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Physiology 1 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Physiology

A
  • The Study of body functions
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2
Q

What are the two processes that explain body functions?

A

1) Teleological –> Why?

2) Mechanistic –> How?

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3
Q

Anatomy

A

-The study of the structure of the body

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4
Q

Structure-Function relationship

A

Inseparable

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5
Q

Levels of the body

A

1) Chemical level
2) Cellular level
3) Tissue level
4) Organ level
5) Body system level
6) The organism level

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6
Q

Chemical Level

A

Atoms

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7
Q

Cellular Level

A

The basic unit of life

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8
Q

Tissue Level

A

a specialized group of cells

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9
Q

Organ Level

A

several tissue types

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10
Q

Body system Level

A

related organs

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11
Q

Organism Level

A

functional whole body

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12
Q

Homeostasis

A

maintenance of a relatively stable environment by…

1) minimizing change
2) responding to change

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13
Q

ECF

A

Extracellular fluid

  • Fluid environment in which the cells live (fluid outside the cell)
  • 2 components –> plasma and interstitial fluid
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14
Q

ICF

A

Intracellular fluid

-fluid contained within all body cells

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15
Q

Homeostasis in Action: Circulatory System

A
  • carries materials from one part of the body to another
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16
Q

Homeostasis in Action: Digestive System

A
  • breaks down dietary food
  • transfers water and electrolytes
  • eliminates undigested food residues
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17
Q

Homeostasis in Action: Respiratory System

A
  • receives and eliminates O2 to and from the external environment
  • maintenance of proper pH of internal environment
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18
Q

Homeostasis in Action: Urinary System

A
  • removes excess water, salt, acid, and other electrolytes from plasma and eliminates them in urine
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19
Q

Homeostasis in Action: Skeletal System

A
  • provides support
  • storage reservoir for calcium
  • enables body movement
  • bone marrow is the ultimate source of all blood cells
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20
Q

Homeostasis in Action: Muscular System

A

-moves the bones

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21
Q

Homeostasis in Action: Integumentary System

A
  • outer protective barrier

- important in regulating body temperature

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22
Q

Homeostasis in Action: Immune System

A
  • provides protection

- repairs and replaces injured or worn-out cells

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23
Q

Homeostasis in Action: Nervous System

A
  • controls and coordinates bodily activities that require rapid responses
  • detects and initiates reactions to change in the external environment
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24
Q

Homeostasis in Action: Endocrine System

A

-regulate activities that require duration rather than speed

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25
Q

Homeostasis in Action: Reproductive System

A
  • not essential for homeostasis

- essential for perpetuating species

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26
Q

Feedforward

A

responses made in anticipation of a change

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27
Q

feedback

A

responses made after a change has been directed

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28
Q

types of feedback

A

Negative and Positive

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29
Q

Negative feedback

A
  • Primary type of homeostatic control

- opposes an initial change

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30
Q

Positive feedback

A

-amplifies an initial change

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31
Q

T/F: Disruptions in homeostasis can lead to illness and/or death

A

True

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32
Q

Plasma Membrane

A
  • A.K.A cell membrane
    -Separates the cell contents from its surroundings (forms a barrier (ICF from ECF))
    -Controls movement of molecules into and out of the cell
    (transport and communication with the external environment)
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33
Q

Nucleus

A
  • enclosed in a double-layered nuclear envelope (separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm and has nuclear powers)
  • Contains genetic material (DNA)
  • Houses nucleolus
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34
Q

Nuclear Pores

A

regulate the movement of material into and out of the cell (cellular transport)

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35
Q

Nucleolus

A
  • “little nucleus”

- involved in the synthesis of ribosomal RNA

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36
Q

Functions of DNA

A

1) directs protein synthesis

2) serves as a genetic blueprint during cell replication

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37
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • Everything but the nucleus

- Consists of: Organelles, Inclusions (NOT membrane-bound), cytosol (gell like mass that holds the cytoskeleton)

