical as we expand out of space, defying the laws of physics, universe is finite with no boundaries, even if vehicle was speed of light, never would encounter an end or walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Where are you and the earth in universe?

A

Need to understand the laws of physics, gravity and paradoxical entity to understand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Planck Length

A

Lpl = 1.61619926 x 10^-35 m or 100 billion billion times smaller than an elementary particle!!, limit of physics, stops at this

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Milky Way length

A

lMW = the milky way is about 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 km =10^21 m

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Field of View and Astronomical Universe

A
  • Field of view is by 10 x 10, seeing things as 10x farther
  • Used to distinguish objects
  • Larger than the previous square in the same direction on the celestial sphere.
  • As an angular area viewed by the instrument, in the units of square degrees, or for higher magnification instruments, in square arc-minutes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Diameter of Earth

A

13,000 km

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Each Degree of Earth

A

11.132 km

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Earth Rotation

A

Earth rotates West to east, from the sunset line to darkness (sunsets), seems as if it rotates east to west

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The diameter of the Moon

A

3500 km

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Distance From Moon to Earth

A

380,000km

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Astronomical Unit (AU)

A

1AU= 150 000 000km (the distance from the sun to earth)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Au from Sun to Mercury

A

0.387 AU

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Au from Sun to Venus

A

0.723 AU

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Au from sun to Earth

A

1.0 AU

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Au from the sun to Mars

A

1.524 AU

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Au from the sun to Jupiter

A

5.203 AU

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Au from the sun to Saturn

A

9.523 AU

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Au from the sun to Uranus

A

19.208 AU

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Au from the sun to Neptune

A

30.087 AU

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Au from the Sun to Pluto

A

39.746 AU

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Earth is _____ AU

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

1 light year = ______ AU

A

63240

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Stars and Projection

A

Way stars are projected onto the sky isn’t an accurate depiction of their location, even at 11000 AU difficult to grasp, 2D image

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Why isn’t AU constant?

A

Increases at 0.045/ cy, may be due to= expansion of universe, loss of solar mass, loss of electromagnetic radiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

The α Centauri System

A

The (α Centauri) is the brightest star in the southern constellations of Centarus, nearest to the sun, 4.2 ly from earth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

The Sun’s Closest Neighbors

A

α Centauri (Alpha Centauri)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Our Milky Way Galaxy

A
  • It contains 100 x 10^ 9 starsIt has a diameter of 80,000 ly = 8.0 x 10 ^4 ly x 63240 AU/ly = 5.06 x10 ^9 AU
  • It is typical galaxy but in many respects larger than most-our galaxy is close to the age of the universe
  • Our galaxy is a part of a cluster of other galaxies called local group which contains 55 other dwarf, spiral and other galaxies
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Local Group

A

Cluster of galaxies, different types of galaxies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Super Clusters

A

Grouping of local group can also be in clusters of clusters, linked to form long filaments and walls, largest structure in universe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Galactic Superclusters

A

Larger clusters of superclusters, ex; andromeda galaxy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Filaments and Walls

A

Neuron and filament similarities, similar micro and macro filaments from different galaxies, connected through macro and micro, Filaments between galactic superclusters Pisces-Perseus filament of galaxies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Hubble Telescope

A
  • Can see the filaments connecting two galaxies unifying them, possible it transforms energy, it’s possible galaxies are randomly distributed based on structure, fluctuations and situate them in certain areas of space and time continuum
  • May be based on density
  • Giant but delicate filaments shaped by a strong magnetic field around the active galaxy NGC 1275
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Voids

A
  • Empty space between filament, no distribution, very few or no galaxies
  • Cosmic voids are the vast empty spaces between filaments (the largest scale structures in the universe), which contain very few, or no, galaxies
  • Voids typically have a diameter of 11 to 150 megaparsecs; –lack of superclusters are sometimes called “supervoids”. —Voids located in high-density environments are smaller than voids situated in low density spaces of the universe.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

The Bootes Void

A

-The Bootes supercluster are famous mainly because they lie next to(and slightly behind) the Bootes Void.- one of the first to be discovered, most famous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Filament Walls in Voids

A
  • Puzzling about filaments, wall and voids we have come to the frontier of the human knowledge
  • We are at the limits of possible observation of our universe
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How Far Can We See?

A
  • We cannot see more that 13.8 billion light years

- Light that is farther away has not yet reach us

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Cosmic Calendar

A
  • Important to understand age of the universe (not known)
  • How much universe is expanding
  • Time is important
  • Believe that’s it’s possible this calendar wasnt enough time for the universe to form
  • Gravity and atoms work together to make stars
  • Equivalent to the archeology of the universe
  • Objects observed appear the way they looked thousands or millions and billions light years ago
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Big Bang

A

13.8 billion years ago, could be start of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Cosmic Calendar was Devised by the Astronomer Carl Sagen

A
  • In this calendar the big bang happened precisely at midnight of january the 1st
  • In January or t=0 the big bang takes place
  • February to early march the milky way beings to form, which makes it one of the oldest galaxies
  • There is debate about that but, new observational data place it in the domain of 13 billion years
  • Around mid-august the solar system starts to form, and by the end of september primitive life exists on the earth
  • And until mid- december complex living structures such as invertebrate structures start forming, and until december 25th dinosaurs and ended on december 30th of the cosmic calendar
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Solar System

A

Consists of sun, family of planets and smaller bodies (moons, asteroids and comets)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Star

A

-Ex; sun, self luminous ball of hot gas that generates its own energy, 110x larger than earth-held together by own gravity and supported pressure of it hot gasses, generates energy through nuclear fusion-gas between stars is filled with gas that forms new stars-sun formed 5 billion years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

How long does light from the sun take to reach Earth vs pluto and neptune?

A

takes 8 mins than hours to reach pluto and neptune

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Light Years

A

Light travels in a year (distance), roughly 10^13 or 63000 AU

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Galaxy

A

Cloud of stars, gas, dust, star clusters and nebulae bound together by combined gravity of all matter, orbiting common center of mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Milky Way

A

Hazy band of light that circles our sky, produced by glow of our galaxy seen as a cloudy bind of stars in our sky

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Milky Way Galaxy

A

Our galaxy containing our sun, visible at night as milky way, one of the oldest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Spiral Arms

A

Long spiral pattern of bright stars, star cluster, gas and dust, they extend from center to the edge of the disk of spiral galaxies, wind outward like a disk, ours is approx 80 000 ly in diameter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Andrew Mckellar

A

First to find existence of matter in space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Which of the following sequences objects is in the correct order of increasing distance?

