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Perception and Action > Midterm 1: Action > Flashcards

Midterm 1: Action Flashcards

1
Q

Coronal Brain View

A

cut as if wearing a crown/ front and back half

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2
Q

Horizontal View

A

cut across middle plane, like horizon, top and bottom half

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3
Q

Sagittal

A

Cut across midline, get left and right view

bow and arrow

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4
Q

planning, reasoning, movement, some speech

A

Frontal Lobe

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5
Q

seat of the visual cortex

A

Occipital Lobe

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6
Q

skin based proprioceptive information (heat), understanding of space

A

Parietal Lobe

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7
Q

memory, auditory cortex, (speech and language)

A

Temporal Lobe

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8
Q

Brain + spinal Cord

A

CNS

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9
Q

Lacerations

A

tearing of some nerve fibers (gun shots, football accidents)

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10
Q

Spinal Cord injury

A

traumatic events which results in damage to nerves which relay information up and down the Spinal cord

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11
Q

Severe spinal card damage leads to

A

paralysis, loss of reflective function below the point of injury

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12
Q

Deafferentation

A

only afferent pathways are affected, no signals to the brain

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13
Q

Neuropathy

A

general malfunctions of the nerves, could be caused by diabetes or injury, Ian Waterman proprioceptive

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14
Q

Pyramidal Tracts

A

corticospinal tract- anions which terminate on alpha neurons- directly from brain to spinal segments- most origninate in the primary motor cortex (contralateral)

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15
Q

Corticobulbar Tract

A

brain to mid brain- medulla (face and tongue muscles)

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16
Q

lateral corticospinal tract

A

to distal limbs

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17
Q

ventral corticospinal tract

A

to trunk and leg muscles

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18
Q

ALS (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)

A

motor neurons of the Brianstem and spinal cord are destroyed and their target muscles wither- cognitive functioning is intact, degenerative and deadly (defective gene- mutation of superoxide dismutase)

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19
Q

Neuromuscular disease

A

destruction of motor neurons

ex- polio (can use stem cells of transplant glial cells to treat)

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20
Q

Plegia

A

paralysis

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21
Q

Paresis

A

Weakness

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22
Q

Stretch Reflex

A

doctor taps knee, quadricep extends- stretch receptors tell spinal cord (dorsal root- sensory neuron)- spinal cord activates alpha motor neurons (ventral)

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23
Q

effector

A

part of the body which moves

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24
Q

alpha motor neurons

A

activate muscles- can cause muscle fibers to contract due to an increase in stiffness from Acetyl-choline

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25
Q

EMG of muscle activation of extension of elbow

A

bump in tricep area, excitatory to one muscle, inhibitory to other (antagonist), make sure there isn’t over extension

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26
Q

EMG of muscle activation of flexion of elbow

A

activation of the biceps,- to produce this movement- excitatory signals are sent to the agonist and inhibitory to the antagonist (via interneurons)

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27
Q

Graph of normal patient movement (flexion/ extension)

A

antagonist follows the agonist closely in order to stop the motion from over continuing, without it, you wouldn’t be able to stop your motion when you wanted

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28
Q

Homunculus- somatotropin representation

A

organization of motor cortex which reveals a map of the body, located at the back of the frontal cortex in the primary motor cortex- discovered by Wilder Penfield

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29
Q

Largest parts of the homunculus

A

lips and hands, most dexterity (shown through TMS stimulation)

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30
Q

Motor command

A

basal ganglia needed for action initiation, signal from motor cortex to the periphery - through spinal cord before it reaches muscles or motor neurons

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31
Q

Cerebellum

A

between cortex and the brainstem, most important organ for movement, locus of time, motor learning and posture- learned physical activity - model of world

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32
Q

Cerebral connections

A

ipsilateral, talks to sensory and motor areas

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33
Q

Vesitbulocerebellum

A

oldest part, works with the vestibular nuclei to control eye movement and balance, sinks eye movement with body movement—-vestibuloccular reflex- eyes stay fixed even if body moves

