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CHEM 181 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

what do Pomegranates contain that is believed to cure cancer?

A

Natural aromatase inhibitor

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2
Q

what do apricot pits contain that was believed to cure cancer?

A

Laetrile

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3
Q

What are 3 things that are found in Flax Seeds that make it a “superfood”?

A

1: Omega-3 fats
2: Ligands (Estrogen-like properties)
3: Fibers (soluble and insoluble)

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4
Q

Why are omega 3 fats considered good?

A

reducation of cardiac arythmias

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5
Q

What is the difference btw soluble and insoluble fibers?

A

Soluble fibers: reduces cholesterol levels

Insoluble: speeds substance through the gut

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6
Q

What is Beta Glucan? How much do we need?

A

soluble material that lowers cholesterol levels.

We need about 3g per day for it to have an effect (1,5 cups of oatmeal)

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7
Q

What preservative is added to bread to prevent mold?

A

Calcium Proprionate

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8
Q

How much processed meat a day to increase risks of colorectal cancer?

A

60g/day to increase the risk by 50%!

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9
Q

what is the effect of recombinant bovine growth hormone?

A

increases the qty of milk made by cow

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10
Q

ANTOINE LAURENT DE LAVOISIER

A

1743-1794: Mass conservation!

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11
Q

In what times was plaster of paris often added to flour to sell bread for more $?

A

in the 1910’s and 20’s. (CaSO4)

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12
Q

How much of the food we grow today is actually being consumed by insects?

A

1/3 or more

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13
Q

how many g of sugar in a regular apple? and % of water?

A

18g, 85%

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14
Q

Cal/g for carbs, prots, fibers and fats?

A

carbs: 4
prots: 4
fibers: 2
fats: 9

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15
Q

3 languages of science, in order of what was used then now??

A

First: latin
Second: German
Now: English

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16
Q

How much iron is in spinach?

A

3.5mg/100g serving. But a scientific paper made a typo and it was published as: 35g

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17
Q

History of airplanes

A

Wright brothers are known to be the first to make an plane fly in 1903.
Samuel Langley ha d steam-powered flight years before that! the credit went to the brothers bc they were the first one to have a persone inside the plane while it flew.
In Connecticut, people say to have seen a person called Whitehead fly a plane even before the Wright brothers, but no pictures of that.

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18
Q

DNA discovery

A

FREIDERICH MEISHER: first to isolate DNA from wounds (without knowing it really was DNA)
ONSWALD AVERY: found the replicating power of DNA + structure of DNA
WATSON & CRICK & WILKINS: Nobel for DNA discovery.
ROSALIND FRANKLIN: contributed to understand the structure of DNA, but not awarded

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19
Q

Names of Vitamins B

A 
B1: Thiamin
B2: Riboflavin
B3: Niacin
B5: Pantothenic acid
B6: Pyridoxine
B7: Biotin
B9: Folate
B12: Cyanocobalamin
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20
Q

Deficiency in vit C

A

Scurvy.

Gums bleed, bulges over the skin, edema of legs

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21
Q

Hx of vit C

A

JACQUES CARTIER: found out (indigenous ppl) a brew of pine needles cured the disease
JAMES LINDT: first clinical trial. Juice from citrus and lime cured the disease
ALBERT SZENT-GYORGI (1927): isolated vitamin C

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22
Q

Deficiency in vit B1

A

Beri-Beri.

neurological disorder, trouble with limbs

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23
Q

Hx of vit B1

A

Brown rice are being transformed to white rice, to make ppl feel fuller
CHRISTIAN EIJKMAN: discovered chicken developed the same disease as human. fed them brown rice and they were cured. Said that there was a susbtance in the husk of brown rice that was preventing Beri-Beri (vitamin B1 was isolated much later)

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24
Q

Deficiency in vit B3

A 
Pellagra.
Diarrhea
Dermatitis
Dementia
Death
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25
Q

Hx of vit B3

A

JOSEPH GOLDBERGER: ppl in a mental inst. have the disease but not the healthcare prof who worked with them. Noticed a difference in diet (1 was low prot and frutis high in starch, 2 is lots of fruits/veggie/meat)
Went to a prison in Mississipi and fed one group of prisoner with low prot, high carbs and the other group had the opposite: first group got Pellagra
Injected himself and wife to prove it was not contagious.
Called the nutriment the P-P factor (later isolated as Niacin)

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26
Q

Deficiency in vit D and Hx (no names)

A

Rickets. Industrial Revolution, ppl work more inside and see less sun.
Fed kids Cod Liver Oil to prevent rickets, as it contains high amounts of vit D

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27
Q

CASSIMIR FUNK

A

discovered vitamin B1, was an amine: called it a vital amine: vitamin.
not all vit are amines.

