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Bird ID > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

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Shorebirds of North America flashcards
1
Q

What features make birds unique?

A

Feathers / Bill / Gizzard (Isn’t necessarily unique but highly developed) / Pneumatic skeleton / Furcula / synsacrum / Avian air sacs / eye anatomy / syrinx

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2
Q

What are feathers used for?

A

flight, communication, thermoregulation, camouflage

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3
Q

Define rhamphotheca

A

hard, horn like keratinous sheath

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4
Q

Define trabeculae

A

bony struts

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5
Q

pneumatic skeleton

A

hollow bones, make bones strong while staying light for flying

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6
Q

what is the furcula?

A

fusion of the clavicles. Acts as a support to the upper skeleton during flight

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7
Q

What makes bird eye anatomy unique?

A

They have two types of cones. They see colors we cannot perceive.

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8
Q

What is the function of the syrinx?

A

Makes songs and calls. works together with air sacs

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9
Q

What did the prehistorics birds have that modern birds do not?

A

They have a bone going through their tail

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10
Q

What are the theories of origins of birds?

A

Thecodont and theropod origin

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11
Q

What are the theories of origins of bird flight?

A

Arboreal (top-down) and Cursorial (bottom-up)

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12
Q

Arboreal theory

A

ancestors to birds were evolved flight to glide between trees

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13
Q

Cursorial theory

A

flight evolved to extend jumping while running

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14
Q

What features do birds share with reptiles?

A

nucleus in their blood cells. single middle-ear bone, sclerotic ring, lower jaw composed of several bones (mammalian is 1 bone), single occipital condyle. Females determine the sex of the offspring.

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15
Q

What origin of bird theory is the most parsimonious?

A

Theropod origin

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16
Q

True or False: Wing feathers are generally asymmetrical in flighted birds?

A

True

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17
Q

Life History Theory

A

Broad field of evolution and ecology that examines how life history is shaped by selection and environmental variation

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18
Q

What are the key concepts of the life history theory?

A

Lifetime reproductive success (LRS) and Life history trade off

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19
Q

How do you maximize reproductive output?

A

you must survive to reproduce

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20
Q

What is Lifetime reproductive success?

A

How many times do you pass on your genes in your lifetime

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21
Q

What is life history tradeoff?

A

The more effort you put into reproduction the more likely you are to die. Based on using up resources and exposing yourself to predation

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22
Q

R selection reproduction

A

focus on reproduction with multiple attempts, shorter times in between and many young per attempt. Typically young at first breeding

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23
Q

K Selection reproduction

A

Focus more on individual offspring , being older at first attempt with few young and longer times between breeding, with 1 attempt per year.

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24
Q

R selection life history

A

shorter longevity with high juvenile mortality and low population stability. minimal parental care and small body size.

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25
Q

K Selection life history

A

longer longevity, with low juvenile mortality and high population stability. extended parental care and large body size.

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26
Q

What are the hypothesis for clutch size variation?

A

Food limitation hypothesis and nest predation hypothesis.

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27
Q

What are different types of variables examined in relation to life history.

A

annual cycles, breeding effort and timing, clutch size, seasonality, predation, competition and mating system

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28
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

A

starts the whole cascade, often released with change in photoperiod

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29
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone

A

stimulates sperm and egg production

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30
Q

Luteinizing hormone

A

stimulate T production, ovulation

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31
Q

Testosterone

A

courtship and aggression

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32
Q

Estradiol

A

Formed from T in the brain,; female sex hormone, sexual behavior, egg production

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33
Q

Prolactin

A

regulates parental behavior (incubation, feeding)

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34
Q

Shell of egg

A

mostly calcium carbonate, contains pores for water/gas exchange

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35
Q

yolk of egg

A

nutrient rich, full of fats, essential nutrients

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36
Q

albumen

A

about 90% water, the rest is all protein (complete with all 20 amino acids)

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37
Q

types of nests

A

scrapes, cavity, platform, cup, domed

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38
Q

altricial

A

closed eyes, absent or sparse down, immoble, needs parental care, small eggs, yolks, and brain size. Large small intestine and fast growth rate

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39
Q

Precocial

A

open eyes, down present, mobile, minimal parental care needed, self-feeding, large eggs, yolks and brain size. small, small intestine and slow growth rate.

