Midterm 1 Flashcards
what is motor learning?
- learning, remembering, performing
- concepts, principles, and theories of motor learning w application to mvmt and phys act
- the study of interactions of the brain, muscle, and environment
schema
abstract structure that has both invariant properties that are shared but all elements w/in it, but also a set of parameters that are free to vary. Thus generalized motor program was born (GMP)
Generalized Motor Program (GMP)
specifies small set of parameters for an action. rate and force of mvmt
Basic research
-conducted to understand simple questions that specifically attempt to uncover phenomena that are important but might not have direct practical implications
Theoretical research
knowledge repress thinking regarding large scale issues. the thinking is accumulated by reviewing the theoretical and empirical scholarship in an area
Applied research
basic research conducted to understand simple questions that specifically attempt to uncover phenomena in the real world or in practice.
Empirical research
-observation. conducted in the lab or on the field investigating problems
experimental research
bridging basic and applied research
memory research
expertise, contextual interference, elaboration
motor learning
study of how humans, animals, machines learn and perform motor skills
what is motor behavior?
- motor learning: cognitive processing underlying motor skills behavior
- motor control: motor programming and organization of motor patterns
- dynamic systems: complex systems that interact to explain behavior
goal directed movements
when mvmt is goal directed it is carried out to meet a particular goal. Is voluntary and under direct control of the performer.
-examples: tennis serve, ball set, typing, speaking, driving
Info processing model
- input
- central processing (includes perception, decision, effector)
- output
Gentile’s Different Forms of Mvmt
- TYPES OF MVMT
- -ORIENTING MVMT (mvmt made to change or maintain the position of an object)
- ADAPTIVE MVMT (mvmt made to change or maintain the position of the body)
- NON ADAPTIVE MVMT (any combo of mvmt of an object and mvmt of the body)
orienting mvmt
- provides info for effective adaptive mvmt
- mvmts to adjust the sensory apparatus such as the eyes or ears to better luck up relevant info
adaptive mvmt
mvmts to either maintain or change the position of the body; mvmt made to maintain or change position of an object
non-adaptive mvmts
reflexive mvmts
info processing (can be quick or long)
study of behavioral processes that underlie mvmt.
*onset of stimulus
- INPUT- onset of stimulus- internal and external stimuli
- CENTRAL PROCESSING- perception, decision, effector
- 2.5. onset of response
3. OUTPUT- mvmt, process and product
Mvmt process
- info processing and form of mvmt is part
- motor plan: developed in decision process and relates to what the performer intends to do
- motor program: developed in the effector process and it guides the mvmt w/ neuromuscular commands
- motor pattern: using technology , biomechanists study the motor pattern.
mvmt product
related to outcome or achievement of the goal of the mvmt
taxonomy
system for classifying things. to create, evaluate, analyze, apply, understand, remember
-Gentile: mvmts of body + constraints of the environment
spatial
where things are in space
temporal
timing
open skills in terms of spatial and temporal
has both which have to be predicted
Knapp
-continuum of open and closed skills.
Gentile- open
relevant factors in environment are moving. Externally paced
gentile- closed
relevant factors are stationary. self paced
intertrial variability
related to changed in the mvmt patterns caused by changes in the environment from trial to trial
mvmt pattern
form of mvmt
knowledge of performance feedback
appropriate for closed skills bc a single pattern of mvmt emerges late in practice
knowledge of results feedback
appropriate for open skills bc motor patterns diversify for open skills
environmental constraints
when the relevant factors are moving or stationary
open skills
- spatial and temporal factors
- predictability limited
- relevant factors are moving
- info processing is ongoing
- mvmt patterns diversify
closed skills
-only spatial factors govern performance
-predictability is somewhat unlimited
-relevat factors are stationary
-info processing demands are low
mvmt patterns tend to fixate
adaptive mvmt
-goal directed mvmt. it can be:
A. mvmt made to change or maintain the position of the body
B. mvmt made to change or maintain the position of an object
C. any combo of A + B
Limb Transport Manipulation
manipulation of an object.
-mvmt manipulation may or may not be present (LTM or NO LTM)
Dead space
- period of time when it is too late to make a change in the mvmt pattern bc we live in the recent past
- when you’re unable to respond to a stimulus
- ONLY when body is being transported
discrete skills
those with an identifiable beginning and ending. Ex: kicking, throwing striking
continuous skills
no identifiable beginning and ending ex: running, skipping, cycling, swimming
serial skils
series of discrete skills connected together. ex: receiving a vball w/ a bump and then going up for a spike, or fielding a ball and throwing to first
paradigm
model for doing things
-able to identify effects of independent variables on dependent
Nominal
- lowest
- categories of measurement to place people, place, objects into
- ex: gender, hair color, etc
Ordinal
-number reflects order
interval
- no true zero
- number represents quantity
ratio
reflects the quantity an object contains. HAS true zero
spreadsheet
a way to organize data
rows
- identified by numbers
- horizontal
columns
- identified by letters
- vertical
cell
- intersection of row and column
- defined by letter and number
task complexity
of subcomponents that make up a skill and the info processing demands imposed by the task
task organization
degree to which the subcomponents of the skill are interdependent