Venus, Saturn, Moon, Andromeda galaxy, Polaris

Moon, Venus, Saturn, Polaris, Andromeda galaxy

Polaris, Andromeda galaxy, Moon, Saturn, Venus

Andromeda galaxy, Saturn, Venus, Polaris, Moon

A

Moon, Venus, Saturn, Polaris, Andromeda galaxy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Today the age of the universe is estimated in 13,700,000,000 years

  1. 37×10^6y
  2. 37×10^7y
  3. 37×10^8y
  4. 37×10^9y
A

1.37×10^9y

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Which statement best describes the Milky Way Galaxy?

It is a spiral galaxy

It is comprised of several smaller galaxies

It is about 1,000 light-years in diameter

It is type of supercluster

A

It is a spiral galaxy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What is the implication if the distance to the nearest star is 4.2 light-years?

The star is 4.2 million AU away

The light we see left the star 4.2 years ago

The star must be very old

The star must be very young

A

The light we see left the star 4.2 years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

If we say that an object is 1,000 light-years away, how does that affect how we see it?

We see it as it looked 1,000 years ago

We see it as it would appear to our ancestors 1,000 years ago

We see it as it looked 1,000 light-years ago

We see it as it is right now, but it appears 1,000 times dimmer

A

We see it as it looked 1,000 years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What is the average distance from Earth to the Sun?

A

1 AU

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

How is a planet different from a star?

Planets are larger than stars.

Planets reflect light, while stars produce their own light.

Stars move faster in the sky than planets.

Planets are brighter than stars.

A

Planets reflect light, while stars produce their own light.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Which of the following is the smallest?

Size of a typical planet

1 AU

1 light-year

Size of a typical galaxy

A

Size of a typical planet

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What is 1.95 billion the same as? Question options:

  1. 95 × 10^12
  2. 95 × 10^9
  3. 95 × 10^6
  4. 95 × 10^5
A

1.95 × 10^9

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

It takes light 1.3 seconds to travel from the Moon to Earth and 8 minutes for light to travel from the Sun to Earth. Which of the following statements is true?

The Sun is 6.2 times farther from
Earth than the Moon

The Sun is 10 times farther from Earth than the Moon

The Sun is 370 times farther from Earth than the Moon

The Sun is 0.10 times farther from Earth than the Moon

A

The Sun is 370 times farther from Earth than the Moon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

How long does it take for light to travel from the Sun to Neptune?

Several seconds

Several minutes

Several hours

Several weeks

A

Several hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

The speed of light is 3.0×105 km/s, and it takes 1.3 seconds for light to travel from the Moon to Earth. Based on this information, what is the distance from the Earth to the Moon?

390,000 km

230,000 km

  1. 9 km
  2. 3 km
A

390,000 km

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Where is Polaris located?

A

The Solar system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

The nearest star to our solar system is alpha Centauri at 4.0x 10^16 m (4.3 ly away). The diameter of the sun is 1.4 x 10^9 m.
How many suns would it take to line up adjacent to each other in order to reach alpha Centauri?

  1. 9 x 10^6
  2. 8 x 10^25
  3. 8 x 10^7
A

2.8 x 10^7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

There approximately 100 billion stars in our galaxy. If there 100 billion observable galaxies in our universe, what is a reasonable estimate for the total number ion the universe?

  1. 0 x 10^22
  2. 0 x 10^20
  3. 5 x 10^15
  4. 0 x 10^24
A

1.0 x 10^22

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

The distance to a supercluster galaxy might be…

100 Mpc

10 Kpc

120 Ly

10 AU

A

100 Mpc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Approximately 100 Earths would fit inside Jupiter. This Jupiter’s radius must be …………….times larger that Earth’s radius.

100

12

10

1000

A

10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

A spherical particle in the ring of Saturn has radius of about 1m. The surface area of the particle in the area of radiation flow is…

125 m^2

  1. 14 m^2
  2. 6 m^2

14 m^2

A

3.14 m^2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

If the landing lights in Denver airport were switched on, then in one second these photons travel to:

New York (1580 km)

Alpha Centauri (40,000,000,000 000 km)

The Sun(150,000,000 km)

Moon (384,000 km)

A

Moon (384,000 km)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Sirius the brightest star in the sky is about 9 ly away. If the speed of light became half of its present value, how far would Sirius be?

9 ly

18 ly

4.5 ly

32 ly

18 ly

A

18ly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

The Andromeda galaxy is about 2,000,000 ly away. Therefore light started its travel…

1,000,000y

2,000,000y

Just a second ago

Can’t be determined

A

2,000,000y

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

What is 5.7×107 the same as?

5.7 million

57 thousand

570 thousand

57 million

A

57 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

If the distance from the Sun to the Earth is represented by roughly 15 metres, then what would the distance from the Earth to the Moon on the same scale be?

About 30 metres

About 10 metres

About 1 metre

Smaller than the width of your hand

A

Smaller than the width of your hand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Approximately how many times larger than the diameter of a typical planet (the Earth) is the diameter of a typical star (the Sun)?

10 times

100 times

1000 times

10,000 times

A

100 times

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

What does the Solar System contain?

The Sun, its planets, and some smaller bodies

The Sun, galaxies, planets, and stars

The Sun, planets, moons, and stars

The Sun, planets, asteroids, and galaxies

A

The Sun, its planets, and some smaller bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

What is the approximate diameter of the Earth?

1 AU

13,000 light-years

13,000 kilometres

1,000,000 kilometres

A

13,000 kilometres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

Which of the following is no longer considered a major planet?

Mercury

Uranus

Pluto

Saturn

A

Pluto

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

The Stars

A
  • The great square of pegasus is the boundary between andromeda and pegasus constellation boundaries, black square is the boundaries of the star
  • Have coordinated for stars and numbers to find them
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Brightness of the Stars can measure brightness using what scale?

A

the magnitude scale, based on astronomical scale

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Magnitude Scale of Stars

A
  • (+) numbers >5 represent objects fainter than the human eye can see
  • (-) numbers = brightest stars
  • larger the magnitude fainter the star
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

How many times brighter are 1st magnitude stars than sixth magnitude stars?

A

100 x

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

Hipparchus from rhodes (190-120 BCE) was the first to what?

A

catalogue stars by their brightness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

Ptolemy (140 CE) used what system?