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28
Q

Effect of contraceptive pill on vitamins?

A

lowers vit B

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29
Q

Effect of stress on vitamins?

A

Lower C and B

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30
Q

Effect of laxative on vitamins?

A

lose fat soluble vit like A and D

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31
Q

Other than preventing pellagra, what can vit B3 do?

A

at a dosage of 200mcg/day, when prescibed, can lower cholesterol

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32
Q

What do antioxydants do?

A

They make free radical less unstable by giving them an electron

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33
Q

What do vit C do to make ppl think it could have an effect on cancer?

A

Prevents the conversion of nitrites to nitrosamite, which is a carcinogen

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34
Q

What effect vit C has on Collagen?

A

Prevents its break down, thus preventing bed sores

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35
Q

qty of vit c in green pepper and orange?

A

Orange: 60mg/100g
Pepper: 120mg/100g

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36
Q

side effect of vitamin C on stools

A

diarrhea and false positive on occult blood test.

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37
Q

Vit A and skin

A

reduce aging of skin due to UV-A
Retin-A: cream that treats skin issues like wrinkles and acne by removing dead layer of cell and producing more fresh cells.
Accutane: PO med to treat acne, associated with major birth defects due to high teratogene effect

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38
Q

Effect of biotin on hair loss?

A

When raw eggs were fed to rats, they all lost their hair. Raw eggs contain compound that binds biotin so it doesn’t have an effect.
But human are not deficient in biotin so no need to take supplements.

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39
Q

Vit B17?

A

Laetrile. It is not really a vitamin, it used to be a bogus cancer treatment. when it was proven of not working, transformed from a med to a nutrient so it could not be prohibited.

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40
Q

Most oceans of the world contain what % of minerals?

A

3.5%

The dead sea is 30% salt

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41
Q

CaSO4 2H2O form what mineral?

A

Gypsum, a white powdered form

42
Q

MgSO4

A

Epsom Salt

43
Q

CaCO3

A

Limestone. Coral reef main component is that

44
Q

CaMg(CO₃)₂

A

Dolomite. It contains trace of Fe, Hg, Al… doesn’t have to show it by law in some country bc it is in small amounts

45
Q

What is Cinnabar?

A

HgS. It is often found cocristallized with dolomite. It was used as vermilion (pigment)
It can be toxic (mercury)

46
Q

What happens if you put elemental Na in water?

A

Fire

47
Q

What was used in WW1 as a toxic gas?

A

Cl.

Cl2 can cause severe burns on the body

48
Q

electric conductibility test by Dr Harpp

A

1: Soy Sauce
2: V8
3: Table salt in distilled water
4: Lemon juice
5: Vinegar

49
Q

How much minerals in g do we need every day?

A

about 1 g. That’s why we calculate minerals in mcg

50
Q

what % of NaCl does Na account for?

A

40%

51
Q

What element has does not melt?

A

Iodine, bc it has a high vapor pressure

52
Q

how much Iodine is needed each day to prevent goiter?

A

150mcg

53
Q

how much money per person is needed to prevent goiter in the whole world?

A

5cent

54
Q

How much Iron per day is needed?

A

10-20mg a day

In the body we have 2-4 g

55
Q

What is Geritol?

A

Iron supplement sirop. Each ml contains 3.3 mg, a tablespoon gives 50mg: twice the amount needed!

56
Q

Porphyria?

A

Disease where ind have too much porphyrin rings in their body (precursor molecule of heme). Affects nervous syst, causes reddish skin and excessive hair (werewolf)

57
Q

ASPERGILLUS NIGER

A

Discovery in 1869 that Zinc levels are important

Deficiency linked with dwarfism, Reynaud’s disease

58
Q

Source of Zinc? how much is needed each day?

A

Oyster!!! and Nuts.

10mg

59
Q

Enzymes that need zinc?

A

Insuline, alcool dehydrogenase, RNA polymerase, t-RNA synthetase

60
Q

Source of Selenium?

A

Onions and garlic (responsible for the odor),

Seaweed, brazil nuts, tuna

61
Q

What does selenium do?

A

antioxidant when matched with vit E in the body,

part of an enzyme that protects cell against oxidative damage

62
Q

What percentage of our calcium is used by bones?

A

99%

The other 1% is used for nerve transmission and blood clotting

63
Q

WHat is the rule of 70?

A

To calculate bone resorption or absorption.

take 70 and divide by % change per year.. result is length of time it will take to double of halve the bone mass

64
Q

Why do we take calcium supplement with a meal?

