midterm 1

Question 1

What is Hartz’s theory about?(3)

Answer 1

“Fragment Theory”

Fragments from the “Old World”(through waves pf immigration/waves) shaped the “New World” political culture.

Thinks that Canadian socialism rejects the American ideology of socialism

Question 2

How does Hartz describe societies founded by Europeans?(e.g. Fr/Eng-Canada, US, Australia, etc.) (3)

Answer 2

According to Hartz, French-Canada along with Latin America are “feudal fragments”. They have tory values and their point of departure was before the “liberal revolution”.

English-Canada, US, South Africa are “bourgeois fragments”, preach liberal individualism and left tory values behind.

Australia is said to be a “radical fragment” of Britain’s working class ideologies of the mid-19th

Question 3

What is wrong with the Hartzian approach?(1)

Answer 3

If his theory would be true, then it would imply that socialism in Canada is nonexistent.

Question 4

What does Horrowitz think about the Fragment Theory?(2)

Answer 4

He thinks it’s wrong because Canadian socialism comes from tory values. Also, the US did not develop socialism because of liberalism.

Question 5

What is Grant’s text “Lament for a Nation” about?(1)

Answer 5

About how Canadian English’s political culture is eroding due to US’ influence/power and proximity to Canada.

During the Bomarc Missile Crisis in the 1960s, the Liberals/PM Pearson accepted to have American warheads on Canadian soil, which Grant describes as a failure and the fall of Canadian nationalism.

Question 6

Grant describes French-Canadian as the “true remaining Canadians”, why?

Answer 6

Because of their tory values, and their will to preserve their culture and autonomy.

They favour virtue over individuality + have a sense of community b/c of Catholicism

Question 7

The “political process” has 5 steps, what are they?

Answer 7

1. Define the problem
2. Organize it
   Affected subgroups of the population; political constituency, government type; build public agenda
3. Come up with public policy solutions
4. Agree on solutions to make a collective decision
   e.g. voting for a party
   May produce an outcome that not everybody agrees on
5. Implementing a response

Question 8

What are the roles of ideas, interests and institutions during each step in a political process?(3)

Answer 8

Ideas(heavy lifting in politics):
Informing people ==> mentality change + motivate political behavior
(Informing ppl) creates a “Us vs. Them” narrative: race; gender; nationality, region, neighborhood; political stance; … car plate

Ideas transcend and change over time

Political culture: systems of shared meaning, shared group
It may explain our healthcare systems, our laws, etc.
e.g. Thinking about how being a socialist society influences our laws

Interests:
Actors’ interests = impact on behaviours
e.g. people with a lower income may support a redistribution tax program

Institutions:
Can affect political processes and behaviours
e.g. the political process of a constitutional monarchy differs from the ~ of a republic
Change through time

Question 9

Describe the Left(4)

Answer 9

“Classical” socialism vs. “Contemporary” socialism (social democrat)

Socialism:
Scholars: Karl Marx(struggle between social classes; disdain of capitalism –> accumulation of wealth at the expense of the poor/proletariat)

Part of a union, affiliated with an association; thrives for equality and social justice; Fair redistribution of income taxes –> favors social programs, taxes depends on income size

Purpose: collective good, fair redistribution of wealth

Question 10

Describe the Right(3)

Answer 10

“Classical” conservatism vs. “contemporary” conservatism

Conservatism:
Commitment to traditions; “if it’s working, then keep it”; presence of a social hierarchy(in respect to some distinctions).;
societal approach; traditionalist

Conservative people tend to agree with the social hierarchy because they fit with the superior part of it.

Question 11

Describe the Middle(political spectrum)(4)

Answer 11

“classical/market” liberalism vs. “Contemporary” Liberalism

Liberalism –> liberality –> all individuals are entitled to fundamental liberties;
progressiveness; individuality; equal chances

Scholars: Locke(social contract theory; primacy of moral liberty + individual freedom)

The intervention of the state acts when the security and the property of its citizens is at risk

Question 12

What is so similar yet so different between conservatives and liberals?

Answer 12

They both aim for the collective good and individual freedom, yet their commitments may appear different

Question 13

What words does Gad Horowitz use to describe/compare the US and Canada?

Answer 13

Canada: “Tory, Non-Marxists/British, worldly”

US: “German, Marxists, other-worldly”

Question 14

What does George Grant think of US Nuclear Weapons on Canadian soil?