A

the magnitude system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

Star Brightness has nothing to do with___

A

angular size rather related to intensity of light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

Apparent Visual Magnitude (mv)

A

A measure of the brightness of a star as seen by human eyes on Earth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

Celestial Sphere

A

An imaginary sphere of a very large radius surrounding earth which celestial object seems to be attached to, planets, star and moon attached, model of sky

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

Flux

A

A measure of the flow of the energy out of a surface., flaux is the amount of energy crossing a unit area in a unit time, unit area perpendicular to direction of photons, flaux is how much luminous an area in a unit time (F = L/4πr^2)-measure of light from a star that hits one square meter in one second

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

Limitation to Magnitude Scales

A
  • Only studies visible light not ultraviolent

- Only studies magnitude seen from earth not actual brightness since distance is not accounted for

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

_________ motion of sky is due to ________ movement of earth

A

Westward (WW)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

Astronomical distance are measured in ______

A

degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

Scientific Model

A

A concept that helps one think about some aspect of nature but is not necessarily true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

NCP

A

Always appears at the latitudes of 0 latitude of observer, from where you are you can find north celestial depending distance of where you are, they are equal, distance= north celestial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

Zenith

A

The in the sky directly above the observer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

Nadir

A

The point on celestial sphere directly below the observer; opposite of zenith, has 90 degrees from plane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

Circumpolar Stars

A

Those that never rise or set, located on the poll in line, 34 km latitude = 34 km above

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

celestial equator

A

touches the horizon @ east and west points

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

Where are the celestial poles located?

A

directly above Earth’s north and south poles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

Rotation

A

Motion around an axis passing through a rotating body.Ex. rotation of Earth (day and night)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

Revolution

A

Orbital motion about a point located outside the orbiting body.Ex: Revolution of Earth around the sun (yearly cycle)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

what is Procession?

A
  • Slow change in the orientation of earth axis of rotation of gravity induced
  • Is a phenomena.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

how long is the precession cycle?

A

26000 years discovered by Hipparchus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

North celestial pole locations

A
  • near the star Thuban 4800 years ago
  • closest to polaris in 2100
  • near vega in 12 000 years
  • near Deneb in 8,000 years
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

What are the Two Motions of Earth?

A

Daily spinning motion and precession

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

Earth Axis Tilt

A

23.4 degrees

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

Ecliptic

A

Eastward motion of sun, the projection of Earth’s orbit on celestial sphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

Angular distance

A

the angle between the lines extending from your eye to the two objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

Arc second

A

1/60th of an arc minute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

Arc minute

A

1/60th of a degree

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

angular diameter

A

the angular distance form one edge to the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

the sun and moon are _____ in diameter

A

half a degree

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

Earth’s Bulge

A

Bulge in the middle, gravity of sun and moon both pull on bulge causing earth’s axis to twist upright relative to its orbit which causes earth precession and celestial poles and equator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

Cycle of the Sun

A

Go around the continuum of a point, will point to a different constellation, if you draw a line from earth through the sun and out then the plane will move, If you draw a line from the earth through the sun it will point to a different constellation, on the first of the month

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

Seasons are not caused by _____________________.

A

variation in the distance between earth and sun

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

Seasons are caused by ____________________.

A

the amount of solar energy that Earth’s northern and southern hemispheres recieve @ different times of the year from the tip of earth’s equator and axis relative to its orbit.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

(ecliptic) the apparent path of the sun around the sky

A

1TW = 10^12 W

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

Rotation of Sun

A

Sun appears to move west to east on celestial sphere, but from east to west is the movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
118
Q

Celestial Equator

A

Imaginary line around the sky directly about the earth equator, located at two points, projection of earth equator on sky

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
119
Q

What are the two point on the Celestial Equator?

A

Vernal Equinox (March 20 Spring Begins)Autumnal Equinox (September 22 Fall Begins)

120
Q

What are the four points on the ecliptic rotation of the Sun?

A
  • Summer Solstice (highest point)
  • Winter Solstice
  • Vernal Equinox
  • Autumnal Equinox
121
Q

vernal equinox

A

sun crosses celestial equator going northward

122
Q

summer solstice (June 22)

A

sun is at its farthest north

-Sun striking the ground at a steep angle spreads out less than light striking the ground @ a shallow angle

123
Q

Autumnal equinox

A

sun crosses the celestial equator going southward

124
Q

winter solstice (Dec 21)

A

sun reaches its most southern point

-strikes northern latitudes at a much steeper angle and spreads out

125
Q

Two Reasons For Cold Winters In the Northern Hemisphere

A
  • Winter sunlight is more spread out as the noon winter sun is lower in the sky than in the summer
  • The summer sun rises in the northeast and sets in the north west spending more than 12 hours in the sky whereas the winter sun rises in the southeast and sets in the southwest spending less than 12 hours in the sky
126
Q

perihelion

A

earth is at its closest point to the sun (1.7 %)

127
Q

aphelion

A

its most distant point from the sun (1.7 %)

128
Q

Cycles of the moon ( 3 important points)

A
  1. The moon always keeps the same side facing the Earth.
    2 .The changing shape of the moon as it passes through its cycle of phases is produced by sunlight illuminating different parts of the side of the moon as seen by an observer, due to different position of the sun and moon, results in different faces on earth, all depends on long and lat of observer
  2. The orbital period of the moon around Earth is not the same as the length of a moon phase cycle
129
Q

How much does the earth move every night?

A

0.5 degrees

130
Q

How much does the moon move each night?

A

13 degrees

131
Q

How far is the moon from Earth?

A

46 000 km

132
Q

How does the moon move across sky?

A
  • Always appear in the west, the more it changes, the more light we see from the moon, rises when the sun goes down, First half as moon grows from new to full (1-14), moon is said to wax, second half as moon shrinks from full to new, it’s said to wane. (14-28)-moves from west to east in sky
  • Orbits eastward around earth
133
Q

When new moon starts.

A

Sun and new moon are at the same point, continue separate and meet back, no moon is seen

134
Q

Dark Side of the Moon

A

There is no ‘dark side’ of the moon, all parts of the moon experience day and night in a month long cycle.

135
Q

Solar Eclipses

A

Sun is eclipsed (hidden) and the moon is blocking (angular sizes are the same), lasts less that 5 minutes due moon moving faster

136
Q

Umbra

A

The region of a shadow is totally shadowed

137
Q

Penumbra

A

Portion of a shadow that is only partially shaded

138
Q

Annular

A

Moon crosses in front of sun but too small to fully cover, small ring still seen, not dark, if moon is in farther part of its orbit during totality, diameter will be less than diameter of sun

139
Q

Lunar Eclipse

A
  • The Darkening of the moon when it moves through the Earth’s shadows.
  • The moons darkens and turns copper-red because of sunlight refracted through Earth’s atmosphere.
  • Lunar Eclipses always occur at full moon but not at every full moon
140
Q

Saros Cycles

A

An 18 year, 111/3 day period, after which the pattern of lunar and solar eclipses repeats.

