Midterm 1

Question 1

Purposes of regional IGO’s and treaties:

Answer 1

Security, Cultural, Economic, Development, Trade

Question 2

There are regional and bilateral…

Answer 2

relations (e.g, global and regional level)

Question 3

The European Union:

Answer 3

A custom union (?) obtaining the organisation of external trade barriers, created by Germany and France

Question 4

The EU historical steps:

Answer 4

0- WW2 > 1949, nothing is achieved but a favourable enviro. 1- Jean Monnet (step by step approach), 1951 treaty of Paris (ECSC) becomes efficient so people want more, 2- 1954-85, Paul Henry Sprak creates a general process, 1957, Treaty of Rome (Euratom and EEC (important one) the THREE FOUNDING TREATIES. Each treaty creates a community, 1958- EEC want free trade area= 1967, no tariffs between OG states, The European Community. 3- Jaques Delos, not limited to economic integration, 1992- Maastrinch T, treaty of the EU! not working at the same level for everything.

Question 5

The EU has..

Answer 5

the economic monetary union and the European Political Union.

Question 6

EU institutions and DMP:

Answer 6

European Parliament is in co-operation/ decision with the Council of the EU, and the European Parliament gets initiative from the Commission, and the Council pushes execution to the Commission, which is linked to the European Court of Justice.

Question 7

EU legislation:

Answer 7

Regulations (all states), Directives (objectives) and Decisions (obligation to one member state)

Question 8

Common market:

Answer 8

Cooperation of economic policies

Question 9

Regional Development Banks:

Answer 9

Main aim to help financing projects of development, as well as good sources of economic data and information.

Question 10

IGO:

Answer 10

Inter-governmental organisation

Question 11

IR has traditional and new actors…

Answer 11

States (still the core actor) and Governments, now the emergence of Civil Society ( Non-state actors, e.g. IGOs, NGOs and TNC’s), made interesting by the diversity of actors

Question 12

The is a multiplicity of variables..

Answer 12

Affecting IR, Political (main) , Economic, Social, Natural, Climate, Resources

Question 13

The birth of modern international relations:

Answer 13

via the Westphalia treaties

Question 14

Globalisation definition:

Answer 14

The a multi-dimensional process of the acceleration of economic and political interactions/flows, which results in the acceleration of change. This results in the increased interdependence of states.

Question 15

IR is affected by change:

Answer 15

Climate change (new), Demographic explosion, cyber wars, terrorism, ecological devastation and resource scarcity.

Question 16

Multidimensional analysis:

Answer 16

How the economy, culture and religion affect the political situation

Question 17

Positive effects of Globalisation:

Answer 17

Faster circulation of knowledge, diffusion of democratic values and human rights, development of trade = feeds production and development

Question 18

Potential negative effects of Globalisation:

Answer 18

Loss of sovereignty, New risks by nature, Cal for new governence, transnationalisation of conflicts= e.g. ISIS

Question 19

Definition of power:

Answer 19

Capacity of influencing others (e.g. perceptions)

Question 20

United Nations Organisation:

Answer 20

Established in 1945, in order to commit to preserving peace through international cooperation and collective security.

Question 21

Six main organs of the UN: HUMAN RIGHTS!

Answer 21

Security council, General Assembly, Economic and social council, the Trusteeship council, Secretariat and International Court of Justice.

Question 22

Why human rights?

Answer 22

Governance, Stability, Peace, Women empowerment

Question 23

Treaties of Westphalia, 1648

Answer 23

Ended the 30 year war in Western and Central Europe, it declared that the sovereign leader of each nation-state could do as one wished within its borders and established the state as the main actor in global politics. So, the international system consisted primarily of relations among nation-states. Emergence of centralised states, centralisation of Political power and modernisation of the political system. Sovereignty of states: development of sovereign authority (IR negotiations equal).

Question 24

Geopolitics needs:

Answer 24

CHANGE, a multidimensional analysis, global perspective and the existence of global risks

Question 25

As a consequence of the treaties of Westphalia:

Answer 25

Balance of Power: countries defence is secure by forming strategic alliances (can remain independent)

Question 26

WW1 and The inter-wars (1920-30s)

Answer 26

Rising popularities of nationalism/ strategic alliances/ competition, ‘Balkanisation’ dividing of states into smaller ones (hostile- no more strategic alliances) = destruction of multinational empires. Making of the USSR (soviet union)

Question 27

The inter-wars led to.. WW2:

Answer 27

Rising protectionism/ nationalism, balance of power destroyed, traditional players replace by new players such as the US (due to it’s power) and Soviet Union, as Europe lost power. Declining of Ottoman and Austro-Hungarian Empire, led to the development of new nations and communism in Russia, contributed to the treaty of Versailles and Nazism, leading to WW2.