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34
Q

Spinocerebellum

A

receives sensory information from visual and auditory systems, also receives proprioceptive information - lesions cause unsteady gait and balance issues- responsible for coordination- most responsive to alcohol (walking line test)

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35
Q

Neocerebellum

A

no input from spinal cord, newest part, efferent copies sent here, builds model of the work, lesions cause ataxia

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36
Q

ATAXIA

A

problem with sensory coordination of distal limbs, Intention tremor- jerky movement when try to perform “touch nose”

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37
Q

graph of cerebellar patient- flexion and extension

A

for arm position- instead of a steady line once target is reached- quivering- EMG of agonist and antagonist show that the antagonist is too small to stop the motion and it has smaller bumps in both categories after

38
Q

Overview of motor pathways…

A

all connections to arms and legs originate in the spinal cord. these spinal cord signals are influenced by both the cerebellum and the basal ganglia- sensory information transmitted back to brainstem, cortex, cerebellum

39
Q

seat of reflexes

A

spinal cord

40
Q

seat of arousal, tuning, and basic emotions (limbic)

A

brainstem

41
Q

The big cheese

A

cerebral cortex

42
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

immune system attacks myelin, causing communication problems between your brain and the rest of your body - degenerative (tremor, slurred speech)

43
Q

response rate

A

number of times a neuron spikes

44
Q

population vectors

A

sum of all neurons (vectors)- brain encodes body directional movement - maps where you want to move - more response rate= longer line in that direction (8 areas)

45
Q

strength of motor command regulated by

A

basal ganglia and the thalamus

46
Q

what can population vectors eventually be used for

A

brain-interface technology (amputees, spinal cord patients) monkey thing

47
Q

Primary motor cortex

A

M1, Brodmann area4- execution of movement- somatotopic map- input from all areas which play a role in movement- projections to spinal cord

48
Q

problem with pop vector

A

planning phase stronger than execution

49
Q

pre-motor

A

movement planning and sequencing (ventral and dorsal)- external, sensory guided actions- like grabbing a coffee- sends projections to m1 and pyramidal tract

50
Q

Supplementary motor

A

movement planning and sequencing, internal guided actions- voices, sequences

51
Q

HEMIPLEGIA

A

primary motor cortex- can result from stroke, loss of control of voluntary movements to contralateral side, spastic–> muscle weakness- can treat behaviorally, constraint induced therapy

52
Q

APRAXIA

A

lesions in SMA or Pre-motor, loss of skilled action and motor planning, cannot link meaningful action- results mostly from left sided lesions

53
Q

IDEOMOTOR APRAXIA

A

rough sense of desired action- comb hair will Tapp head - cannot execute

54
Q

IDEATIONAL APRAXIA

A

knowledge of intent is disrupted, does not understand appropriate tool use, sequencing problems

55
Q

Posterior Parietal Cortex

A

sensory guidance of movement, projections to pre-motor, and pyramidal tract, damage can cause optic ataxia

56
Q

Optic Ataxia

A

deficits in guided reaching- can verbally located but not physically, reach somewhere else

57
Q

Grabbing coffee cup…

A

visual information (optical) located-frontal lobe plans command (reach)- spinal cord brings information not the hand- motor neurons carry message to muscles - sensory receptors send message to sensory cortex (grasped)- spinal cord brings information to brain- basal ganglia judges force- cerebellum corrects movement errors- sensory cortex receives message

58
Q

Detection of self movement

A

cortex to corticospinal tract, can go to spinal cord or inferior olive which sends copies of instructions to cerebellum which corrects it and goes back to cortex- movement feedback goes up the spinocerebellular tract to the cerebellum to the cortex

59
Q

Inferior olive creates what

?

A

efferent copy-predict your own movement- why you cannot tickle yourself

60
Q

simple flexion of fingers versus pattern

A

simple- motor and somatic sensory

complex- motor- prefrontal, somatotopic

61
Q

Basal Ganglia

A

controls force production, fine tunes movement, produces dopamine which inhibits acetylcholine- smooth movements

62
Q

Parkinsons

A

rigidity, tremor, slowness, bradykinesia, impaired cognitive and motor memories, understimualtion of cortex due to the over-inhibition of the thalamus by the globes pallid us and the substantial nigra-tremor (not enough dopamine)

63
Q

Graph for parkinsons patient

A

agonist and antagonist are the same size- antagonist happens right after agonist but both continue to fluctuate evenly — for arm position goes up squiggly

64
Q

stiffness and slowness of Parkinson is caused by what?