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38
Q

Organelles

A
  • Membrane-bound components of cells
  • “little organs”
  • distinct, highly organized structures
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39
Q

Examples of Organelles

A
  • Endoplasmic reticulum
  • Golgi complex
  • lysosome
  • peroxisome
  • mitochondrion
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40
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)

A
  • interconnected membrane tubes
  • function: protein and lipid manufacturing
  • Two types: Smooth and Rough
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41
Q

Smooth ER

A
  • lipid synthesis
  • hormone synthesis
  • No Ribosomes
  • package proteins from RER
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42
Q

Rough ER

A
  • Protein synthesis

- Ribosomes present

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43
Q

Golgi complex

A
  • exocytosis
  • closely associated with ER
  • flattened slightly curved sacs called cisternae
  • functions: 1) process raw materials into finished products 2) sorts and directs finished products to their final destination
  • receives packaged proteins from SER
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44
Q

Lysosomes

A
  • membranous sacs containing hydrolytic enzymes
  • extracellular material enters the cell by endocytosis
  • uses: Phagocytosis, autophagy
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45
Q

Peroxisomes

A
  • sacs that house oxidative enzymes

- neutralize H2O2 by using enzymes into H2O and O2

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46
Q

Mitochondria

A

a) energy organelle
- ATP production
- contains enzymes for citric acid cycle and ETC
b) enclosed by a double membrane
- inner and outer
- inter-membrane space
- matrix

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47
Q

Non-membranous organelles

A
  • Ribosomes
  • Vaults
  • Centrioles
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48
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • Synthesized in nucleolus

- Present in RER

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49
Q

Vaults

A
  • octagonal shape

- function unknown: maybe TRANSPORT organelles OR STORE DRUGS (drug resilience)

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50
Q

Centrioles

A

-Direct DNA movement during cell division

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51
Q

Mitosis

A
  • 2 identical cells
  • Somatic cells
  • diploid
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52
Q

Meiosis

A
  • Haploid cell
  • Crossing over
  • Sex cells
53
Q

Stages of Mitosis

A

1) Prophase
2) Metaphase
3) Anaphase
4) Telophase

54
Q

Stages of Meiosis

A

1) Meiosis 1

2) Meiosis 2

55
Q

T/F: Cells can die

A

True

56
Q

Messy cell death

A

AKA Necrosis
-Cells die from physical trauma, toxins, lack of O2
(swell, organelles die, rupture)

57
Q

Tidy cell death

A

AKA programmed, Apoptosis

-Shrink, organelles fall apart, self-destruction

58
Q

Tay-Sachs Disease

A

LYSOSOMES

  • storage disorder
  • missing enzyme hexosaminidase
  • leads to loss of muscle coordination, vision, hearing loss, paralysis
  • death
  • common is Jewish boys
59
Q

McArdle disease

A

MITOCHONDRIA

  • metabolic disorder
  • unable to break down glycogen into glucose
  • Cramps, pain, extreme fatigue
60
Q

Kearns-Sayre Disease

A

MITOCHONDRIA

  • effects the eyes (retina becomes pigmented)
  • heart block, weakness of limbs, deafness
61
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

A

INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS (CYTOSKELETON)

  • motor neuron disease (muscle)
  • extreme levels of glutamate (toxic levels)
  • mitochondrial dysfunction (energy dysfunction –> extreme fatigue)
  • misfolded intracellular proteins
  • death
62
Q

Mitochondria

A
  • Energy organelle
  • -> ATP production
  • -> Contains enzymes for ETC and Citric Acid Cycle
  • Enclosed by a double membrane
  • -> inner and outer
  • -> intermembrane space
  • -> Matrix
63
Q

ATP Production

A

-Glycolysis (cytoplasm)
-Citric Acid Cycle (mitochondria)
-Electron transport chain (mitochondria)
NET YIELD: 36 ATP (+2 to transport to mitochondria)

