Midterm 1

Question 1

interquartile range: how to calculate

Answer 1

find median of upper quartile-median of lower quartile

Question 2

best central tendency/measures of dispersion to use with outliers

Answer 2

median/interquartile range

Question 3

how to calculate variance

Answer 3

square difference of each number, add squares, divide by N-1. Measured in units of standard deviation

Question 4

standard deviation

Answer 4

square root of variance, measured in original units

Question 5

type 1 error

Answer 5

rejected null hypothesis, but decision is wrong. Probability is alpha

Question 6

type 2 error

Answer 6

failed to reject null hypothesis, but decision is wrong. Probability is beta.

Question 7

Effect size

Answer 7

estimate of the magnitude of the difference among sets of scores, while taking into account the amount of variability in the scores. Useful for meta-analysis

Question 8

Confidence interval

Answer 8

Based on the data for a sample, we can be 95% confident the calculated interval captures the population mean

Question 9

Power

Answer 9

ability to find effect: probability that study will produce a statistically significant effect if the researcher’s hypothesis is true. 1-beta. Increasing sample size to increase power.

Question 10

Reliability when evaluating measures

Answer 10

-consistency and -minimum of measurement errors. About reproduction

Question 11

Validity when evaluating measures

Answer 11

-measuring what you want to measure. Must obtain evidence that supports hypothesis that dependent variable actually measures the construct it is supposed to measure

Question 12

content validity

Answer 12

measures measure broadly what they are supposed to. For example: a job satisfaction survey questions a broad array of relevant beliefs and behaviors
-most basic level

Question 13

criterion validity

Answer 13

ability to predict another aspect of construct. In example of job satisfaction, does your survey predict absenteeism? Also might mean your measure correlates with other measures/criteria of construct.
Helps establish construct validity

Question 14

construct validity

Answer 14

Does the operational definition truly represent the abstract construct?
-Provide clear definition of abstract construct
-collect convergent and divergent data
Construct validity not established or destroyed in single study

Question 15

nominal scale

Answer 15

two options, male or female, categories labeled as 0 or 1

Question 16

ordinal scale

Answer 16

rank order. Order of finish in a poetry contest or race, intervals are meaningless, simply ranking

Question 17

interval scale

Answer 17

order plus equal intervals. Zero on scale is not absence. Temperature is example. 100 degrees is 10 times warmer than 10 degrees

Question 18

ratio

Answer 18

order plus equal intervals plus true zero. Weight is example.

Question 19

When do you not need to get consent for research?

Answer 19

surveys, observation, educational research, archival, not placing subjects in unusual risk

Question 20

Elements of consent for research

Answer 20

1.) basic description, 2.) length of time experiment will take, 3.) tell participants they can quit at any time, 4.) confidentiality and anonymity assured, 5.) contact info for researcher and IRB chair, 6.) opportunity to review results of study, 7.) signature

Question 21

consent with children

Answer 21

must provide ASSENT

Question 22

how to treat participants well in experiment

Answer 22

1) debriefing, -dehoaxing=explain deception so participant feels respected, -desensitizing=remove and decrease stress, bring person back to reality. -control leakage=make sure participants don’t talk to others

Question 23

examples of poor consent

Answer 23

• Tuskeegee syphilis study
• Willowbrook hepatitis study
• mk-ULTRA-testing LSD on soldiers

Question 24

mundane realism

Answer 24

how closely a study mirrors real-life experiences

Question 25

experimental realism

Answer 25

the extent to which a research study has an impact on the subjects and forces them to take the matter seriously

Question 26

strong theories include

Answer 26

• productivity: produce lots of research
• falsification-strong tests
• parsimony-simple explanation for phenomenon

Question 27

convergence

Answer 27

when multiple experiments, all using different operational definitions and experimental procedures, converge on a common conclusion

Question 28

can theories be proven?

Answer 28

Not conclusively, can be disproven and can be supported

Question 29

Belmont report

Answer 29

includes three basic principles for research with human subjects: Respect for persons, Beneficence, and Justice

Question 30

Critical incidents technique

Answer 30

used empirical data from incidents observed by 7500 psychologists to guide APA ethics code

Question 31

Wundt

Answer 31

structuralism/introspection

Question 32

William James

Answer 32

functionalism/stream of consciousness

Question 33

Skinner/Watson

Answer 33

behaviorism/observation

Question 34

ways of knowing

Answer 34

• authorities
• logic
• empiricism/experience

Question 35

belief perseverance

Answer 35

stick to belief in face of contrary evidence

example: Covid-19 is not that serious and Trump never lies

Question 36

confirmation bias

Answer 36

try to find facts to support opinion, ignore facts that don’t
example: most conspiracy theories, QANON

Question 37

availability heuristic

Answer 37

use information read/heard recently

example: theory explains event because you just studied it