Question 28

After WW2, and the treaties of Westphalia:

Answer 28

Divisive shift in the global system, as many strong powers witnessed downfall leaving the US and Soviet Union = known as bipolar (two extremes?). The development of new Geopolitical order= the institutionalisation of IR (convention/ norm). This led to the promotion of free trade (through the WTO and UNO) and monetary/financial stability, which was used as a source of development, peace and stability.

Question 29

After the cold war and fall of the soviet union, leaving the US to be Unipolar (say with WW2 and treaties)

Answer 29

End of mutually assured destruction doctrine, The multiplication of sovereign states and increased globalisation saw the need for interdependence and the need for a global agenda. The development of international law means that a limitation of state sovereignty is created (however the state is STILL the core actor in goal affairs, e.g. international economic crises). Balance of Power outdated? Newly independent states (raw material) developing countries exportations go to the North (N/S rift= southern economies can’t produce= globalisation due to end of cold war rift)

Question 30

International relations definition:

Answer 30

The process in which traditional actors, such as states and governments, and non-state actors (for example, the emergence of the Civil society) interact with each other. I.R is a political science which studies the complex system of relations between countries and is sometimes referred to as International politics or World politics.

Question 31

Politics definition:

Answer 31

The activities and interactions regarding the governance of a country or area, and how much power these posses in relation to others.

Question 32

UNGA:

Answer 32

Is the main policy making, deliberative and representative organ of the UN, where (article 9) -all 193 member states are represented, with 1 member having one vote (article 18, equal), but members in debt to the UN (article 19).

Question 33

Procedure Charters of the UNGA:

Answer 33

Article 20- meet in regular annual sessions, general debate from sept-dec (special?), Article 21/ 30 (UNSC) adopts own procedure, Article 22/ 29, own subsidiary organs

Question 34

Functions and Power charters of the UGNA:

Answer 34

Article 10 (MAIN- discuss any q’s or matters, making recommendations to SC or UN, Article 11- Consider the general principles of co-operation (4 peace), Article 12- make no recommendations unless asked to by SC, security general tells them (weak?), Article 13- Initiate studies and make recommendations, promote international cooperation (IMPORTANT), Article 14- same for peaceful adjustment, Article 15- considers other UN organ reports, Article 16- Perform in respect of the assigned international trusteeship system, Article 17- consider and approve budget (assess financial situations of member states).

Question 35

UNSC:

Answer 35

Obtains the primary role of ensuring and maintaining international peace and security, as well as preventative action, disarmament and fighting land mines. They are also in charge of accepting new members and accepting/rejecting any changes to the charter, created after WW2

Question 36

UNSC Composition and voting charters:

Answer 36

Article 23- 15 members, 5 permanent (France, US, UK, China, Russia), 10 non-permeant (elected every 2 years). Article 27- 1 member= 1 vote, 9 have to agree out of 15 for procedural matters, and for others all 5 permanent members need to agree.

Question 37

UNSC Procedure charters:

Answer 37

Article 28: Members should be represented at all times, holding periodic meetings (me of govt? may be held near the place of conflict). Article 31- non-members of the SC but members of the UN may participate in discussion but not vote. Article 32- Same, but with non-members of the UN altogether, only if they are involved in a dispute that is being discussed (only on the UN’s set of terms that they set out, cannot be involved in discussion of any other matter)

Question 38

UNSC Functions and Power charters:

Answer 38

Article 24- (MOST IMPORTANT), primary responsibility is to maintain peace and stability, in accordance w the purposes and principles and submit annual reports to the GA, these specific duties are laid out in chapters 6, 7, 8 and 12. Article 25- accept and carry out the decisions of the SC w/the charter. Article 26- they are responsible for formulating the plans for the establishment if a system for the regulation of armaments, in order to avoid military weapons/ human&economic resources, with the assistance of the military staff committee (article 47)

Question 39

Evolution of the international system: (generally after ww2)

Answer 39

UNO (1945), IMF & BIRD (1944), WTO (1995) = resulting in the development of an environment favourable to the development of trade and economic stability.

Question 40

The complications of IR:

Answer 40

Growing interdependence, multiplication of actors and complications of the dynamics = ALL BACKED BY TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS (better communication)

Question 41

Interdependence + the end of the cold war=

Answer 41

Multiplication of sovereign states

Question 42

States include..

Answer 42

IGO, UNO, TNC, NGO (role of civil society, becoming increasingly important)