64
Q

Cellular metabolism

A

a series of reactions to sustain cell life

65
Q

Glycolysis

A

the chemical process to break down glucose into 2 pyruvic acid molecules
-10 steps
NET YIELD: 2 ATP

66
Q

Citric Acid Cycle

A

-Requires O2
-Pyruvic acid from glycolysis is converted into acetyl CoA which enters C.A.C
-8 steps
-prepares hydrogen carrier molecules for entry into ETC
NET YIELD: 2 ATP

67
Q

Electron transport chain

A

-requires O2
-series of reactions in inner mitochondrial membrane
-Major source of ATP (about 34 ATP)
NET YIELD: 36 ATP

68
Q

Plasma membrane function

A
  • form barrier for cell between ICF and ECF
  • control movement of molecules
  • joins cells
  • ability to respond to changes in the environment
69
Q

Plasma membrane structure

A
  • most abundant are phospholipids
  • -> non-polar tali and polar head
  • proteins
  • small amount of carbohydrates
  • cholesterol
70
Q

Phospholipids

A
  • forms membrane
  • barrier to water-soluble substances
  • fluid-mosaic (not rigid)
71
Q

Membrane Proteins

A
  • Form channels across the lipid bilayer
  • carrier molecules
  • docking-marker acceptors
  • membrane-bound enzymes
  • receptor sites
  • cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)
  • help recognize ‘self’ in cell to cell interactions
72
Q

Membrane Carbohydrates

A
  • self-identity markers

- carbohydrate-containing surface markers are involved in tissue growth

73
Q

Membrane Cholesterol

A
  • between phospholipid molecules
  • help fluidity and stability of cell membrane
  • prevent fatty acid chains from crystalizing
74
Q

Biological glue

A

Fibrin (helps with cell to cell adhesion)

75
Q

Cell junctions

A

1) desmosomes
2) tight junction
3) gap junction

76
Q

Desmosome

A
  • spot rivets

- considerable to stretching

77
Q

Tight junctions

A
  • firmly bind cells
  • seal off passageways between cells
  • found in sheets of epithelial tissue
  • prevent leaks in epithelial sheets
78
Q

Gap Junctions

A
  • small connecting tunnels (connexons)

- abundant in cardiac and smooth muscle

79
Q

Unassisted membrane transport

A
  • diffusion

- osmosis

80
Q

Assisted membrane transport

A
  • carrier-mediated transport (facilitated diffusion)
  • facilitated transport
  • active transport
  • vesicular transport
81
Q

Diffusion

A

-high to low concentration (concentration gradient)
Roles:
1) O2 and Co2 exchange in lungs and blood
2) movement across kidney tubules

82
Q

Osmosis

A

-net diffusion of water DOWN its concentration gradient (higher to lower concentration)

83
Q

Isotonic solution

A

solution outside and inside the cell is the same

84
Q

Hypertonic solution

A

cell swells

85
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

cell shrinks

86
Q

facilitated diffusion

A
  • energy free
  • Higher to lower concentration
  • requires a carrier molecule
87
Q

active transport and types

A
  • AGAINST concentration gradient
  • needs carrier molecule
    1) primary active transport (uses ATP)
    2) secondary active transport (does not use ATP)
88
Q

Primary active transport

A

requires the use of ATP

-low to high concentration

89
Q

Secondary active transport

A
  • indirect use of ATP

- latches onto primary active transport

90
Q

Endocytosis

A

Cell taking in

  • pinocytosis
  • receptor-mediated endocytosis
  • phagocytosis
91
Q

exocytosis

A

Cell expelling

-provides a mechanism for secreting large polar molecules

92
Q

Phagocytosis

A

cell ingesting another cell

93
Q

Paracrine messaging

A

cell signaling

-A cell produces a signal to induce changes in nearby cells

94
Q

Autocrine messaging

A

cell signaling

-cell secretes hormones that bind to that same cell and produces changes

95
Q

Neurocrine messaging

A

1) neurotransmitter
2) neuromodulator (neuropeptides)
3) neurohormone

96
Q

Cytokines

A

signaling cells that regulate immunity and inflammation

97
Q

Hormones

A

1) hydrophilic
2) lipophilic
- chemical signals released into the bloodstream

98
Q

Membrane potential and the role of the Na K pump

A

Makes a contribution to membrane potential because of the unequal transport of positive ions

