Midterm 1 Best of Luck! Flashcards
Crustose lichen
crustose, closely encrusting bodies
foliose lichen
foliose, leafy bodies
fructicose lichen
fructicose, shrubby, branching bodies
Zygosporangium with suspensors
Zygosporangium in center, suspenders on the sides
Cross section through the cap of the basidiomycete Coprinus. Find basidia and basidiospores
Basidiospores are on the tips, and the basidia are the arms!
Ascocarp of ascomycete Peziza
Ascospores are the dots, ascocarp is the outside part, and asci encase the ascospores
Leaf scar, terminal bud scar, etc.
The spores of the strobili of the living sporophyte of sphenophyta
The spores are inside of the darker green colored sporangia. The sporangiophore leads up to the flat thing in the strobilus
Longitudinal section through selaginella strobili
Megaspores are inside the megasporangium.
Microspores are inside the microsporangium
Lycophyta
Sporangium is on top of sporophylls. Lycophyta also have strobili!
Sporangia l.s. of psilophyta
Sporangia are composed of many spores
Mosses. Prepared slides of archegonia and antheridia
Jacket of sterile cells is made up the neck and venter. The egg is in the middle of the larger archegonia. The antheridia (thin) has many sperm inside of it
Living gametophyte of liverworts
The liverworts have gemmae cups and rhizoids. The gametophyte is a photosynthetic thallus!
lepidodendron
Lepidodendron — One of the most important seedless vascular plants in the coal beds was the Lycophyte tree Lepidodendron. Its slender trunk and crown of dichotomously forking branches reached over 40 meters in height. Lance-shaped leaves spiraled around the branches, and the abscised leaves left a characteristic patter of leaf scars on the branches. The root system was shallow; the trees may have been toppled easily by winds. Example of leaf scars shown!
known as scale trees — were a now extinct genus of primitive, vascular, arborescent (tree-like) plant related to the lycopsids (club mosses). They were part of the coal forest flora. They sometimes reached heights of over 30 metres (100 ft), and the trunks were often over 1 m (3.3 ft) in diameter, and thrived during the Carboniferous Period (about 359.2 ± 2.5 Mya (million years ago) to about 299.0 ± 0.8 Mya). Sometimes erroneously called “giant club mosses”, they were actually more closely related to today’s quillworts than to modern club mosses.
mature male gametophyte of a pine
Mature male gametophyte has two sperm nuclei! The “pollen grain” has two prothalial cells, one generative cell that produces two sperm nucli, and one tube cell.
Megaspore mother cell (Megasporocyte)
Pine Ovule with Archegonia
Nucellus (remnant of the megasporangium). The micropyle allows the entry of the pollen grain
Complete angiosperm megagametophyte
3 antipodal cells, 2 polar nuclei in central cell, two synergid cells, one egg cell. All of this is surrounded by the megasporangium, and then the integument.
Tetrads (in stamens)
Represent the 4 microspores, and are 1N. The mature pollen are circular and have a generative cell and a tube cell.
- Given a diagram of a fruit, state whether it is a simple fruit with or without accessory
tissue, multiple fruit, or aggregate / accessory fruit.
What is the fruit made out of?
As the ovules within the ovary mature, the ovary wall also matures, forming the fuit wall, or pericarp.
Simple fruits develop from a single carpel or from several fused carpels within a single flower (e.g. bell pepper)
Aggregate fruits develop from separate carpels within one flower. (e.g. strawberries)
Multiple fruits develop from coalesced ovaries of more than one flower. (ex: pinapple, which is made up of an inflorescence of flowers)
Some fruits include tissue that is not part of the ovary, such as fused petals and sepals or part of the receptacle. These fruits are referred to as accesory fruits. (e.g. bananas, apples, zucchini, etc.)
Simple fruit develops from a single carpel or several fused of one flower
accessory tissue develops from receptacle or floral tube usually as a result of inferior ovary (strawberry, apple , banana)
multiple fruit develops from many carpels of the many flowers that form inflorescence (pineapple)
aggregate fruit develops from many separate carpels of the one flower (strawberry, raspberry, blackberry)
Mature Pollen Grain
Pinus: mature pollen grains w.m. Pine pollen (male gametophyte) has a pair of concave wings that will help it travel on the wind. Two cells are obvious in the body of the gametophyte: the tube cell will grow a tube to the egg in a female cone; the generative cell nucleus will divide into two nonflagellate sperm, and one of them will travel through the tube and fertilize the egg. Pine pollen is transported from male to female cones by the wind; there has to be a huge amount of pollen produced, since most of it is wasted.
Archegoniophore & archegonia of a marchantia liverwurst
Archegoniophore & archegonia of a marchantia liverwurst
With a bigger leaf (instead of smaller leaves…)…
Bigger leaves have a larger boundary layer, and so the diffusion path of CO2 is larger. The layer of stagnant air is larger, and so soon, all of the CO2 is used by the plant. Likewise, more water is evaporated. For this reason, in tropical areas with lots of humidity and CO2, the plants have big leaves.
Sieve cell in pumpkin stem cucurbita c.s.
Sieve cell is small, darker cell. Companion cell is on side. This makes up the phloem!
Xylem & Phloem of pumpkin stem cucurbita c.s.
Xylem & Phloem of pumpkin stem cucurbita c.s.
The xylem are the bigger circles, and the phloem are the smaller ones.
cross section of cherry with vessel members and rays
Vessel members are white holes, and rays are the red up-and-down parts!
Cherry - tangential & longitudinal (not going through the center…)
Cherry - tangential & longitudinal (not going through the center…)
up/down: vessel members
dots: xylem rays
Real Flower Parts
Prepared slide of lichen thallus showing algal cells surrounded by fungal hyphae.
Please describe the symbiotic associations between fungi (lichen) and either green algae or cyanobacteria.
Algal cells with fungal hyphae!
The fungus gains photosynthates (products of photosynthesis) from the photosynthetic partner, and the photosynthetic algae or bacteria gain water and mineral nutrients from the fungal partner.
Pinnately compound leaf, simple leaf, and palmately compound leaft
2X pinnately compound leaft has two leaves at each pinnately leaf formation….
Prepared slide of sori (sporophyte of pterophyta)
The annulus (red), with spores inside
This entire thing is a sorus!
The indusium (protection) is on the outside. The sporangia are located in clusters (sori) on the lower surface.
Fern sporangia
See the fern spores inside of the sporangia! They are not germinated
pine seed
Angiosperms started dominating…
Angiosperms origniated in the early cretaceous period, about 130 million years ago. Laurasia (North Continent), and Gondwana (South Continent). Trade winds brought lots of moisture to tropical regions.
Magnolias
Are primitive since their carpels have less protection. They have a superior ovary!
vessels
Vessels are made up of many vessel elements. They are connected by pits that have a break in the lignified cell wall, and the water can pass through the primary cell wall made of cellulose.
pollen sacs
embryo sacs
pollen sacs = microsporangia
embryo sacs = megagametophyte