141
Q

Perigee

A

close distance in regards the moons orbit around the earth

-365.4 km

142
Q

Apogee

A

Farthest distance of 406.7 km

143
Q

Declination δ

A
  • (degrees) the angular north
  • south distance measures from the celestial equator., latitude, above equator is positive, measured from celestial equator, positive is north, negative is south, capella is half way
144
Q

Right Ascension α

A

(Hours, minutes, seconds)

  • The angular east
  • west distance measured from the vernal equinox., longitude, from 0-24 hours, capella is 17 minutes
145
Q

Day corresponds to

A

Lunar phase period

146
Q

Year corresponds to

A

Sun rotation, one year= one full rotation

147
Q

Solar Day

A

The average time between successive crossings of the sun on the local meridian (24 hours)

148
Q

Sidereal Day

A

The time between successive crossings of any star on the local meridian (23 hours, 56 minutes, and 4.09 seconds)

149
Q

Synodic Month

A

The time for a complete lunar phase (about 29.5 days)

150
Q

Sidereal Month

A

The time for the moon to orbit Earth once relative to any star (about 27.3 days)

151
Q

Tropical (Solar) Year

A

Time between successive spring (autumnal) equinoxes

152
Q

Sidereal Year

A

The time for Earth to complete one full orbit around the sun relative to any star.

153
Q

Apparent Solar Time

A
  • Time measured by the location of the sun in the local sky such that
  • Noon occurs when the Sun crosses the meridian-sun position relative to our local meridian
  • Meridian = noon
154
Q

How much does earth move every day?

A

1 degree

155
Q

Tropical Year (DAYS)

A

→ 365.25 Days minus 11 minutes (due to the precession of equinoxes)

156
Q

The Egyptian Concept

A

365 days/year

157
Q

Which of the following definitions best describes a constellation?

A region of the sky containing a certain star pattern

The dividing line between the north and south celestial hemispheres

A group of very faint stars

A group of very bright stars

A

a region of the sky containing a certain star pattern

158
Q

Which of the following best describes the Big Dipper?

An asterism

A constellation

A faint star near Polaris

The North Star

A

An asterism

159
Q

What do stars in the same constellation have in common?

They must be part of the same cluster of stars in space

They must have been discovered at about the same time

They are in the same part of the sky as seen from the Earth

They probably formed at the same time

A

They are in the same part of the sky as seen from the Earth

160
Q

What languages do the standard constellation names come from?

Greek and Latin

Greek and Arabic

Arabic and Sanskrit

Latin and Arabic

A

Greek and Arabic

161
Q

Which star would appear brightest to an observer on Earth?

δ Dra 3.07

α Cet 2.53

Nim 8.07

α CMa -1.46

A

α CMa -1.46

162
Q

What causes the precession of the Earth’s rotation axis?

The force of gravity from the Sun and Moon on the Earth’s equatorial bulge

The magnetic field of the Earth

The impacts of asteroids

The force of gravity from the Sun and Jupiter on the Earth-Moon system

A

The force of gravity from the Sun and Moon on the Earth’s equatorial bulge

163
Q

The Earth revolves in a counter clockwise direction around the sun at about 1 deg/day (360 deg and 365 days). Then this motion makes the sun to appear moving

Not at all-the sun does not appear to move

1 deg per day westward

1 deg per day eastward

15 deg per day eastward

15 deg per day westward

A

1 deg per day eastward

164
Q

A person in Nashville , TN observes Venus in the western part of the horizon. Six hours later Venus will be

High in the south

Low in the south

Not visible

Nearly overhead

A

Not visible

165
Q

A person in Denver Colorado observes Jupiter in the eastern horizon right after the sunset. Where would the planet be after six hours?

Low in the west

Nearly overhead

Not visible

High in the south

Low in the south

A

Low in the south

166
Q

Where is an observer’s nadir?

The point directly opposite the observer’s zenith

The north point on the observer’s horizon

The point directly opposite the north celestial pole

The east point on the observer’s horizon

A

The point directly opposite the observer’s zenith

167
Q

If the apparent visual magnitude of a star is 7.3, what does this tell us about the brightness of the star?

It is not visible with the unaided eye

It appears faint because of its great distance from the Earth

It is one of the brighter stars in the sky

It is bright enough that it would be visible even during the day

A

It is not visible with the unaided eye

168
Q

The star Vega has an apparent visual magnitude of 0.03 and the star HR 4374 has an apparent visual magnitude of 4.87. It has been determined that both stars are at the same distance from the Earth. What does this information tell us about the two stars?

Vega must produce more energy per second than HR 4374

Together the two stars would have a magnitude of 4.9Vega will appear fainter to us than HR 4374

Vega must produce less energy per second than HR 4374

A

Vega must produce more energy per second than HR 4374

169
Q

Which of the following is equivalent to one-3,600th of a degree?

Minute of arc

Precession

Second of arc

Angular diameter

A

Second of arc

170
Q

What is the term for the point on the celestial sphere directly above an observer, no matter where on the Earth the observer is located?

North celestial pole

Zenith

Nadir

South celestial pole

A

Zenith

171
Q

Where is the zenith for an observer standing at a point on the Earth’s equator?

Near the horizon and towards the south

Directly overhead

Near the horizon and towards the west

The position depends on the time of day

A

Directly overhead

172
Q

If the Earth had an orbital tilt of 0 degrees ( obliquity) then

There would not be no seasons

Day and night would be 12 long every day everywhere on the Earth

An observer at the equator would see the sun pass at zenith every day

The direct rays of the sun would shine on the equator

All of the above

A

All of the above

173
Q

On an imaginary planet that has an orbital tilt of 32 degrees, its corresponding Tropic of Cancer can be found at the latitude of

66.5oN

32oN

23.5°N

58oN

A

32o N

174
Q

Which of the following locations are closer to the South Celestial Pole ?

(RA= 14h Declination=+88o)

(RA= 23h Declination=2o)

(RA= 18h Declination=-66o)

(RA= 14h Declination=-88o)

A

(RA= 14h Declination=-88o)

175
Q

Based on your computer clock lets say that today is August 31, 2015 the sun is

North on the Celestial equator moving North

South on the Celestial equator moving South

South on the Celestial equator moving North

North on the Celestial Equator moving South

A

North on the Celestial Equator moving South

176
Q

How often is the sun at zenith for an observer at the equator?

