Midterm 1 Flashcards
Evolution
the study of adaptive and non-adaptive change overtime in populations and origins and extinctions, and the relationships among living things
Nested Hierarchy
refers to the way taxonomic groups fit neatly inside other taxonomic groups
What are the biological levels of organization? What term does not fit into this nested hierarchy?
Ecosystem - community - population - organism - organ system - organ - tissue - cell - molecule - atom
Biosphere
Describe the unioid life cycle.
Glochidia attach to host fish and leave when juvenile
Why do glochidia attach to host fish?
Because they cannot swim or crawl
What are conglutinates?
Membranous capsules that enclose glochidia and mimic host prey so fish eats it, spits it out but glochidia stays
What do mussels do in terms of host capture in the unioid life cycle?
Mussels physically grips host and pumps glochidia over gills
What does a simple lure do?
Has modified mantle tissue to catch host attention to attract a fish
What does a complex lure do?
Has modified mantle tissue to mimic host fish or invertebrate prey to attract a host
Genetic Variation
Differences at the DNA level among individuals within a population or species
Natural Selection
non-random differences in survival and/or reproduction among individuals’ entities on the basis of differences in heritable characteristics
Mutation
errors in DNA replication, are not for benefit
Point Mutation
Error in DNA sequencing
Chromosome mutation
rearrangement or fusing of chromosome segments
Gene duplication
Accidental duplication of DNA
Genome duplication
Addition of a complete set of chromosomes
Gene flow
Exchanging of alleles (through reproduction) across different populations
Genetic Drift
Random difference in survival and/or reproduction among individual entities NOT on the basis of differences in heritable characteristics
Bottleneck effect
Type of genetic variation, when the size of a population is randomly reduced due to a natural/human disaster
Founder effect
Type of genetic variation, when a small subset of a population establishes a new colony due to random circumstances
Sexual selection
a type of natural selection in which members of one biological sex choose or compete for mates of the other sex
Artificial selection
the intentional breeding of plants or animals
Speciation
occurs when gene flow is stopped, the formation of a new species
Evolutionary tree
a visual representation of the branching patterns of evolution
Clade
a groups of organisms that consists of a common ancestor and all of its descendants
Monophyletic
a clade
Paraphyletic
NOT a clade, missing either a common ancestor . or a descendent
Homologous trait
inherited from a common ancestor
Homoplasyous trait
evolved independently
Convergent
the process whereby organisms not closely related independently develop similar traits as a result of having to adapt to similar environments
Divergent
the process of tracing two or more species back to a common ancestor
What is the order of determining species
Domain - kingdom - phylum - class - order - family - genus- species
Diversity
Number of species in a taxonomic group or geographical area
Ontogeny
involves significant changes in morphology from youth to old age
Sexual dimorphism
distinct differences between the sexes of organism
Disparity
how different species are from each other
Phenotypic Plasticity
cases in which the same set of genes can result in different feature according to the environmental conditions
Infraspecific variation
differences that occur within a species
Abundance
number of individuals
Adaptation
a characteristic that enhances the survival and/or reproduction of organisms that bear it relative to alternative character states
Extirpation
individuals of the species still exist, but they are not found in an area where they were once common
Faunal turnover
fossils records that reveal the movement of species from a community