A

The acidity of gastric secretions decrease the absorption of the supplement (acid reacts with caco3 to create co2…)

65
Q

Why would calcium supplement increase fracture

A

Calcium citrate and calcium carbonate can interfere with posphate absorption, which is also imp for bone mass

66
Q

prilosec

A

lowers acid in the stomach. Might reduce bone resorption by inhibiting osteoclastic process, by inhibiting osteoclast.
But can also enhance it depending on the individual

67
Q

Sucrose composition

A

glucose and fructose (50/50)

68
Q

Difference btw starch and cellulose

A

bonding of the glucose molecules are different. We can’t digest cellulose (cows can!)

69
Q

Honey composition

A

High amount of fructose and lessen amount of glucose (sweet)

70
Q

Lactose composition

A

Glucose and Galactose

71
Q

what % of the world has a lactase deficiency?

A

about 65%. In North America, 75% of them are black, 25% are white

72
Q

Rank of sweetest to less sweet?

A

1: Fructose
2: Honey
3: Sucrose
4: Glucose

73
Q

What is beano?

A

Prevent gas from bean (it’s an enzyme, alpha-galactosidase)

74
Q

Name 4 types of fibres

A

cellulose, pectin, hemicellulose, lignin

75
Q

What is metamucil?

A

product for those who don’t consume enough fibre in their diet

76
Q

Whaty are the problems with fructose?

A

has a low glycemin index, so can be good for diabetics
shouldn’t take more than 10% fructose product in the diet
Fructose isn’t regulated by insulin, but by liver: produces fat
It bypasses the appetite signaling
Promotes more AGEs than glucose

77
Q

What is the Maillard reaction?

A

When water is given off during cooking (like toasts)

78
Q

What are AGE?

A

advance glycation end products, they contribute to the body but too much is dangerous
Wind up in lens of eye and create cataracts

79
Q

NORBERT RILLIEUX

A

in 1846, improved the machine to extract sugar from cane (deficator) by using less heat, thus saving many lives

80
Q

HFCS conception

A

corn stach and amylases (alpha amylase and glucoamylase) mixed together
breaks the bonds btw glucose molecules -> glucose syrup
Glucose isomerase is added
more than half of the glucose is converted into fructose

81
Q

What does the bacteria S. mutans do?

A

converts sugar into lactic acid, eats away tooth material and create cavities

82
Q

What do fats contain?

A

carbon, hydrogen and oxygen

83
Q

what distinguish types of fat ?

A

the way carbon and oxygen are linked

84
Q

what is tisterain?

A

saturated solid fat w/ 18 carbons in each chain

85
Q

what are saturated solid fats?

A

It’s the bad fat. all the possible hydrogen atoms that can be there are there. if there would be a double boundage: unsaturated fat

86
Q

what are unsaturated fats?

A

bottom chain has 2 bounds btw 2 C and each C had one H
often liquid at room temp
If there was more than one double bound: polyunsaturated

87
Q

What is Crisco?

A

mostly saturated fat and 20% water

88
Q

What is margarine? How is it made?

A

Plant based fats and 20 to 60% water

Hydrogenation of the double bounds to single bounds: more spreadable

89
Q

what is hydrogenation?

A

partial reorganisation of the boundage to give trans fats some double bounds

90
Q

Difference btw natural trans fat and synthetic?

A

natural trans fat don’t seem to increase cholesterol levels/

91
Q

rank of fattest to least fat of meats?

A

1: red meat
2: Chicken
3: Turkey
4: Cod

92
Q

Carb based fat substitutes

A

Made of gums, seaweed and/or cellulose derivates
Has a fat mouth-feel, thickens the aliment
No calories

93
Q

Protein-based fat substitutes

A

Simplesse: made from egg or milk. Feels like fat, but is 4 cal/g instead of 9.

94
Q

Fat-based fat substitutes

A

Modified fats (liquid fats with unsaturated chains) Like intersterified soybean

95
Q

Synthetic sucrose fat substitutes

A

Olestra: can cause cramping ands loose stools, decrease ADEK, but is non-caloric, suitabkle for frying and tastes ok

96
Q

what is kwashiorkor?

A

a protein deficiency

97
Q

What elements form proteins?

A

H, O, C, N

98
Q

What is Tryptophan?

A

precusor from serotonin, found in proteins

was contaminated in 1991 and cause eosinophilia myalgia, but this is resolved

99
Q

What are Amino Acid?

A

Part amino end (N) and one part acid end (CO2H)

100
Q

BRIAN WANSINK

A

scientist who published many papers with lies and mathematical impossibilities (elmo stickers) who did not even have a degree in nutrition.

CHEM 181 (1 decks)

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