99
Q

polarization

A

any state when the membrane potential is other than 0mv

100
Q

depolarization

A

the membrane becomes less polarized than at resting potential

101
Q

repolarization

A

membrane returns to resting potential after having been depolarized

102
Q

hyperpolarization

A

the membrane becomes more polarized than at resting potential

103
Q

Neuron communication: two types of electrical signals

A

1) graded potential

2) action potential

104
Q

Graded potential

A
  • occurs in a small, specialized region of the membrane

- magnitude continues to decrease

105
Q

Action potentials

A
  • brief, rapid, large changes
  • involves only a small portion of the total excitable cell membrane
  • doesn’t decrease in strength
  • threshold potential
106
Q

Role of the activation and inactivation gates of the sodium channels

A

activation –> allows sodium into cell

inactivation –> (closed at rest) allows cell to become repolarized and return to resting potential

107
Q

Refractory period and types

A

A period of time following an action potential
(decreased excitability)
1) Absolute
2)Relative

108
Q

Absolute refractory period

A
  • occurs in depolarization state and most of the repolarization state
  • second action potential cannot be generated
  • sodium gates = inactivated
109
Q

Relative refractory period

A
  • occurs in the last part of repolarization and hyperpolarization
  • sodium gates closed
  • second action potential possible with strong stimulus
  • few potassium channels still open
110
Q

Neuron structure

A
  • Cell body
  • Axon
  • Dendrites
111
Q

myelinated vs. unmyelinated fibers

A 
myelinated: 
Myelin is composed of lipids
saltatory conduction 
conduct impulses faster
unmyelinated: contiguous conduction
112
Q

Contiguous conduction

A
  • Unmyelinated fibres

- action potential spreads along every portion of the membrane

113
Q

Saltatory conduction

A
  • myelinated fibers

- impulse jumps over sections of the fiber covered with insulating myelin

114
Q

anatomy of synapse

A
  • presynaptic neuron
  • synaptic knob
  • synaptic vessicles
  • postsynaptic neuron
  • synaptic cleft
115
Q

Presynaptic neuron

A

brings the action potential

116
Q

synaptic knob

A

contains synaptic vesicles with neurotransmitter

117
Q

synaptic vesicles

A

stores neurotransmitter

118
Q

postsynaptic neuron

A

neuron whose action potentials are propagated away from the synapse

119
Q

synaptic cleft

A

space between the pre-and post-synaptic neurons

120
Q

excitatory synapses

A

the presynaptic terminal increases the probability of the action potential of the postsynaptic terminal

121
Q

inhibitory synapses

A

the presynaptic terminal decreases the probability of the action potential of the postsynaptic terminal

122
Q

synaptic delay

A

the time it takes for a signal to be conducted across the synapse

123
Q

neural summation

A

temporal and spatial summation

124
Q

temporal summation

A

a high frequency of action potentials in the presynaptic neuron elicits postsynaptic potentials

125
Q

spatial summation

A

the effect of triggering an action potential in a neuron from one or more presynaptic neurons.

126
Q

effect of drugs (cocaine) on synaptic transmission

A

Blocks reuptake of neurotransmitter dopamine at presynaptic terminals (excess dopamine)

127
Q

effects of the disease (Parkinson’s) on synaptic transmission

A

deficiency of dopamine in the basal nuclei, a region of the brain involved in controlling complex movements (rigid muscles and tremors)

128
Q

effects of infection (tetanus) on synaptic transmission

A

Prevents release of inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, affecting skeletal muscles (uncontrolled muscle spasms)

Physiology 1 (1 decks)

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