A

not enough dopamine and too much acetylcholine

65
Q

Parkinson’s treatment

A

L-dopa: breaks through the blood Brian barrier, delays breakdown of dopamine - DBS

66
Q

Basal Ganglia chart

A

cortex either goes to the striatum or the brainstem/spinal cord, striatum goes direction to the Globes pallid us and substantial nigra or it takes the long rout. GP and SN inhibits thalamus which excited the cortex

67
Q

Hunington’s line from Gp/ SN to Thalamus

A

skinny black

68
Q

Parkinson’s line from Gp/ SN to Thalamus

A

large black

69
Q

Mirror Neurons

A

cells selectively discharge when a person executes a particular action as well as when a person sees someone do that action- shown in fMRIs(parietal and motor)

70
Q

Parietal Cortex function

A

multiple representations of space, used to guide movements, mapped in an egocentric frame

71
Q

Dorsal Pathway

A

visual cortex to parietal- where or how pathways- location of stimuli and how to take action

72
Q

Ventral Pathway

A

visual to temporal- what pathway- conscious recogntion

73
Q

Patient DF

A

visual pathways disrupted- could not draw and apple ro book from looking at it, but could from memory

74
Q

Right Parietal Lobe

A

problems with personal space and attention deficits - indifference to objects and events on the left side of the world “Hemi-neglect”

75
Q

left parietal lesions

A

apraxia- does not mirror right sides spatial representation

76
Q

Ideo-motor apraxia example

A

show me how to slice bread- pounds table, when handed knife, sounds table by bread

77
Q

Ideational example

A

cant choose the tool to carry out the action

78
Q

Callosotomy

A

splitting of the corpus callous in order to treat epilepsy- allows the study of hemispheric specialization

79
Q

Split brain

A

surgically or by injecting half of the brain with Sodium Amytal- -speech is left, can point for right with left hand: since the language area is asleep the patients left brain will not see it and therefore will say it say nothing- no hemispheric interaction

80
Q

Partial callosotomy

A

can picture object presented to right brain but cannot name

81
Q

bimanual coordination

A

more complex movements, bringing two limbs together, working at the same time- when split brain hemispheres can work independently of one another- want to go the same direction

82
Q

frontal lobe lesions

A

bimanual problems - anarchic hand syndrome

83
Q

anarchic hand syndrome

A

lesion in the frontal lobe- hand acts on its own- aka alien hand syndrome, do not feel hand performing action- claim they didn’t do it

84
Q

what results from too little dopamine

A

rigidity and tremor- parkinsons

85
Q

too much dopamine?

A

see or hear things that are not there- schizophrenia (1%)

86
Q

schizophrenia

A

adolescent onset, too much dopamine, treat with antipsychotic- they block dopamine and therefore lead to Parkinson like symptoms

postive symptoms: overactive
Negative:underactive

87
Q

tarditive dyskinesia

A

results from prolonged antipsychotic use, some huningtons like symptoms and some Parkinson symptoms

88
Q

intracerebral hemorrhage

A

all ages, specific parts- basal ganglia, cerebellum, brainstem or cortex - ruptured blood vessel will leak in the brain causing it to compress

89
Q

ischemia

A

artery of brain blocked, most common, all ages

90
Q

subarachnoid hemorrhage

A

blood vessel outside of the brain ruptures, area surrounding the brain fills with blood - may develop from birth- aneurysms- surgical treatment is to clip

91
Q

middle cerebral artery infraction

A

largest of the cerebral arteries and most affected by stroke, , supplies most of the brain surface and all of the basal ganglia, sudden onset of neurological deficit in the affected area (infraction of arteries)

92
Q

most important cerebral arteries

A

cervical and middle cerebral

Perception and Action (1 decks)

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