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40
Q

asynchronous hatching

A

females begins incubating as she is laying, first laid hatches first, uneven competition with laying order

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41
Q

synchronous hatching

A

female starts incubating when clutch complete, young hatch on same day, competition more depends on sex (if dimorphic)

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42
Q

sexual selection

A

the presence of a choosy sex selects for certain characters in the opposite sex

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43
Q

Polygyny breeding system

A

many females 2nd most common

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44
Q

polyandry breeding system

A

one female, many males (shorebirds and rails mostly) females often larger and more colorful. sequential and simultaneous

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45
Q

cooperative polyandry

A

several males cooperate to assist one or several females that maintain nest

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46
Q

promiscuity (polygynandry)

A

each male mates with multiple females. and female mates with multiple males.

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47
Q

how is breeding success measured?

A

nest survival, post-fledgling survival, recruitment

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48
Q

limits on breeding success

A

placement, predation, food (spatially and temporally) , time, parasitism

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49
Q

Define migration

A

Annual, seasonal movement from both breeding and non-breeding range

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50
Q

theory of origin of migration

A

southern origin and northern origin

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51
Q

what are the types of migration

A

long distance and short distance, obligate facultative and partial, dispersive, austral, intra-tropical, and elevational

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52
Q

what defines long distance migration

A

birds that cross major barriers between continents

53
Q

what defines short distance migration

A

do not leave the continent or cross a major barrier

54
Q

obligate migration

A

every one migrates every year

55
Q

facultative migration

A

individuals may migrate one year, not another

56
Q

partial migration

A

some individuals are migratory, some residents (but they dont change)

57
Q

dispersive migration

A

colonial birds who leave the colony in many directions and return to breed

58
Q

austral migration

A

temp to tropical in southern hemisphere

59
Q

intra-tropical migration

A

between two tropical areas

60
Q

elevational migration

A

seasonal movements up and down slope

61
Q

orientation

A

directed movement

62
Q

distant orientation

A

orientation that leads an animal to a goal that is beyond the limits of sensory perception

63
Q

navigation

A

the theory and practice of charting a course to a remote goal

64
Q

vector navigation

A

the inherited information present in young birds for their first migration. also called genetic based orientation and spatio-temporal orientation

65
Q

the suns lateral movement is approximately _________

A

15 degrees per hour

66
Q

circadian rhythm

A

helps birds to compensate for the sun’s angular movement

67
Q

celestial navigation

A

in the northern hemisphere birds use the north star

68
Q

Geomagnetic (inclination) compass

A

angle between the horizon and magnetic vector with intensity towards poles. birds perceive pole wards and equator wards, not north and south

69
Q

What tools do birds use to migrate?

A

vector navigation, the sun, north star, circadian rhythm, geomagnetic compass, and a geomagnetic map.

70
Q

hypertrophy

A

birds eat a LOT in order to fuel migration. supported by hormonal changes such as corticosterone and testosterone.

71
Q

How do birds prepare for migration?

A

Lots of calories!, rapid change in body weight and structure, nutritional organs show atrophy, exercise!! (pectoral muscle and heart show hypertrophy)

72
Q

Define optimal migration

A

the process of minimizing costs or maximizing benefits, or obtaining the best possible compromise between the two

73
Q

What are the different optimal migration strategies?

A

Time-min migration strategy (jumping), energy-min strategy (hopping)

74
Q

Time-min migration strategy

A

longest time on breeding and wintering grounds, requires large fuel stores to make long, non-stop flights, used by species with limited potential stopover sites

75
Q

Energy-min migration strategy

A

load-min strategy, great strategy for birds that have fuel available throughout migration route

76
Q

migration phenology

A

migration is a race and to the winner go the spoils

77
Q

what are the determining factors of migration phenology?

A

Genetic control (short vs. long distance migrants) , Climate, weather (wind), breeding, biotic (predation)

78
Q

Genetic control

A

short-distance migrants are under exogenous control. long-distance migrants are under endogenous control

79
Q

Breeding as a factor of migration phenolgy, how?

A

successful breeding pairs leave breeding grounds later than unsuccessful.

80
Q

Pterylae

A

feather tracts

81
Q

Apteria

A

empty space between tracts

82
Q

How do birds maintain their feathers?

A

Preening 1x/hr. Bathing, anting, scratching

83
Q

Which gland is used in daily preening?

A

uropygial gland (preen gland)

84
Q

Characteristics of the uropygial gland

A

contains oils with waxes, fatty acids, fat and water to preserve moisture in feathers and flexibility. Helps insulate and waterproof feathers as well as protecting against microbes

85
Q

Do birds only bath in water?