Answer 14

Grant thinks that the rejection of PM Diefenbaker in favor of Pearson by the Canadian public is a “failure”. (American nuclear weapons on Canadian soil)

Question 15

“To be a Liberal is to reject Canada’s fundamental values”

Who said that?

Answer 15

George Grant

Question 16

What is happening with Canada’s and the US’ political cultures?

Answer 16

There is a decline of deference between ideologies.

Question 17

What was Alisa Henderson’s study about?

Answer 17

She analyzed the dynamics of Canada’s political cultural; she observed the behaviour of regions and provinces.

Question 18

How can “Regionalism” be defined in Canada?

Answer 18

politics of territory
e.g. politicians using the region card for electoral support b/c they assume that different regions have different issues, therefore, have different types of electoral support

territorialization of politics
e.g. “policies are driven by the territory”; Immigration policies adapted to a province’s economy because of the exploitation of resources/sectors of their economy, etc.

Question 19

How are the regions defined?(in Canada)

Answer 19

Natural boundaries(e.g. climate), political constructions(e.g. economy, immigration)

Question 20

How are the regions perpetuated politically?

Answer 20

Legal institutions and political parties identify their nomenclature with their region
e.g. to represent Quebec with a Quebec party

Question 21

Politicians often play the “___ card” to gain more support.

Answer 21

“Region”

Question 22

What are the 4 interrelated elements that can explain Canada’s political culture

Answer 22

Culture: e.g. language, ethnicity

Political Behavior: e.g. vote choice

Political Culture/Attitudes: e.g. deference to authority, efficacy

Region: e.g. somewhat defined

Question 23

What does Alisa Henderson want to explain with her study?

Answer 23

She wants to explain the variance of political attitudes across the country.

Question 24

How did Henderson conduct her study?(Analysis, Data, Variables)

Answer 24

Uses cluster analysis and multiple datasets(i.e. organized political geography using federal district boundaries + CES 2000)

DV: Regions
IV: Political Attitudes
Treatment variables: ethnicity, culture, language, urban vs. rural, etc.

Question 25

How were clusters made/defined in Henderson’s study?

Answer 25

No cluster corresponds to a province (speaks to intra-provincial heterogeneity)

Clusters are both contained within a province, but also span provincial and east/west boundaries.

No simple urban/rural divide

Question 26

How is regionalism perpetuated?

Answer 26

Party System in Canada: Highly regionalized

Result:
Unique provincial parties
Federal Parties with distinct regional base
National federal parties with regional skewed support

e.g. 2019 Federal elections were highly regionalized and displayed provincial power imbalance.

Question 27

How does Canada manage regionalism(within its legal &political institutions)?

Answer 27

House of Commons
Less populated provinces have less seats and less federal power(e.g. no regionalism really)

Senate

• Basis of representation = on a regional basis called “sections” in the constitution
• Does not work as a regional body, but the principle of regional representation is above provinces

Cabinet

• Body that advises The Queen/Head of State; picked by the PM/General Governor
• Has to be representative; not only about skills or loyalty, but provincial balance

Supreme Court

• 9 judges where 1/3 of them are from Quebec(because of the Civil Law Code –which is a legal answer for Quebec’s representation; and to avoid disagreements)
• Political convention for the Supreme Court to represent all regions across the country

First Minister’s Conferences
-Regional representation matters

Question 28

What is “The Principle of Regional” about(s.36, Can. Act, 1982)?

Answer 28

“Reasonably comparable levels of public service at reasonably comparable levels of taxation”

Question 29

What is the constitutional duty of the federal government to provincial governments

Answer 29

“Principle of regional equity” through payments transfers

Question 30

Are equalizations payments fair to every canadian citizens?

Answer 30

Sort of, no matter where one lives in Canada, taxpayers can get a minimum standard of services that is equal all across the country

Question 31

What is the Federal Transfer program about?(Equalization)

Answer 31

To decrease horizontal fiscal imbalance between provinces (while Vertical Fiscal Imbalance is between Federal and Provinces)

Question 32

When does fiscal imbalance occur?

Answer 32

When there is a surplus of fiscal capacity

Question 33

Are transfers unconditional?

Answer 33

Yes

Question 34

What does it mean for a province to considered as a “have’s” or as an “have nots”

Answer 34

Means that some provinces have money so they don’t need equalization payments, and that some provinces are poorer and need the payments.

Question 35

What is the difference between fiscal capacity and fiscal revenue?

Answer 35

Fiscal Capacity: “ is the ability of the state to extract revenues to provide public goods and carry out other functions of the state”

Fiscal Revenue: A state’s revenue

Question 36

How is a state’s fiscal revenue calculated in the equalization formula?