12 times per year

Never

Twice per year

Every day

A

Twice per year

177
Q

An observer in the northern hemisphere watches the sky for several hours. Due to the motion of the Earth, this observer notices that the stars near the north celestial pole appear to move. What pattern does this apparent movement follow?

From left to right

Counter-clockwise around the celestial pole

Clockwise around the celestial pole

From right to left

A

Counter-clockwise around the celestial pole

178
Q

If an observer travels north, toward higher latitudes, how does the number of circumpolar stars that he or she sees in the sky change?

Also depends on the Longitude of the observer

Increases

Remains constant

Decreases

A

Increases

179
Q

If you were standing at the Earth’s North Pole, which of the following would be located at the zenith?

The celestial equator

The nadir

The star Vega

The north celestial pole

A

The north celestial pole

180
Q

How much of the night sky lies north of the celestial equator?

Exactly half

All of the night sky

Less than half, because of the tilt of the equator to the ecliptic plane.

More than half, because of the precession of the poles

A

Exactly half

181
Q

Seen from Winnipeg (latitude 50 degrees North), where is the star Polaris in the sky?

50 degrees above the horizon

The position depends on the time of day

40 degrees above the horizon

Directly overhead

A

50 degrees above the horizon

182
Q

For an observer in Pond Inlet, Nunavut, at a latitude of 73° North, what is the angle between the northern horizon and the north celestial pole?

17°

73°

23.5°

27°

A

73°

183
Q

For an observer in Oberon Bay, Australia, at a latitude of 39° South, what is the angle between the southern horizon and the south celestial pole?

45°

23.5°

39°

51°

A

39°

184
Q

If the north celestial pole appears on your horizon, what is your latitude?

0°

45°N

90°N

90°S

A

0°

185
Q

Where in the sky would an observer at the Earth’s equator see the celestial equator?

The celestial equator would coincide with the horizon

The celestial equator would be directly overhead

The celestial equator would be at 45 degrees above the northern horizon

The celestial equator would be at 45 degrees above the southern horizon

A

The celestial equator would be directly overhead

186
Q

Which of the following best defines the ecliptic?

The plane that is perpendicular to the Earth’s axis of rotation

The projection of the Earth’s equator onto the sky

The path traced out by the Sun in our sky over one year against the background stars

The path traced out by the Moon in our sky in one month against the background stars

A

The path traced out by the Sun in our sky over one year against the background stars

187
Q

Which of the following describes a concept very similar to latitude?Question options:

Declination

Magnitude

Meridian

Right ascension

A

Declination

188
Q

Which of the following best describes Ursa Major (the Great Bear)?

Another name for the Seven Sisters

Another name for the Big Dipper

A constellation

An asterism

A

A constellation

189
Q

Which of the following statements correctly describes the relationship between stars and constellations?

Only those stars that were visible to the ancient Greeks are located in constellations.

Every star is located in a constellation.

Only stars close to the ecliptic (the Earth’s orbital plane) are located in constellations.

Only the brighter stars are in constellations.

A

Every star is located in a constellation.

190
Q

Which of the following describes the magnitude scale?

It is no longer used today.

It was used to determine the rate of precession.

It originated just after the telescope was invented.

It can be used to indicate the apparent intensity of a celestial object.

A

It can be used to indicate the apparent intensity of a celestial object.

191
Q

If the apparent visual magnitude of star A is 3.1, and the apparent visual magnitude of star B is 0.5, how do star A and star B compare in terms of apparent brightness as seen from Earth?

Star A is only slightly brighter than star B.

Star A is about the same brightness as star B.

Star A is fainter than star B.

Star A is much brighter than star B.

A

Star A is fainter than star B.

192
Q

What aspect of an object depends on both the size of the object and the distance to the object?

Proper motion

Apparent magnitude

Apparent brightness

Angular diameter

A

Angular diameter

193
Q

What is the term for the point on the celestial sphere directly above an observer, no matter where on the Earth the observer is located?

South celestial pole

Nadir

Zenith

North celestial pole

A

Zenith

194
Q

Where is the zenith for an observer standing at a point on the Earth’s equator?

Near the horizon and towards the west

The position depends on the time of day

Near the horizon and towards the south

Directly overhead

A

Directly overhead

195
Q

An observer in the northern hemisphere watches the sky for several hours. Due to the motion of the Earth, this observer notices that the stars near the north celestial pole appear to move. What pattern does this apparent movement follow?

Counter-clockwise around the celestial pole

From left to right

Clockwise around the celestial pole

From right to left

A

Counter-clockwise around the celestial pole

196
Q

The Moon has an angular diameter of 0.5°. What is the Moon’s angular diameter in minutes of arc?

50

1800

30

0.5

A

50

197
Q

You point your finger toward the zenith right now, and then point there again six hours later. At both times, your finger was pointing in the same direction relative to one of the options below. Which one?

Your horizon

The Sun

The ecliptic

The north celestial pole

A

Your horizon

198
Q

For an observer in Valdivia, Chile, at a latitude of 39° South, what is the angle between the southern horizon and the south celestial pole?

45°

39°

23.5°

51°

A

39°

199
Q

For an observer in Waterloo, at a latitude of 43° North, what is the angle between the northern horizon and the north celestial pole?

43°

23.5°

74°

36°

A

43°

200
Q

What were the ancient Egyptians responsible for?

A
  • Egyptians were responsible for the emergence of a 365 day calendar (around 2500 BCE)
  • Our modern 24h clock partially owes its origins to the Egyptians
  • Started doing math to divide land
  • Luxor temple and civil ancient calendar
201
Q

France 10000 BCE

A
  • Italy: dating back to 10000 bce , there are several strange depictions in this Italian caves. It appears to depict two beings in protective suits holding strange implements. Notice the halo looking objects over their heads, which is very similar to other early cave drawings.
  • Holding strange implements and halo of sun
202
Q

Niaux Caves

A
  • France what looks exactly an outline diagram of a spaceship as seen in sci-fi movies is actually a cave drawing that is found in the Niaux caves in france.
  • This paleolithic cave drawn sometime between 13000 bce and 10000 bce
203
Q

Stonehenge, England

A
  • The ancient site in england may have served as an observatory completed around 1550 bce
  • The sun shining through the stonehenge monument . sun rise on the summer solstice was the most important time the sun would shine through the monument
  • Monoslics engraved from other meriditanian cultures
  • Stones from different places
  • Build it was to reflect solstis
  • Aligned with seasonal motion of the sun
204
Q

