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PSYC 2301 > midterm 1 > Flashcards

midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is health psychology

A

Health promotion and maintenance
Prevention and treatment of illnesses
Ethology and correlates of health, illness and dysfunction
Impact of health professionals on people’s behaviour
Why people get ill and how they respond to illness

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2
Q

Early time

A
  • something is wrong with your mind and its influencing your body
  • their linked
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3
Q

Greek- humoral theory

A
  • when things go away from homeostasis your ill

- essential fluid is linked to personality and behaviour

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4
Q

Middle ages

A
  • level of health is related to degree of faith

- religion infiltrates medical knowledge

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5
Q

renaissance

A

-rejection of humoral theory

due to microscopy and autopsy

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6
Q

dualism

A

-mind and body are separate

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7
Q

conversion hysteria

A

-psychological conflicts are converted into physical symptoms

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8
Q

Psychologipsychomatic medicine

A

-Dealing with psychological issue to cure illness

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9
Q

Biopsychosocial

A

What we consider healthy changes over time
health=not constant
System theory- all connected (macro/micro)

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10
Q

central nervous system

A
  • carries voluntary nerve impulses to skeletal muscles and skin
  • carries involuntary impulses to muscles an glands
  • includes brain and spinal cord
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11
Q

peripheral nervous system

A
  • outside the brain and spinal cord

- includes somatic and autonomic nervous system

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12
Q

somatic nervous system

A

-controls voluntary movement

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13
Q

autonomic nervous system

A
  • controls organs that operate involuntarily

- includes sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

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14
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A
  • mobilizes the body for action

- response to danger

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15
Q

parasympathetic nervous system

A
  • maintains and restores equilibrium

- calms down after dangerous situations

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16
Q

Hindbrain

A
  • oldest part of the brain

- includes medulla,pons & cerebellum

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17
Q

medulla

A

-mediates heart rate and blood pressure, controls respiration

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18
Q

pons

A

links hindbrain and midbrain

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19
Q

cerebellum

A

voluntary muscle movement (processes for basic function)

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20
Q

Midbrain

A

connects hindbrain to forebrain

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21
Q

forebrain

A
  • newer part of brain

- 2 parts diencephalon and telencephalon

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22
Q

Diencephalon

A

thalamus- relay senses and stimulus

hypothalamus-cardiac function

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23
Q

telencephalon

A

cerebral cortex- higher order intelligence (frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital lobe)

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24
Q

endocrine system

A
  • system that secretes hormones into blood

- pituitary gland and adrenal gland

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25
Q

anterior

A
  • secretes hormones for growth
  • promotes protein synthesis
  • darkening of skin
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26
Q

posterior

A

-preserves bodies water

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27
Q

pituitary gland

A

anterior lobe and posterior lobe

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28
Q

adrenal gland

A

adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex

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29
Q

adrenal medulla

A

-releases hormones that help react to stress

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30
Q

adrenal cortex

A

-releases hormones necessary for life (regulate metabolism and stress response)

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31
Q

cardiovascular system

A

heart, blood vessels and blood

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32
Q

blood

A
  • provides oxygen to cell
  • manages pH and carbon dioxide
  • secretes hormones
  • gets rid of waste
  • blood carries O2 from lungs to tissue and CO2 expels from breath
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33
Q

left side of heart

A
  • takes in oxygenated blood from lungs

- distributes to organs

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34
Q

right side of heart

A

-sends deoxygenated blood back to the lungs from organs

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35
Q

systole blood pressure

A
  • hearth contracts

- lets oxygenated blood out

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36
Q

diastole blood pressure

A
  • hearth is relaxing

- deoxygenated blood enters hearth

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37
Q

respiratory system

A
  • provides oxygen to body
  • removes carbon dioxide from body
  • regulates blood in body
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38
Q

Infection is transmitted by

A
  • direct transmission:touching
  • indirect:sneezing
  • biological:biological catalyst changes composition of infection
  • mechanical:organism is not changing the virus
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39
Q