Answer 36

INCLUDES:
Personal income, business income, consumption and property tax

DOES NOT INCUDE: Natural resources are not included in the formula

Question 37

What is the main issue with the revenue formula for equalization?

Answer 37

The mean problem: the Alberta/Bill Gates effect

Question 38

What is the n-formula? Why does the Federal government use it?

Answer 38

The n-formla throws out outliers/

The FG wants to keep the cost down to balance fiscal capacity

Question 39

What are some consequences of the Equalization program?

Answer 39

Provinces might hesitate to develop natural resources because they’ll become have’s

Might encourage dependecy and createe perverse incentives

Question 40

Which provinces benefit the most from the Equalization program?

Answer 40

Quebec is the biggest beneficiary; then Manitoba, Northern territories, New Brunswick, PEI, Nova Scotia

Question 41

As a province in the Maritimes, does Newfoundland receive transfer paymets as well?

Answer 41

No, NF falls in and out of the program because of their oil industry

Question 42

Who are the biggest “donors” in the Equalization program?

Answer 42

Ontario and Alberta.

Question 43

What is the social and political implications for beneficiaries?

Answer 43

Beneficiaries should align with its donors

Question 44

Is the Federal transfer program favouring Quebec?

Answer 44

Meh, Quebec does have the largest part but they pay their taxes as well

Question 45

What is the assumption about fiscal capacity in highly populated provinces?

Answer 45

Federal revenue raised in highly populated provinces is expected generate a lot more revenue

Question 46

Is the Federal transfer program effective?

Answer 46

Depends,

Regional disparity will always exist; there are regional advantages and disadvantages related to this program

Question 47

What is a nation?

Answer 47

A nation is a corporation/group

where collective discussions are made in

it is not necessary to make a claim about a territory/anything else, yet it happens to affirm sovereignty

Question 48

There are two ways we can imagine a “nation”, what are they?

Answer 48

Relying on:
Ethnic nationalism
or
Civic/Ideological nationalism

Question 49

Literature suggests similar definitions/meaning of the word “nation”, how would you briefly summarize these definitions?(3)

Answer 49

Collective understanding of who they are that reaches to the past and to the future.

Tangible fact = consent to live together
No mention of a culture and past/future; these are not necessary

Both limited and sovereign, it is how the nation sees itself(e.g. values, race, culture)
-an bbstract concept that is constantly redefined/reimagined; unnatural

Question 50

Name criteria relative to federalism(3)

Answer 50

2 levels of government (\//)

Some guaranteed autonomy(whether through a constitution; doesn’t require a democracy)

Same land and same people; over a defined place(can be under a government)

Question 51

How does Pierre-Eliott Trudeau define “federalim”?

Answer 51

As a product of reason and judgement

Question 52

What led the British colonies to become a Confederation in 1867?

Answer 52

A proposal for both division and unity was made by:

John A. Macdonald, who feared the US’ chaotic situation

And George-Etienne Cartier: “the crown is tasked to protect local nations”

Question 53

what are the competing visions of the federal Dominion of Canada:

Answer 53

Should it be a:

Compact of Nations(British colonies were diverse; French and English came together; Qc vs. the ROC)

or a Compact of Provinces(under one central government)
Qualified Formulation(no veto to provinces) + Strict Formulation(every province has a veto)

Question 54

What are underlying theories about power dynamics between Provinces?

Answer 54

Some argue that the Confederation is a compact of equal provinces

Others argue that in the Confederation, the French and the English are the only equal partners

Question 55

Were Canadians able to amend the British North America Act?

Answer 55

No, only the British Parliament could.

Question 56

What was the nickname for the 1981 Patriation reference about?

Answer 56

Nickname: Red Light Green Light

Question 57

What are the General Amendment Rules

Answer 57

Amendments need to be approved by

House + Senate
Legislators
50% of people of 7 provinces out of all provinces

Question 58

What does the “7/50” rule require?

Answer 58

Needs cross regional support (PEI might actually matter under the rule)

e.g.
Either ON or QC have to be part of the provincial coalition
If QC and ON are together, then 5 any other provinces
QC can only be thwarted if the opposing camp includes ON
If QC doesn’t have ON on board, absolutely needs BC, plus any other

Question 59

If Newfoundland wants to reform its school system within its province, does it need approval from Alberta and other provinces?

Answer 59

No, Under section 43 of the Constitution, “one or more but not all”

Question 60

Should Aboriginal people be consulted on Constitutional amendments pertaining to them?

