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Animal Biology And Nutrition > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Types of growth

A

Chronological
Physiological
Hyperplasia
Hypertrophy

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2
Q

What is growth

A

An increase in height, length, girth, and weight that occurs in young animals given adequate feed and water

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3
Q

Measures of growth

A
  1. Average daily gain (ADG)
  2. Days to market
  3. Cattle 205 day weight (adjusted weaning weight)
  4. Breeding stock: weight per day of age (WDA)
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4
Q

How to determine ADG

A

Weight gained over time in days

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5
Q

How to determine adjusted weaning weight

A

(Weaning wt. - birth weight) over (# of days from birth to weaning) x205+birth wt.

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6
Q

4 factors that effect carcass composition (growth curve)

A

Nutrition
Gender
Breed
Frame size

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7
Q

Why do we castrate

A

Boars: meat can have unpleasant aroma
Bulls: dark cutting (looks like it’s freezer burnt)
Easier to control

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8
Q

How do we assess growth

A

Time from reference point

Live weight at physiological/chronological stages

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9
Q

What is pre weaning growth

A

Growth from birth to weaning

Dependent on quality of milk produced by dam

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10
Q

What is Post weaning growth

A

Growth after weaning

Influenced by pre weaning growth rate, genetics, gender, nutrition and environment

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11
Q

What is compensatory growth

A

“Catch up” growth: when an animal grows more rapidly than normal, after a period of restricted growth, in order to reach normal weight

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12
Q

Growth promotants are used to

A

Increase growth weight

Improve feed efficiency, reduce other inputs

Change carcass composition

Reduce greenhouse gas emissions

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13
Q

Growth promotants may include

A 
Antimicrobial growth promotants 
Probiotics
Anabolic steroids 
Enzymes added to feed
B-agonists
Somatotropin
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14
Q

What is the role of the male reproductive system

A

Produce genetic material (spermatozoa)

To deliver the genetic material into the right part of the female reproductive system

Hormones- testosterone

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15
Q

Components of male reproductive system

A

Testes
Epididymis
Vas deferens
Urethra

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16
Q

What are testes

A

PRIMARY SEX ORGAN
Divided into lobes enclosed by the scrotum
Functions: produce male gametes (spermatozoa), leydig (interstitial) cells produce testosterone

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17
Q

What is epididymis

A 
External duct leading from testes
Functions: transport spermatozoa from seminiferous tubules to vas deferens
Concentration of sperm
Maturation of spermatozoa 
Storage of spermatozoa (tail)
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18
Q

What is vas deferens

A

Transport spermatozoa from epididymis to urethra

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19
Q

What is a urethra

A

Excretory duct for semen and urine

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20
Q

Testes must be ________ degrees colder than body temperature

A

4-6°

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21
Q

How to maintain lower temperatures in testes

A

Location

Muscles

Counter current heat exchange mechanism

Sweat glands

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22
Q

How does location keep testes cold

A

Outside of body cavity away from body heat

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23
Q

How do muscles keep testes cool

A

Contract and pull scrotum up if cold and down if hot

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24
Q

How does counter current heat exchange mechanism keep testes cool

A

Blood coming from the heart is cooled by veins to keep testes cool

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25
Q

How do sweat glands keep the testes cool

A

Increases the amount of evaporative heat loss

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26
Q

What are some accessory glands of the male tract

A

Vesticular glands
Prostate gland
Bulbourethal (cowpers) glands

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27
Q

Anatomy of male reproductive system 2 parts

A

Penis

Sigmoid flexure: present in boar, bull and ram, S shaped figure that retracts the penis into sheath for protection

28
Q

Hormone in male reproductive system and what it does

A

Testosterone

  1. Increases spermatozoa production
  2. Increases muscle synthesis
  3. Promotes secretion of accessory glands
  4. Development of secondary sexual characteristics
  5. Libido or sex drive
29
Q

Breeding soundness evaluations

A

Physical exam
Scrotal circumference
Semen evaluation
Libido

30
Q

Factors that influence breeding soundness

A
  1. Age
  2. Nutrition
  3. Environmental temperature
  4. Disease
  5. Frequency of use
31
Q

Role of female reproductive system

A

Produce half the genetic material to produce the offspring

Provide nutrients and protection to the developing fetus

32
Q

Anatomy of female reproductive system

A 
Ovaries 
Oviduct
Uterus
Cervix
Vagina
Vulva
33
Q

What are ovaries

A

PRIMARY SEX ORGAN
Produce ova (female gamete)
Produce female sex hormones
Undergo cyclic changes

34
Q

What is an oviduct

A

Carries gametes (spermatozoa and ova)