Bablyon

A
  • Babylonians were some of the most meticulous record keepers
  • Tablets from 2354 BCE
  • Recorded detailed observations of the visible planets
  • Observed and recorded a solar eclipse (763 BCE)
  • En Hedu’Anna, the first female astronomer recorded in history
  • Most records kept in inca, 7th century BCE map of 8 constellation, possible from asteroid
205
Q

China

A
  • Earliest known record of supernova explosion in 1400 BCE
  • Another supernova explosion recorded in 1054 CE, Anasazi (New Mexico, USA) may have recorded this event as well
  • The anasazi (ancient ones) thought to be ancestors of the modern Pueblo Indians in utah, colerado, new mexioco and arizona
  • Inhabited the four corners country of Southern Utah, Southwestern Colorado, northwestern New Mexico and Northern Arizona
  • From about AD 200 to AD 1300 leaving a heavy accumulation of house remains and debris
  • Solar and lunar eclipses
206
Q

Days of the week

A

Based on the sun, the moon and the 5 visible planets

207
Q

Newgrange

A

Was built 5000 years ago approximately 3200 BCE, by Neolithic (stone age farming community)

208
Q

Sky over Giza 2500 BC

A
  • Pointed over orion, sirius, etc

- Could be on purpose or by accident

209
Q

Sumerian star map

A

-Controversial, 5500 years old, reveals kofels event (mudslide), could have been due to asteroid rather than mudslide

210
Q

Astronomy from 900 BCE to 0

A

-The greeks were among the first to develop models and serious scientific method in order to explain what they observed in the universe

211
Q

Thales of Miletus

A

Correctly predicted a solar eclipse, predicted path, if determined saros (have to calculate from there), used math and geometry, wanted to create models

212
Q

Pythagoras

A

Suggested the earth is a sphere not flat

213
Q

Eratosthenes

A

Calculated earth’s circumference

214
Q

Astronomy From 0 CE to 1500 CE

A
  • Knowledge of astronomy expanded with the contributions of astronomers from greece, the middle east, and india
  • Aryabhata- the Indian astronomer and mathematician, known for Aryabhatiya
215
Q

Alexander the Great

A

Founder the city of Alexandria in Egypt

216
Q

Hypatia

A

A female astronomer and mathematician was the director of the observatory in alexandria

217
Q

Aryabhata

A

-The Indian astronomer and mathematician, known for Aryabhatiya

218
Q

Aristotle (384 -322 BCE)

A
  • known throughout the middle ages as “the philosopher”
  • believed as a first principle that the heavens were perfect
  • All motion in the perfect heaven must be caused by the rotation of the sphere carrying objects around in uniform circular motion
  • Used past models to prove
219
Q

Cladius Ptomely

A
  • He gave mathematical form of aristotle’s model in about 140 CE
  • He kept the geocentric (earth centered) principle, but he added off-centre circles and variable speeds to better predict the motion of planets.
  • All motion in the perfect heavens must be caused by the rotation of spheres carrying objects around in uniform circular motion
  • Aristotle’s Universe, as embodied in the mathematics of Ptolemy’s model, dominated ancient astronomy for almost 1500 years-challenged Aristotle’s first principle-earth a little off centered and slight vary in planet speeds challenged first principle
220
Q

What was Aristotle’s first principle

A

Something that seems obviously true and needs no further examination., heaves are perfect

221
Q

Uniform circular motion

A

Perfect motion of planets in a circle

222
Q

Paralax

A
  • Your view of an object changes based on the angle you look at it, and the right eye would see and object different from the left eye if you hold your thumb in the middle of the view
  • Different angle depending
  • Ancient didn’t observe this
223
Q

Epicycles

A

-The small circle followed by a planet in the Ptolemaic theory. The centre of the epicycle follows a larger circle
(the deferent ) around the earth-all the planets do epicycles around themselves to orbit the earth
-2 rotations
-Large circles to study motion
-Common intersecting points
-Believed earth was slightly off centered, epicycle moved at a constant rate as seen from equant venus and mercury are different

224
Q

Deferent

A

What the epicycle circles around

225
Q

Prograde

A

Every planet moves from eastward, excluding one seems as if planets stops and changes direction

226
Q

Retrograde in ptomelys model

A

From east to west venus moves this way the apparent backward motion of a planet as seen from the background of stars

227
Q

Ptolemys model of the universe

A
  • Ptolemy created an elaborate geometrical and mathematical model to explain details of the observed motions of the planets, while assuming Earth is motionless as the centre of the universe
  • Ancient greek philosophers and astronomers believed that heavenly objects moved on circular paths at constant speed with earth motionless at the centre of the universe. This geocentric (earth at the centre) model was coined by Aristotle.
228
Q

Nicolaus Copernicus ( 1473 -1543)

A

Came up with new model

229
Q

Copernicus Model

A
  • Proposed the heliocentric model of the universe
  • His book De Revolutionibus orbium coelestium(on the revolutions of celestial sphere) was published after his death
  • Heliocentric universe: a model of the universe with the Sun at the centre
230
Q

Heliocentric model

A

Sun at center of universe, earth rotated on axis around sun, explained retrograde motion, earth moves faster along orbit, takes and passes the planet causing it to look like it moving backward, it’s a loop with with an angle between two orbital, could not predict position of planets so reverted back to epicycles (WRONG) all planets were treated the same unlike geocentric model (venus)

231
Q

Retrograde Motion in Copernicus Model

A

Retrograde motion finally explained in a straightforward manner

  • No need for epicycles
  • This explained it
232
Q

Tycho Brahe

A
  • Danish nobleman and astronomer
  • Built an impressive observatory and spent 20 years measuring the positions of the stars and planets
  • Hired johannes Kepler
233
Q

Keepler

A
  • Despite being of poor health, kepler excelled in school and won entrance to the university at Tubingen
  • Studied motions of planets and discovered how planets moved.
234
Q

Ellipse

A
  • A closed curve around two points, called foci

- Such that the total distance from one focus to the curve and back to the other focus remains constant

235
Q

Keeplers three laws

A
  • The orbit of planets are ellipse with the sun at one focus
  • A line from a planet to the sun sweeps over equal areas in equal intervals of time, when closer to sun, planet moves more rapidly to move the same distance in the same time
  • A planet’s orbital period (years) squared is equal to average distance from the sun (au) cubed, eccentricity and semi major is related
236
Q

what is keeplers third law equation

A

P^2y = a^3au

237
Q

Eccentricity

A

Describes the shape of an ellipse, half the distance of two foci, divided by semi- major axis

238
Q

Semi-major axis

A

Half of the longest diameter of an ellipse

239
Q

How does the orbital period change of planetary motion?