Immune response

A

natural immunity,specific immunity, humoral immunity, cell-mediated immunity

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40
Q

natural immunity

A
  • first
  • always working
  • macrophages:removes threat by swallowing it
  • natural killers: recognizes infection
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41
Q

specific immunity

A
  • comes in if natural immunity needs help

- T-cells:kills particular pathogen

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42
Q

Humoral immunity

A
  • protects against bacteria

- neutralizes viral infection

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43
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A

cytotoxic: responds to specific antigens

helper T:enhance function of cells

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44
Q

stress response

A
  • cerebral cortex labels event as stressful
  • signal sent to hypothalamus
  • activates nervous system
  • acute stress
  • flight or fight response
  • sympathetic arousal
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45
Q

health behaviour

A
  • behaviour done to enhance or maintain health

- if reinforced early they are resistant to change before becoming a habit

46
Q

health habits

A

health habits are autonomic

they are effected by socialization, teachable moments,closing the window of vulnerability

47
Q

identifying at risk people

A 
benefits:
-may eliminate/prevent health behaviour
-effective use of health dollars
-helps identify risk factors in patient population
problem:
-hypergigilance
48
Q

ways of changing health behaviours

A
  • educational appeal: popular person providing a message
  • fear appeal: scaring someone
  • message framing: message that stress benefit
    loss: works better for high risk behaviour
49
Q

models of health behaviour change

A
  • social cognition model: promote the things you value
  • health belief model: your presented with a treat and the end result
  • planned behaviour model:behaviour is result of intervention
  • transtheoretical model: includes stages of change and has treatment goals
50
Q

theory of planned behaviour

A
  • my attitude towards the action
  • the subjective norms around me towards that action
  • perceived behaviour
51
Q

transtheoretical model

A 
pre contemplation
contemplation
preparation
action
maintenance
52
Q

cognitive behavioural approaches

A
  • engage in behaviour that will be successful and they value
  • cognitive behavioural therapy CBT
  • individualized approach
53
Q

factors included in CBT

A 
self-observing
classical conditioning
operant condition
modelling
stimulus control
self control
54
Q

preventable injuries

A
  • unintentional injury that could have been prevented

- causes lost of life and injuries cost money

55
Q

cancer related health behaviour

A

best cancer: regular imaging

sun tanning: choosing to tan and using sunscreen

56
Q

exercise

A 
exercise +medication is amazing
Biologically your body will feel better 
Psychological- helps relieve stress and anxiety
Socially- you can form a community
150 minutes for min 10 minutes intervals
57
Q

Diet

A
  • eating healthy is hard
  • health vs. image
  • restrictive, expensive and laborious plans
58
Q

obesity

A
  • social drivers

- how to fix it: educate, close window of vulnerability

59
Q

Factors that contribute to obesity

A

family history
SES and culture
stress
emotions

60
Q

Health compromising behaviour

A

problem/risk behaviour

61
Q

characteristics of health compromising behaviour

A
  • window of vulnerability
  • self presentation
  • gradual development
  • common predictive factor
  • similar profile of substance abuse
  • clear socio-economic driver
62
Q

DSM-4 definition of substance dependence

A
  • if you continue to use…
  • develop tolerance
  • dependence
  • consuming to avoid withdraw
63
Q

American psychiatric association definition

A

physical dependence, tolerance, addiction, withdrawal

64
Q

Harms reduction

A

limit how much something will hurt

focus on risk and consequences

65
Q

types of drugs

A

opiates
cocaine
cannabis
amphetamine-type stimulants

66
Q

consequences of drugs

A

physical damage
rebound depression
misjudgment

67
Q

problem drinker

A

psychological and medical problems resulting from alcohol

68
Q

factors that influence treatment

A 
age
socio-economic status
access to care and social support
preventative approaches
health
69
Q

effects of smoking

A

synergistic effects

  • cardiovascular disease
  • more stress events
  • breast cancer
  • getting cancer
70
Q

factors that influence why people smoke

A 
Genetics
Social drivers- family/friends
Body image
Self image 
Mood state
71
Q

nicotine

A
  • dopamine

- reward pathway

72
Q

two strategies for stoping behaviour

A

Prevention (long term benefit)