Answer 60

Under section 35.1 from Part II of the Consitution, YES

Question 61

How is secession described/defined in the Constitution?

Answer 61

It’s not mentioned. Many say that secession is a threat to Canada’s federalism/Confederation

Question 62

Is the 1996 Act respecting Constitutional amendments constitutional?

Answer 62

1996 Act is not fundamentally constitutional b/c it can oppose the federal government

Question 63

What is the impact of Jean Chretien’s 1996 Act?

Answer 63

It makes constitutional change more difficult

Question 64

Why is the 5 region rule often informally labelled as the “6 region rule”?

Answer 64

Because Alberta gets a veto right because of the population size.

Question 65

When does PEI actually matter in Canadian politics?

Answer 65

They matter in the “7/50 rule”

They don’t matter in the 5 region rule, they have less political influence because of the size of their population. The province is viewed as a “have not”…
At least the make good Cavendish french fries :/

Question 66

Who cares about vetos and the 5 region rule?

Answer 66

“Defensive” and “Offensive” provinces

Question 67

What is a reference? How are they processed and by who?

Answer 67

Reference is a document of questions sent to the Supreme Court; it gives advice and does not bind anybody

allows a government to ask for, outside legal opinion, opinions to the Supreme Court of Canada; it is not a case; a shortcut to the judicial process

The court of appeal respond to the questions first, then the Supreme Court does if the answers are not satisfactory

References of this case are dangerous for the federal government

Question 68

How is the SCC to advise, given the absence of text?

Answer 68

A judicial party cannot respond “no”, so they have to justify their argument;

There are no rules about secession (of a province under the Canadian Constitution and the International law)/ no “exit clause”

Question 69

What was SCC’s argument against secession?

Answer 69

SCC turned to unwritten constitutional principles: our “architecture”:

Federalism 
Democracy 
Constitutionalism and the rule of law 
Respect for minorities 
Four reasons working together will drive you to the answer

Question 70

Would it be possible for Quebec to secede?

Answer 70

It would be extremely difficult but they can negotiate a way out with the Federal. The Federal has a legal duty to negotiate in the case of a “clear answer to a clear question”

Question 71

Under the International Law, the right to territorial integrity allows nations to secede. According to this law, would Quebec be able to secede?

Answer 71

No.

Quebec is not viewed as “a colonial and oppressed people[/group]”

Question 72

What is the definition of “sovereignty”?

Answer 72

having supreme authority over a defined place

Question 73

How can we define “citizenship”?(2)

Answer 73

1. Citizenry – a self-regulating bounded group(understand themselves as being part of sovereign association/state; like a membership)
   e. g. Canada asserts authority over its citizens and those who live within the territory
2. includes a package of rights

Question 74

How can we identify a social group?(2)

Answer 74

By looking at their relationships

They have differentiated customs, history, etc.

Question 75

Name some characteristics of the Settler-Indigenous relationship? How do both groups relate to each other?(4)

Answer 75

Both groups hold multiple norms and claim different things(e.g. assert its authority over its property)

Political institutions are internal to the federal constitution; some groups may not be recognized/acknowledge as rightful political institutions.

Normative commitment is that the Federal and Indigenous peoples should remain separate:
-May talk with each other, form alliances;

However, there is denial beyond alliances(conflict)

Question 76

What is the Two Row Wampum(or Kaswentha)?(2)

Answer 76

The principle of non-interference and respect for equal autonomy in a shared place +
Central view of a political ideal(how things should be, who gets what, when and how?)

Question 77

What does Trudeau’s slogan “Just Society” mean?

Answer 77

Trudeau expresses his commitment to integrate everyone within the state despite differences

Question 78

What is Trudeau’s White Paper’s central commitment/main idea? What are the policy implications?

Answer 78

Indigenous people have the right to equal citizenship, they share the same rights(undifferentiated rights); they are not recognized as being sovereign.
no need for treaties b/c no-recognition of their special rights(hunting, fishing)

Question 79

Is the Federal government able to legislate without Indigenous consent on Indigenous grounds?

Answer 79

Yes

Under s.91(24): The federal government has legislative jurisdiction over “Indians and lands reserved for the Indians”

Question 80

How would you define Indigenous autonomy in Canada?

