Midterm 1 Flashcards
Held and Hein
- Did the kittens study in which some weren’t able to see and some weren’t able to move and determined that you need both visual and motor experience to have depth perception
Socrates
‘Socrates and the Boy’
- Believed that we knew things from our past lives, and that we didn’t necessarily know them by learning about them in our current lives
Aristotle
- Believed all knowledge comes from experience, and that child-rearing should be adjusted to the needs of the chile
Plato
- Believed that we are born with knowledge, and advocated for strict discipline and self-control
John Locke
‘Tabula Rasa’:
believed we are born as blank slates
- emphasized Nurture
Charles Darwin
- Kept detailed notes on his children’s developments; conducted the first English empirical research study on development
Sigmund Freud
- Believed that the psychological development in childhood took place in 5 steps, and that the first 5 years of a child’s life were most important and determined their personality and such
- Emphasized that behavior is motivated by innate, unconscious, instinctive drives
Behaviorism
- An idea that believed we should only study observable things (what we can see), and that all behavior results from ‘stimulus’ and ‘response’
- Believed that nurture was all that mattered
Watson
- Little albert experiment
- Believed it showed that you can teach someone anything, and that it’s not just ‘built in’
- He was a proponent of behaviorism?
Jean Piaget
- Father of modern developmental psychology
- Basically founded field of cognitive development
- Did experiments on the idea of conservation (pouring water into a different shaped glass and asking if there’s the same amount of water in it)
- Also believed there are certain stages in development, and that you have to pass each stage to go on to the next
- Argued that children are ‘little scientists’, and ‘active learners’
Lev Vygotsky
- A big proponent of sociocultural theory, which states that social interaction plays a big role in a child’s development
- He believed that culture plays a big role in how we learn, and that EVERYONE’s culture is different
- He stressed the importance of language
Huntington’s Disease
- Due to dominant mutation
PKU (Phenylketonuria)
- Genetic disability in which a person can’t metabolize phenylalanine, which can build up and cause intellectual disability
Epigenesis
- The belief that we develop via the emergence of new structures and functions during development, and that cells multiple and differentiate. This idea was supported by Aristotle.
There was evidence for this in William Harvey’s studies, in which he dissected chicken eggs to observe the embryos over their development
Preformationism
- The idea that organisms develop from miniature versions of themselves, which are either in the egg or the sperm, depending on who you ask
Zygote
- 1-2 weeks
Embryo
3-8 weeks
Fetus
9-38 weeks
Early Sex Difference
- There is a 50/50 split at conception
- Female fetuses are less likely to survive early gestation, which is why there may be a slight male bias at birth
What experiences the fetus gets in the womb
- Lots of motor experiences, some sight, smell, and taste experience, and lots of hearing experience.
DeCasper and Spence
-Reading book to baby in womb and pacifier test
Menella, Jagnow, and Beauchamp
- Carrot juice study
When sensitivity to teratogens is highest
- In the first trimester
Thalidomide
- The anti-nausea medication
- Rarely see birth defects if women took it outside of the 4th-6th week period
Zika virus
- Critical period is the entire first two trimesters
- Can be sexually transmitted
Most common teratogen
Alcohol
Term for substance withdrawals in baby
- Neonatal abstinence syndrome, or neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome
Effects of Marijuana
- Don’t really know the effects of marijuana on the fetus yet
- THC can pass through to the baby in utero and in the mother’s breastmilk however
Prenatal exposure to PAH’s
- Babies who were prenatally exposed to high levels of PAHs were more than twice as likely to be cognitively delayed at age 3 compared to those who had experienced less PAHs in the womb
NIPT
- Non-invasive prenatal testing
- Involves drawing blood to test for the likelihood of chromosomal disorders
Nuchael translucency screening
- Tests for trisomy disorders by looking at the nuchal fold for fluid
CVS
- Choronic villus sampling
- Involves taking cells from placenta to do genetic analysis for chromosomal abnormalities and several hundred genetic diseases
- Poses a bigger threat to mother and baby, however
Draw a neuron
- Look at notes
Multiple sclerosis
- Due to your own immune system eating away at the myelin sheaths
Cerebral Cortex
- Outer layer of the brain
- The ‘grey matter’
- Consists of four lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital
Draw brain, labeling the different lobes, and describe what they do
- Frontal Lobe: executive functions
- Parietal Lobe: spacial processing, information integration
- Temporal lobe: memory, visual recognition, speech, language, emotion, auditory information
- Occipital lobe: vision
- Corpus callosum: connects the two halves of the brain
Main processes of Brain Development
- Neurogenesis: occurs prenatally and through the first year of life
- Synaptogenesis: takes place prenatally to early childhood with two main ‘waves’ called ‘exuberant synaptogenesis’
- synaptic pruning: takes place in early childhood through early adulthood; occurs at different times for different parts of the brain
Dabelea, Knowler, Pettitt
- Studies on Pima Indians and diabetes and their children
Experience-expected processes
- A type of plasticity
- a predetermined maturational process in which synapses are formed and maintained only when an organism has undergone expected species-typical experiences during a particular critical period
- Benefit of these processes is that the brain is able to recover from injury to certain areas because other areas can take over the function normally performed by the injured part of the brain
Hubel and Weisel
- Kittens with an eye sutured shut experiment
- Exemplified experience-expected processes
- Found that cortical cells redistributed to favor the ‘normal’ eye
Experience-dependent processes
- Processes where neural connections are created and reorganized throughout life as a function of an individuals experiences
‘Worst’ and ‘Best’ times for brain damage in development
- ‘Worst’: neurogenesis (prenatal through 1st year)
- ‘Best’: synaptogenesis (early childhood)
Lantern Attention
- May be due to babies having a lot more connections than an adults brain, and having less inhibitory neurotransmitters
- Idea created by Gopnik
3 main changes that occur in the brain during adolescence as the brain matures
- Synaptic pruning (from back to front)
- Increase in white matter
- Changes in neurotransmitter systems
Executive Functions
- Occur in the prefrontal cortex
- Include attention, inhibitory control, working memory, cognition, flexibility, planning, reasoning, problem solving, etc
- More important to determining school readiness than IQ is
Stroope effect
- Harder to read the colors of words than the words themselves because reading is overlearned compared to color naming
Cognitive Flexibility
- The ability to mentally switch between tasks/concepts as well as think about multiple concepts simultaneously
Celeste Kidd
- Marshmallow test with trust playing a role
Shoda, Mischel, Peake
- Orignial Marshmallow test
- Predicted SAT scores and academic competence, or at least they thought
Watts, Duncan, Quan
- Updated Marshmallow Test
- Primary goal was to estimate the association between early gratification delay and log-run measures of academic achievement and behavior functions
- Found statistically significant, although smaller than what OG study found behavioral associations between early delay ability and later achievement
- These findings were highly sensitive to the inclusion of controls, however
- Most of the achievement boost for early delay ability was gained by waiting 20 seconds or more before eating the marshmallow
Diamond
- Tae-kwon-Do, mindfulness, computer games
Gopnik
- Kids are little scientists
- Lantern vs spotlight attention