Cessation (short term benefit)

73
Q

treatment strategies

A

Changing social view
Nicotine replacement therapies
Cognitive behavioural therapy
Treat comorbid issues

74
Q

vaping

A

pros:
safer,environment, control, cost
cons:
uncertain, inappropriate, options

75
Q

potential causes of eating disorders

A

cultural standards
Overcompensation of weight loss
Over working out
Typically start during adolescence

76
Q

anorexia

A

starvation

77
Q

bulimia

A

bing eating then purging

78
Q

what is stress

A
  • negative emotional thing
  • that creates a biochemical reaction
  • physiological response
79
Q

stressors

A

-event that causes stress

80
Q

person-environment fit

A

-perception of stressor is individual
- the ressources you have determine your appraisal of stressor
adequate ressources vs inadequate

81
Q

fight-or-flight model

A

-runs on sympathetic nervous system

82
Q

general adaptation syndrome

A
  • stressors produce the same physiological reaction
  • alarm
  • resistance
  • exhaustion
83
Q

limitations to general adaptation syndrome

A
  • does not account for psychological factors
  • assumes all responses to stressors are uniform
  • assumes that stress is only evident in the presence of a stressor
84
Q

tend-and-befiend model

A
  • how to deal with stress in regards to a social component

- coming together and becoming friends

85
Q

consequences of stress

A
  • wear and tears in the system

- chronic stress

86
Q

psychological appraisal of stress

A
  • primary appraisal
  • secondary appraisal
  • person environment fit
87
Q

physiology of stress

A

-2 system affected by stress SAM,HPA

88
Q

SAM

A
  • cerebral cortex
  • hypothalamus
  • fight or flight response
  • medulla
  • epinephrine, norepinephrine
  • sympathetic arousal
89
Q

HAP

A

when does this start

90
Q

long term stress

A
  • allostatic load

- cortisol

91
Q

what makes events stressful

A
  • personal assessment
  • uncontrollable/unpredictable
  • ambiguous
  • how loaded it
  • central-life vs. peripheral
92
Q

adapting to stress

A
  • Psychological adaptation

- Physiological adaptation

93
Q

what is coping

A

image in notes

94
Q

negative affectivity

A

neuroticism

poor health outcomes, lower coping skills

95
Q

pessimistic explanatory style

A
  • negative affectivity

- lower coping skills

96
Q

perfectionism

A

-unrealistic goals, inability to reach perfection, leads to strss

97
Q

perfectionism

A

-unrealistic goals, inability to reach perfection, leads to stress

98
Q

dispositional optimism

A
  • positivity promotes coping symptoms

- better mental and physical health

99
Q

how to cope with stress

A

self compassion, gratitude, psychological control, self-esteem

100
Q

self comparisson

A

personal tool

care about yourself and be compassionate

101
Q

gratitude

A

the more thankful you are the more positivity there is in your life
positive coping style

102
Q

psychological control

A

when things are ambiguous it increases the level of stress

Perceived control of stressful event =better health and = better outcomes of coping strategies

103
Q

self-esteem

A

high=less illness

ego strength

104
Q

coping style

A

avoidant

or approach

105
Q

external factors that affect coping

A
  • lower SES scale

- multiple stressors

106
Q

sources of resilience

A
  • hard to change your personality
  • can change by adding things supportive of psychological displacement
  • add positive life events
107
Q

coping interventions

A

midfulness-based strress reduction,disclosure and coping, stress management, interactive stress-management programs

108
Q

mindfulness- based stress reduction

A
  • learn to compartmentalize
  • focus and self-reflect
  • exclude all other problems
109
Q

disclosure and coping

A
  • verbalize what’s bothering you

- say it or write it

110
Q

stress management

A
  • learning in groups
  • identify stressors
  • practice
  • giving yourself the tools to deal with this stress
111
Q

interactive stress-management program

A
  • online based

- targeted to sub populations

112
Q

social support

A
  • tangible assistance
  • informational support
  • emotional support
  • implicit vs. explicit social support

PSYC 2301 (1 decks)

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