A
  • The further the object is from an set object, the longer the period will be to go around it fully
  • Area is always the same, but distance will change
240
Q

Galileo

A
  • Born in 1564 in pisa, italy. He studied medicine and later became a professor of mathematics at the university of padua
  • He built working telescopes in his workshop and embarked on carefully observing the night sky
  • Galileo did not invent the telescope, but was the first to observe the sky carefully. It was coined by the greek mathematician Gioavani Demisiani born in Zakynthos Greece in 1611
  • Did not invent telescope
241
Q

The starry messenger

A
  • Galileo published sidereus nuncius(the starry messenger) a small book in which he reported two major discoveries
    1) The moon was not perfect
    2) There were four moons orbiting Jupiter(now known as the galilean moons)
  • Further Fundamental Discoveries
  • He also discovered that venus was going through phases like those of the moonshow same face
242
Q

Galileo and Rome

A

When Galileo visited Rome in 1611, he was treated with great respect.However, his telescopic discoveries were criticized by many. believed earth was perfectIn 1616, cardinal Bellarmine ordered him to cease public debate about models of the universeIn 1633, Galileo was condemned before the Inquisition for refusing to obey an order to halt his defense of Copernicus’s ModelIn 1992, Pope John Paul II made a formal statement acknowledging the unjust condemnation of Galileo by the Roman Catholic Churchmany rejected theory cause they couldnt understand it

243
Q

Isaac Newton

A
  • Born in the english village of Woolsthorpe
  • During 1665 and 1666 newton made most of his scientific discoveries
  • Newton used the work of Kepler and Galileo to discover three laws of motion and the law of gravity
  • These laws made it possible to understand such phenomena as orbital motion and the tides-worked on gravity and orbits-made possible to understand phenomena of orbital motion and the tides-able to predict future movements of planets due to laws
244
Q

Speed

A

The rate at which an object moves (changes position) by total time it takes. speed =distance/time, km/ hrs

245
Q

Velocity

A

-Specifies both speed and direction of travel of an object
-Speed can be different but if direction is different than velocity is different
Velocity changes if:
a) speed changes
b) direction changes
c) both

246
Q

Acceleration

A
  • Is the rate of change of velocity with time. Acceleration = velocity/time
  • Slowing down is negative acceleration
247
Q

Motion

A

The speed, velocity and acceleration

248
Q

Newton’s three laws of motion

A
  1. an object continues at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless acted upon by some force
  2. an object’s change in motion is proportional to the force acting on it, and is in the direction of the force
  3. when one body exerts a force on another body, the second body exerts an equal and opposite force back on the object
249
Q

All falling objects

A

All falling objects on Earth have a constant acceleration of 9.8m/s^2

250
Q

The universal theory of gravitation

A

The gravitational force of attraction between two objects depends on the product of the masses of the two objects

251
Q

Inverse square relation

A

A rule that the strength of an effect (such as gravity) decreases in proportion as the distance squared increases

252
Q

Gravitation is…..

A

The mutual and universal

253
Q

Weight vs Mass

A
  • Mass is NOT the same as weight
  • Mass of an object is a measure of the amount of matter or “stuff” in the object.(usually expressed in kg)
  • Weight is the force that gravity exerts on the object.
254
Q

Orbital Motion

A

1) An object orbiting Earth, and any orbiting object, is actually falling (being accelerated due to gravitational force) towards Earth’s centre.
2) Objects orbiting each other actually revolve around their mutual centre of mass.
3) There is the difference between closed orbits and open orbits.

255
Q

Escape velocity

A

The initial velocity an object needs to escape from the surface of a celestial body. ex; a orbit

256
Q

Tides

A
  • Tides are caused by small differences in gravitational force.
  • Spring tide - ocean tide of large range that occurs at full and new moon
  • Neap Tide - Ocean tide of small range occurring at first and third quarter moon
  • Tides can also affect orbits.The moon’s orbit is growing larger by about 4 cm a year.
257
Q

Shape of ellipses

A

e= 1, very ellongated elipsee= 0, very circular

258
Q

Venus

A

Does not move between sun and earth. would see crescents, not observed rather rotates sun

259
Q

Siderus Nuncius`

A

Made gallieo famous

260
Q

In 1054 CE, the Chinese recorded a very interesting and powerful cosmic event. What was this event?

A star merger

A supernova

A galactic collapse

Simultaneous solar and lunar eclipses

A

A supernova

261
Q

What did Eratosthenes measure very accurately?

The size of the Earth

The length of the year

The distance to the Moon

The length of the month

A

The size of the Earth

262
Q

Who were the two great authorities of Greek astronomy?

Aristotle and Ptolemy

Julius Caesar and Aristotle

Columbus and Ptolemy

Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar

A

Aristotle and Ptolemy

263
Q

Whose writings became so famous that he was known throughout the Middle East simply as “The Philosopher”?

Ptolemy

Eratosthenes

Aristotle

Hipparchus

A

Aristotle

264
Q

Which of the following statements reflects beliefs that were almost universally held in pre-Copernican astronomy?

The planets travelled in elliptical orbits around the Earth

The planets travelled in elliptical orbits around the Sun

The Sun was at the centre of the universe

The Earth was at the centre of the universe

A

The Earth was at the centre of the universe

265
Q

In what circumstances is retrograde motion observable?

It is observable for planets located between the Earth and the Sun

It is observable for planets more distant from the Sun than the Earth

It is only observable for the Moon

It is observable for all planets

A

It is observable for planets more distant from the Sun than the Earth

266
Q

You are observing the night sky from Mars. In what circumstances is retrograde motion observable?

It is observable for planets more distant from the Sun than Mars

It is observable for planets located between Mars and the Sun

It is only observable for Earth and Venus

It is observable for all planets

A

It is observable for planets more distant from the Sun than Mars

267
Q

What is the term for the apparent westward motion of a planet in the sky compared to the background stars (as viewed from the Earth) when observed on successive nights?

Epicycle

Retrograde motion

Prograde motion

Heliocentric motion

A

Retrograde motion

268
Q

What is parallax?