A

No they can use dust also

86
Q

louse flies “hippoboscid flies”

A

suck blood, carry feather lice

87
Q

Chewing lice

A

suck blood, eat feathers

88
Q

Feather mites

A

unknown if parasitic

89
Q

Define molt

A

The replacement of feathers, sometimes at fixed times of year

90
Q

What are the different plumages?

A

juvenile, formative, basic, alternate

91
Q

Formative plumage

A

First prealternate molt(partial) carried for first year, sometimes called first basic not present in all birds, immature plumage, usually incomplete including only body feathers

92
Q

basic plumage

A

either adult plumage for simple cycles or non-breeding plumage for those that have alternate

93
Q

alternate plumage

A

essentially breeding plumage, more colorful/elaborate than basic

94
Q

Natal down

A

First basic molt(complete) precocial chicks have at hatching, altricial develop in first week after hatching

95
Q

Juvenal plumage

A

preformative molt (partial) most birds wear until late summer; includes flight feathers bird will wear all winter

96
Q

First alternate plumage

A

second prebasic molt (complete) in N.A. species occurs late winter before arrival in breeding areas

97
Q

First basic plumage

A

second prealternate molt (partial) in more N.A. species, the first adult non-breeding plumage

98
Q

Second alternate plumage

A

in most N.A. species, the first fully adult breeding plumage

99
Q

Long narrow pointed wings

A

higher aspect ratio of lift to drag, better for fast flying and gliding (i.e. flacons, albatross, swallows)

100
Q

Shorter broad rounded wings

A

Lower aspect ratio of lift to drag, better for dense vegetation (turn quickly), i.e. quails, pheasants, wrens

101
Q

High wing loading

A

large bird w/small wings - grebe

102
Q

Low-wing loading

A

small bird w/large wings - hawks, songbirds

103
Q

What is wing loading?

A

How much mass is carried by the wings, wing area: body mass

104
Q

Alula

A

allows steep angle of attack generating greater lift without much reduction of lift due to turbulence

105
Q

Thermoregulation

A

down and contour feathers trap warm air close to body when needed for insulation, dark plumage absorbs radiant heat

106
Q

How feathers function in flight?

A

affect lift:drag, wing loading, , angle of attack

107
Q

How feathers function in survival?

A

thermoregulation, concealment

108
Q

Concealment

A

Disruptive patterns and countershading

109
Q

disruptive patterns

A

reduce contrast with surrounding environment

110
Q

countershading

A

contrast in colors between dorsal(dark) and ventral(white) help disguise outline, act as reflector

111
Q

How are feather colors produced?

A

Earth tones, synthesized

112
Q

What are the two types of melanin?

A

Eumelanins and Phaeomelanins

113
Q

Eumelanins

A

Dark brown, gray, black

114
Q

Phaeomelanins

A

Tans, reddish brown, yellows

115
Q

What is the function of melanin?

A

makes feathers tougher, protect from bacteria, helps in drying feathers

116
Q

How are Carotenoid pigments synthesized?

A

Food, sometimes converted metabolically to other forms

117
Q

What are carotenoid colors?

A

yellows, oranges, reds, some blues and greens, purples, ultraviolets

118
Q

What are porphyrin colors?

A

bright brown and green feathers, magenta. Fluoresce red under UV light

119
Q

Limits of porphyrin colors

A

only in new feathers, degrade rapidly in sun. (Turacos, magenta and green ..different types of copper-containing porphyrins)

120
Q

Structural colors

A

White, iridescent colors, blues (caused by light refraction on different structures within feather)

121
Q

The gland most critical to the daily maintenance of feathers is the: a. Pituitary gland b. Hypothalmus c. Uropygial gland d. Testes or ovaries

A

C. uropygial gland

122
Q

Which measure of breeding success has the greatest influence on population processes? a. Sibling competition b. Recruitment c. Post-fledging survival d. Nest survival

A

B. Recruitment

123
Q

Which of the following hormones plays a crucial role in parental care behaviors, such as feeding: a. Estradiol b. Prolactin c. Luteinizing Hormone d. Testosteron

A

b. Prolactin

124
Q

_________________ is a mating system where one female pairs with several males.

A

Polyandry

125
Q

The ______________compass utilized by birds during navigation is based on a fixed point of rotation.

A

geomagnetic

126
Q

zugunruhe

A

migratory restlessness

127
Q

what does dispersed nesting offer?

A

nest concealment, proximity to resources

128
Q

what does colony nesting offer?

A

where you are spatially (outskirts vs. interior) also big vs. small

129
Q
A

Bird ID (2 decks)

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