Answer 80

Some autonomy is given within Canada’s constitution structure yet Canada’s sovereignty is still superior.
It respects Indigenous autonomy but bounds Indigenous autonomy

Question 81

Are existing Aboriginal and treaty rights recognized by the Federal? (2)

Answer 81

Yes. under s.35 of Constitution Act, 1982

However, Aboriginal and treaty rights are necessarily constrained by junior to Canadian sovereignty

Question 82

Who said that?

“We are all going down in the same river, we’ve got to sort it out”

Answer 82

Binnie J, Mitchell v. Minister of National Revenue (2001)

Mitchell said that

Question 83

What is a treaty?

Answer 83

a mutual agreement that carves a zone of concurrent jurisdiction

Question 84

Are treaties constitutional documents?

Answer 84

Yes, they are fundamental constitutional documents

Question 85

What does “Treaty Constitutionalism” imply?

Answer 85

Separate sovereignties remain + each respecting the other

Question 86

Is Indigenous consent unconditional?

Answer 86

No.

Question 87

When does Trudeau officialize the policy on multiculturalism?

Answer 87

He announced it in October 1971, but he did not officialize it. The Mulroney government officialized it in 1988.

Question 88

What clause allow Judges the right to give credence to multiculturalism?

Answer 88

The Determinant clause

Question 89

What does this article mean?

s.27 Constitution Act: “This charter should be interpreted in a manner consistent with the preservation and enhancement of the multicultural heritage of Canadians”

Answer 89

Commitment to create a framework to support multiculturalism(i.e. to inform people on it and integrate it as part of our society)

Question 90

How would you describe Immigration policies before the 1950s?

Answer 90

Either overt or indirect discrimination on the basis of race, ethnicity, or national origin

e.g. Chinese “Head Tax”; PC 1911-1324: barring “negro race” because “unsuitable to the climate and the requirements of Canada” [US]

Question 91

What happened during the Immigration Reform in 1960?

Answer 91

1960 Canadian Bill of Rights against discrimination (over race, national origin, color, religion) + assert human rights as core Canadian principles

PC 1962-86: more focus on skills than race and national origin (immigration process became more neutral)

1966 some White Paper was released

PC 1967-1616: Points system was introduced(like a test/examen)

Question 92

What and when was the B&B Commission?(5)

Answer 92

1963-1969

Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism

Struck to counter growing sovereignty movement

Chief Commissioners: André Laurendeau (Le Devoir) and Davidson Dunton (CBC)

Key Recommendations: Official bilingualism, minority language education, promote cultural diversity

Question 93

What is the main issue with the B&B Commission?

Answer 93

They only refer to “2 founding cultures”: French & English.
In reality, diversity exists in Canada.

Question 94

What was Trudeau’s response to the B&B Commission?

Answer 94

“2 official languages but no official cultures “
+
Implementation of the Multiculturalism Act

Question 95

What is Harold Coulthard’s text about? “Unjust society” (~4)

Answer 95

Response to PE Trudeau “Just Society” with “The Unjust Society”(1969)

Lack of faith in a government speaking with a forked tongue about empty promises; treaties need to be signed by honorable men who both have full rights on a federal-level, not provincial due to an nonexistent amount of treaties.

Advocates for the full obtention of inherent Indigenous rights to Indigenous people in Canada to secure their culture(land, language and customs). No rights, no treaties

Treaties = Magna Carta;

Question 96

What is Glen Coulthard’s text about?

Answer 96

The importance of recognition of Indigenous “cultural” rights in the legal and political framework of Canada’s government.

Question 97

What is the politics of recognition?

Answer 97

Mutual recognition(political approach to reconcile) that imply assimilationist policies

Recognize rights + accommodate claims +/- giving autonomy to marginalized groups

Question 98

What does the Assembly of the First Nations want from the Federal government?

Answer 98

AFN seeks a nation-to-nation relationship

Question 99

What is AFN’s opinion on the 1969 White Paper?

Answer 99

promoting cultural genocide

Question 100

What was Harper’s omnibus Bill- C-45 about?

Answer 100

Amendments to change the Indian Act.

Indian act(sexist towards women; less matrimonial rights)
Fisheries Act(fish habitat protection)
Canadian Environmental Assessment Act(protection of lands)
Navigable Water Act(protection of rivers/bays/lakes)

Question 101

What is the Idle No More movement?

Answer 101

Movement initiated by 4 women(including 3 from the First Nations)

Advocate for women rights; are against dams and other economic development projects on Indigenous territory;
Use civil disobedience tactics to enter negotiations
e.g. Hunger strike; trending on Twitter; flash mobs; blockades; public panels

Call for “national inquiry” (many consultations with Indigenous people) + Process of “walk-out” when meeting up with deaf Canadian bureaucrats

Question 102

What is pluralism?

Answer 102

an ideology; thinking that power should not be maintained by elites/one group

Question 103

Trudeau wants to bring structure and vitality to Canadian society. He talks about offering a “fair play base”, what does that mean?

Answer 103

To give same opportunities to all without discrimination and to avoid “cultural jealousies”

Question 104

How does Trudeau envision the implementation of multiculturalism policies?(4)

Answer 104

4 ways to implement multiculturalism policies:

Selective rewarding system to assist all and marginalized Canadians who demonstrate a strong “collective will to exist”, and to develop(skills, etc.; e.g. fluency) and contribute to Canada

Help cultural groups to overcome cultural barriers

Strengthen national unity by encouraging “creative encounters and interchange”

Immigrants are required to learn at least one of the 2 official languages

Question 105

Give a brief summary of Prof. Stolle study in 2016 on MCPs.

Answer 105

Study conducted on a sample of (White Catholic; 4th wave) Canadians (unrepresentative of the population: higher education and wealth) shows that multiculturalism polices are polarized.

Education and support are positively correlated while age and support are negatively related.

Canadians are more likely to agree with “offering public space access” to minority groups than agree with grant donation policies to finance ethnic programs.

More assimilationist Canadians are more likely to oppose financial policies to ethnic organizations.

Anti-assimilationist Canadians are more likely to be supportive overall and even more for groups that are considered to be more culturally distant.

“Support for multiculturalism policies is conditioned by a combination of the ethnicity of recipients and attitudes about assimilation”

“Median Canadian tend to have a moderate score on both attitudes toward assimilation as well as moderate support for multiculturalism policies”

Question 106

What were the variables(dependent, independent, treatment) in Prof. Stolle study?

Answer 106

DV: Support for MCPs

IV: White Canadian Catholics (of the 4th generation)

Treatment: Respondent characteristics, Beneficiary cultural distance, Respondent assimilationist values

Question 107

How were variables measured in Prof. Stolle study?

Answer 107

Through Experimental Treatment:

Random assignment to 3 photos of same person:
Helena(Portuguese Catholic)
Fatima(Turkish Muslim)
Fatima(Turkish Muslim with hijab)

Random assignment to 2 policies
Access to local community center
$80,000 grant

Measuring assimilationist views should “lead to” the cultural distance question.

Question 108

Who are the Fathers of the Confederation?

Answer 108

Alexander Galt, John Ross and Georges-Etienne Cartier

Question 109

What was the proposal written by the Fathers of the Confederation? (What is the proposal about & what exactly does it propose?)

Answer 109

It was a proposal describing the basis of Confederation sought by Canadian politicians(i.e the Fathers).

The proposed composition of the Confederation:
Governer-General or Viceroy (appointed by the Queen)
Upper House/Senate(territorial representation)
House of Assembly(elected by the population)
“Executive composed of ministers responsible to the legislature”

Question 110

“The Confederation might involve the constitution of a __________?

Answer 110

Federal Court of Appeal

Question 111

Why do the Fathers of the Confederation want their constitution to differ from the constitution of the United States?

Answer 111

The Canadian Constitution would be provided by the Imperial Parliament which would block/stop any “defect”.

Question 112

How does the basis of Confederation by the Fathers differ from the US Constitution? (3)

Answer 112

The Fathers of the Confederation say that their basis of Confederation will be stronger than the US Constitution b/c

(Federal principle = Unity)it would be unified for general/same purposes

(limited sovereignty)
The local legislature won’t be able to oppose the general government - sovereign powers will stay in the hands of the Imperial Parliament/Queen/British.

(Custody to remain in the hands of the Imperial Parliament)
“Pecuniary interest in the preservation of the authority of the Federal Government”

Question 113

Is Canadian conservatism liberal?

Answer 113

No, it’s illiberal

Question 114

What does the American Revolution mean?(2)

Answer 114

breaking away from the crown

see the concept of liberalism as “free individuals” in a “free society”

Question 115

What does Taylor think is different between the US and Canada? (3 for each)

Answer 115

US:
more violent; emphasis on individualism; social conflict

CAD:
Compromises valuses to ensure social order, less stratification; universal chances

Question 116

What does Grant fear for Canadian nationalism?(2)

Answer 116

Grant fears that Canada won’t be/remain “sovereign” in the sense that modernization & globalization will force Canada to lose parts of its sovereignty.

He is also skeptical about the youth.