The apparent motion of an object due to the motion of the observer

The observer the distance between two straight lines

The small circle that the planets slid along in Ptolemy’s geocentric universe

The distance between two foci of an ellipse

A

The apparent motion of an object due to the motion of the observer

269
Q

Why did ancient astronomers believe that the Earth did not move?

Because they could not detect parallax

Because they believed in circular motion

Because all observable planets follow retrograde motion

Because parallax is only detectable during the day

A

Because they could not detect parallax

270
Q

In Ptolemy’s view of the universe, what is at the centre of a planet’s epicycle?

The Sun

The Earth

The deferent

The equant

A

The deferent

271
Q

What was the greatest inaccuracy in Copernicus’s model of the solar system?Question options:

That the planets travelled in circular orbits with uniform motion

That the planets travelled on epicycles, the centers of which followed orbits around the Sun

That the planets travelled in elliptical orbits

That the planets were allowed to travel backwards in their orbits

A

That the planets travelled in circular orbits with uniform motion

272
Q

What was Tycho Brahe’s greatest contribution to astronomy?

His model of the universe

His telescopic observations

His discovery of three laws of motion

His 20 years of careful observations of the planets

A

His 20 years of careful observations of the planets

273
Q

Which of the following objects cannot transit (i.e. pass in front of) the Sun, as seen from Jupiter?

Mercury

Venus

Mars

Saturn

A

Saturn

274
Q

What two numbers tell us the size and shape of an ellipse

Radius, eccentricity

Radius, deferent

Semi-major axis, deferent

Semi-major axis, eccentricity

A

Semi-major axis, eccentricity

275
Q

The orbit of planet A has an eccentricity of 0.5 and the orbit of planet B has an eccentricity of 0.01. What can be said about the shape of the orbits of these two planets?

Planet A has a nearly circular orbit

The orbit of planet A is more elongated than the orbit of planet B

The orbit of planet B is more elongated than the orbit of planet A

A

The orbit of planet A is more elongated than the orbit of planet B

276
Q

There is not enough information to say anything meaningful about the shape of either orbit
Which of the following masses exert higher gravitational force on each other?

M=2——————m=2

M=2——————m=1

M=2——————m=8

A

M=2——————m=1

277
Q

A hypothetical solar system has planets evenly spaced in circular orbits from the sun in the following distances and with the following masses, that they are given in terms with the mass of Jupiter MJ. Which of the following planets exerts the larger gravitational force of the star.

Planet A: 1 MJ 1 AU

Planet B: 3 MJ 2 AU

Planet C: 10 MJ 3 AU

Planet D: 16 MJ 4 AU

A

B

C

D

A

C- Planet C: 10 MJ 3 AU

278
Q

Given its orbital period of 76 years, what is the average distance of Comet Halley from the Sun?

18AU

38AU

54AU

114

A

18AU

279
Q

An object has been located orbiting the Sun at a distance of 65 AU. What is the approximate orbital period of this object?

8.1 years

65 years

524 years

4225 years

A

524 years

280
Q

On average, Saturn is 10 AU from the Sun. What is the approximate orbital period of Saturn?

10 years

32 years

1000 years

3200 years

A

32 years

281
Q

The orbit of the Moon is an ellipse with the Earth at one focus. What is located at the other focus?

Nothing

The asteroid belt

Comets

The Sun

A

Nothing

282
Q

A comet is found in a highly elliptical orbit with a semi-major axis equal to one astronomical unit (AU). According to Kepler’s third law of planetary motion, what would the sidereal period of this comet be?

It would be more than one year.

It would be one year.

It would be less than one year.

It would be 76 years; the same for every comet.

A

It would be one year.

283
Q

An object moves in a straight line at a constant speed. Which number of forces could not act on the object?

0

1

2

3

4

A

1

284
Q

What does the orbital velocity of an object with respect to the distance does?

Stays the same

Decreases

Increases

A

Decreases

285
Q

Would your mass and weight change if you went to the Moon?

Weight would change but mass would not

Mass would change but weight would not

Both would change

Neither would change

A

Weight would change but mass would not

286
Q

At which lunar phase(s) are tides at their lowest?

Both new Moon and first quarter Moon

Both first quarter Moon and third quarter Moon

New Moon

Full Moon

A

Both first quarter Moon and third quarter Moon

287
Q

If Mars rises approximately the same time as a particular star. If Mars is in normal prograde motion at what time Mars will rise next night?

Same time as the star

Earlier than the star

Later than the star

A

Later than the star

288
Q

A planet orbits a planet in a circular orbit. How many forces are acting on the planet?

0

1

2

3

4

A

1

289
Q

What was a common feature of astronomy as practiced worldwide prior to the Greeks?

Recognizing patterns

Making hypotheses

Defining the 24-hour clock

Observing supernovae

A

Recognizing patterns

290
Q

What was the reason for using epicycles and deferents to explain the motion of the planets in the night sky?

Prograde motion

Mercury and Venus’s limited angular distance from the Sun

Retrograde motion

Non-uniform speed of the planets in their orbits

A

Retrograde motion

291
Q

What is the term for a small circle that has its centre located on the circumference of another larger circle?

Equant

Deferent

Retrograde

Epicycle

A

Epicycle

292
Q

What feature of Ptolemy’s model of the universe made it possible to explain retrograde motion?

Heliocentrism

Elliptical orbits

Epicycles

Geocentrism

A

Epicycles

293
Q

Which of the following astronomers described the universe in a way that matches the diagram?

Kepler

Ptolemy

Copernicus

Galileo

A

Ptolemy

294
Q

The Copernican system was no more accurate than the Ptolemaic system in predicting the positions of the planets because of a key factor that was unchanged from the Ptolemaic system. What was that factor?

The Copernican system assumed the Earth was at rest at the centre

The Copernican system used elliptical planetary orbits

The Copernican system used uniform circular motion

The Copernican system assumed all planets orbited the Sun

A

The Copernican system used uniform circular motion

295
Q

What is the book “De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium” about?

It describes how Galileo’s observations and Kepler’s calculations proved the Copernican theory

It describes the construction of Galileo’s telescope and his observations

It is a dialogue written to convince the general public of the merits of the Copernican theory

It lays out the Copernican theory for the first time

A

It lays out the Copernican theory for the first time

296
Q

What was the greatest inaccuracy in Copernicus’s model of the solar system?

That the planets travelled in circular orbits with uniform motion

That the planets travelled on epicycles, the centres of which followed orbits around the Sun

That the planets travelled in elliptical orbits

That the planets were allowed to travel backwards in their orbits

A

That the planets travelled in circular orbits with uniform motion

AS101 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions