Midterm 1 (CH 1, 2, 14, 9, 11, 10, 7) Flashcards
What is health?
A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being; not merely the absence of disease
What is population health?
The health outcomes of a group of individuals, including the distribution of outcomes within the group
How can health status be measured?
how well someone feels and functions physically, mentally, and socially
What are the determinants of health?
Genetics, healthcare, individual behavior, physical environment, and social environment
Do the determinants of health have an equal influence?
No,
But they all interact and are not independent of each other
What is a continuum of care?
a range of services needed to care for a person or population; comprehensive womb-to-tomb CoC
Related businesses and competitors that offer products and services similar to what your organization offers
Industry sector
Suppliers, manufacturers, and service providers, from which your org obtains needed supplies, equipment, and services
Raw materials sector
Employers, labor unions, schools, colleges, employment agencies, and labor markets, from which you obtain human resources (employees)
Human resources sector
Banks, lenders, stock markets, and investors, from which your org obtains loans, credit, and other financial resources
Financial resources sector
Actual and potential clients and users of your org’s products and services
Market sector
Science and technological methods of producing services and products
Technology sector
Levels and rates of employment, inflation, growth, investment, and other economic circumstances
Economic conditions sector
Laws, regulations, rulings, political systems, and governments at local, state, and national levels
Government sector
Natural resources, the green movement, and forces for sustainability
Natural sector
Characteristics of the society and culture (education, values, attitudes)
Sociocultural sector
Globalization, other countries and their customs, industries, businesses, and people
International sector
What are stakeholders?
For a designated organization, people and other organizations who have a stake (interest) in what the organization does
What is management?
the process of getting things done through and with people
Work smarter, not harder
-designs jobs for efficiency and production
-now called ergonomics and human engineering
Taylor and Scientific Management
An integrated set of ideas to design organizations
-way for top level managers to provide structure for their organization
-Top down
Fayol and Administrative Theory
Management based on psychology and sociology
Mayo and Human Relations
Five Management Functions:
plan, organize, staff, direct (lead), and control
Gulick, Urwick, and Management Functions
Formal, impersonal management system
-Makes organizations more predictable, efficient, and stable/less flexible, personal, innovative
Weber and Bureaucratic Theory
Open system: must understand, be open to, and interact with external environment to sustain itself
Open Systems Theory
Strive to improve efficiency and performance, views organizations as mechanistic
Open rational systems
Strive to improve worker satisfaction, view organizations as more organic
Open natural systems
Applies behavioral science to help organizations build capability to change
-tries to change whole system
Organization Development Theory
No single best way to design organizations; “best way” is contingent on factors that can vary
Contingency Theory
Three basic kinds of skills:
-Technical skills to work with things
-Humans skills to work with people
-Conceptual skills to work with ideas
Management Skills
Organizations that follow society’s institutions are viewed as appropriate and legitimate, worthy of support
Institutional Theory
Managers perform ten roles that fit into three groups:
-Interpersonal, Informational, Decisional
Management Roles
Lewin’s 3 Step process for small change
- Unfreeze current situation
- Move/change to something new
- Refreeze situation with change in place
Kotter’s 8 Step approach for large change
- Establish urgency
- Create a guiding coalition
- Develop a change vision
- Communicate the change vision
- Empower broad-based action
- Create short-term wins
- Consolidate gains
- Anchor new way in organizational culture
Enhances organization’s capability to acquire and develop new knowledge
Organizational learning
Applies behavioral science to help organizations build capability and achieve greater effectiveness
Organization Development
What is leading?
A process by which a person tries to influence someone else to voluntarily accomplish a task, goal, or vision
Examined traits and characteristics of leaders
Traits and Skills theories
Focuses on leaders’ behaviors
-job-centered behavior
-employee centered behavior
Behavior theory
No universal one best way to lead; is contingent
Situational Theory
As worker’s readiness for task increases, manager adjusts leadership style
Hersey Blanchard Situational Model
Low readiness
high task, low relationship
Low-moderate readiness
high task, high relationship
Moderate-high readiness
low task, high relationship
High readiness
low task, low relationship
Assumes people dislike work, are lazy and stupid, are motivated extrinsically, lack self-discipline, want security, and do not want responsibility
Theory X
Assumes people like meaningful work, are creative and capable, are motivated intrinsically, have self-control, want to contribute, and want responsibility
Theory Y
Assumes workers want close, supportive working relationships
Theory Z
transacts a deal with the followers
Transactional leader
uses compelling vision, inspiration, charisma, intelligence, and individual attention
Transformational leader
A leader serves followers to support them and help them succeed
Servant leadership
Useful to form networks, integrated systems, accountable care organizations, alliances
Collaborative leading
Leadership competencies: skills, knowledge, values, and traits that guide leader’s performance, behavior, interaction, decisions
Leadership Competency Models
What is culture?
Values, norms, guiding beliefs, and understandings shared by members or an organization and taught to new members as correct
what employees actually do based on what they observe in their organization
Enacted culture
Values that the organization explicitly states on its websites, videos, on posters, and public relation speeches
Espoused culture
Subcultures
leaders should strive for the HCO to have a strong overall culture yet also allow for some varied subcultures
Four ethical principles that guide healthcare
Autonomy, Beneficence, Justice, Nonmaleficence
Types of ethics in HCOs
Medical ethics, Professional ethics, Managerial ethics, Social responsibility ethics
Sources of ethics
organization’s external environment, the organization, people in the organization
Self-actualization, esteem, belongingness, safety and security, physiological survival
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Existence, Relatedness, Growth
Alderfer’s ERG Thoery
First reduce dissatisfaction, then increase satisfaction
Herzberg’s Two Factors Theory
Increase workers’ work variety, identity, significance, autonomy, and feedback
Hackman and Oldham’s Job Characteristics Model
Needs are learned and acquired; Achievement, Affiliation, Power
McClelland’s Acquired Needs Theory
Based on people’s desire to be treated fairly; based on inputs vs. outputs and motivation is affected by how fair a workers feels outcomes are compared to inputs
Adam’s Equity Theory
Based on work effort, performance, outcomes; Will worker’s work effort produce performance needed to obtain valued outcome?
Vroom’s Expectancy Theory
Motivation from a goal increases with certain characteristics; 3 step goal-setting approach
Locke’s Goal-Setting Theory
Uses stimulus, response, consequence
Skinner’s Reinforcement Theory
What is politics?
the use of power to influence decisions
What is power?
the ability to influence others to achieve outcomes
What is staffing?
the process of obtaining and retaining people to fill jobs and do the work
Seven Staffing Processes
- Planning for staff
- Designing jobs and work
- Hiring staff
- Developing staff
- Appraising performance
- Compensating staff
- Protecting staff
Three considerations in staffing
- Diversity and inclusion
- Centralized, decentralized, and outsources staffing
- Laws and regulations
statement that includes job title and work to do
Job description (aka position description)