Site of fertilization

Site of early stages of embryo development

Connects ovary to uterus

35
Q

What is a uterus

A

Fertilized egg implants and grows

Produces hormones

Supplies nutrients to embryo and fetus

Contracts to eject fetus

36
Q

What is a cervix

A

Thick walled inelastic

Prevents microbial contamination, entry of foreign material

Tightly closed except during estrus (heat) and parturition (birth)

Site of semen deposits during natural mating in sows and mares

Secretions create thick mucous plug during pregnancy

37
Q

What is a vagina

A

Organ of copulation

Site of semen deposit during natural mating of cows, does and ewes

Birth canal

38
Q

What is a vulva

A

External opening to reproductive tract

Secretes lubricating mucous during heat and parturition

39
Q

What is monotocous

A

Normally give birth to one young each gestation

One ovum produced each estrus/heat period

Eg cow and horse

40
Q

What is Polyocous

A

Normally give birth to multiple young each gestation

10 to 25 ova produced each estrous cycle

Eg sow, ewe, dog, cat

41
Q

Purpose of estrous cycle

A

Releases eggs which are mature enough to be fertilized

Prepare the uterus for potential pregnancy

Ensure that the male will provide spermatozoa at the appropriate time

42
Q

Ovarian hormones

A

GnRH
Estrogen
Progesterone (p4)

43
Q

What is GnRH

A

GnRH: gonadotropin releasing hormone

Gonadotropins:
FSH: follicle stimulating hormone, stimulates estradiol
LH: causes follicle rupture and releases ova

44
Q

What is estrogen

A

Causes reproductive behaviour (peaks prior to heat/estrus)

Promotes secretory activity of the reproductive tract eg. Mucous secretion

45
Q

What is progesterone (p4)

A

Inhibits GnRH release

Inhibits reproductive behaviour

Promotes maintenance of pregnancy

46
Q

Uterine hormone and what is it

A

Prostaglandin F2a:
Released by the uterus of the ova is not fertilized

Causes the CL to regress so that FSH and LH can be released and new follicles develop

Can inject prostaglandin to do the same thing; used to synchronize estrous in herd

47
Q

Estrous detection techniques

A

Animal behaviour

Temperature

Pedometers or other motion detectors

Mount detectors, tail paint/chalk

48
Q

Anestrus can be caused by

A 
Pregnancy 
Lactation
Presence of offspring 
Season
Stress 
Pathology
49
Q

Why use artificial insemination (AI)

A

Rapid dissemination of superior sires

More extensive use of superior sires

Facilitates cross breeding

Reduction of disease

Improved record keeping

More economical

Safety

50
Q

Limitations of AI

A

Possible extensive use of a sire which later shows up poor

Estrous detection is labour intensive

Inability to get good conception rates with frozen boar, ram and stallion semen

Registration restrictions with some breed associations

Lack of technical service in some areas

51
Q

Estrous synchronization methods

A

Progesterone method: 7-12 day treatment (89-90% synch rate) administered in feed or water, subcutaneous implants, PRID, patch

Prostaglandin F2a method: inject during days 5-17 of estrous cycle (60-65% conception rate), or 2 injections 12 days apart, regression of CL and return to estrous within 36-72 hours

52
Q

Three stages of parturition

A

Relaxation of cervix
Expulsion of fetus
Expulsion of fetal memebranes

53
Q

Codominance

A

Both traits are shown

54
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

Both are shown but mixed. Black and white make grey

55
Q

Definition of gene

A

Basic unit of inheritance consisting of DNA sequence at a specific location (locus) on a chromosome

56
Q

Definition of chromosome

A

Are long strands of DNA and associated proteins present in the nucleus of every cell of an organism

57
Q

Definition of locus

A

The site of a particular gene on a chromosome. At each locus is a pair of genes, one on the paternal chromosome and one on the maternal chromosome

58
Q

Alleles definition

A

Are alternative forms of genes found at a given locus

59
Q

Epistasis definition

A

When one pair of genes masks or alters the expression of another pair of genes

60
Q

Sex-related inheritance categories

A

Sex-linked
Sex-limited
Sex-influenced

61
Q

Sex-limited inheritance

A

Both males and females carry the trait but only one sex shows it

62
Q

Sex-linked inheritance

A

The gene is on the sex chromosome, usually X chromosome in mammals

63
Q

Sex-influenced inheritance

A

Outcome depends on sex of the animal differs between males and females

64
Q

Selection tools

A

EBV: estimated breeding value
EPD: estimated progeny difference

65
Q

What is complementarity breeding

A

Improvement of the overall performance of offspring by mating animals with different but complementary breeding values
Ex. Big mate with small to get medium

Animal Biology And Nutrition (1 decks)

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