midterm 1 Flashcards
what is health psychology
Health promotion and maintenance
Prevention and treatment of illnesses
Ethology and correlates of health, illness and dysfunction
Impact of health professionals on people’s behaviour
Why people get ill and how they respond to illness
Early time
- something is wrong with your mind and its influencing your body
- their linked
Greek- humoral theory
- when things go away from homeostasis your ill
- essential fluid is linked to personality and behaviour
Middle ages
- level of health is related to degree of faith
- religion infiltrates medical knowledge
renaissance
-rejection of humoral theory
due to microscopy and autopsy
dualism
-mind and body are separate
conversion hysteria
-psychological conflicts are converted into physical symptoms
Psychologipsychomatic medicine
-Dealing with psychological issue to cure illness
Biopsychosocial
What we consider healthy changes over time
health=not constant
System theory- all connected (macro/micro)
central nervous system
- carries voluntary nerve impulses to skeletal muscles and skin
- carries involuntary impulses to muscles an glands
- includes brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system
- outside the brain and spinal cord
- includes somatic and autonomic nervous system
somatic nervous system
-controls voluntary movement
autonomic nervous system
- controls organs that operate involuntarily
- includes sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
- mobilizes the body for action
- response to danger
parasympathetic nervous system
- maintains and restores equilibrium
- calms down after dangerous situations
Hindbrain
- oldest part of the brain
- includes medulla,pons & cerebellum
medulla
-mediates heart rate and blood pressure, controls respiration
pons
links hindbrain and midbrain
cerebellum
voluntary muscle movement (processes for basic function)
Midbrain
connects hindbrain to forebrain
forebrain
- newer part of brain
- 2 parts diencephalon and telencephalon
Diencephalon
thalamus- relay senses and stimulus
hypothalamus-cardiac function
telencephalon
cerebral cortex- higher order intelligence (frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital lobe)
endocrine system
- system that secretes hormones into blood
- pituitary gland and adrenal gland
anterior
- secretes hormones for growth
- promotes protein synthesis
- darkening of skin
posterior
-preserves bodies water
pituitary gland
anterior lobe and posterior lobe
adrenal gland
adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex
adrenal medulla
-releases hormones that help react to stress
adrenal cortex
-releases hormones necessary for life (regulate metabolism and stress response)
cardiovascular system
heart, blood vessels and blood
blood
- provides oxygen to cell
- manages pH and carbon dioxide
- secretes hormones
- gets rid of waste
- blood carries O2 from lungs to tissue and CO2 expels from breath
left side of heart
- takes in oxygenated blood from lungs
- distributes to organs
right side of heart
-sends deoxygenated blood back to the lungs from organs
systole blood pressure
- hearth contracts
- lets oxygenated blood out
diastole blood pressure
- hearth is relaxing
- deoxygenated blood enters hearth
respiratory system
- provides oxygen to body
- removes carbon dioxide from body
- regulates blood in body
Infection is transmitted by
- direct transmission:touching
- indirect:sneezing
- biological:biological catalyst changes composition of infection
- mechanical:organism is not changing the virus
Immune response
natural immunity,specific immunity, humoral immunity, cell-mediated immunity
natural immunity
- first
- always working
- macrophages:removes threat by swallowing it
- natural killers: recognizes infection
specific immunity
- comes in if natural immunity needs help
- T-cells:kills particular pathogen
Humoral immunity
- protects against bacteria
- neutralizes viral infection
cell-mediated immunity
cytotoxic: responds to specific antigens
helper T:enhance function of cells
stress response
- cerebral cortex labels event as stressful
- signal sent to hypothalamus
- activates nervous system
- acute stress
- flight or fight response
- sympathetic arousal
health behaviour
- behaviour done to enhance or maintain health
- if reinforced early they are resistant to change before becoming a habit
health habits
health habits are autonomic
they are effected by socialization, teachable moments,closing the window of vulnerability
identifying at risk people
benefits: -may eliminate/prevent health behaviour -effective use of health dollars -helps identify risk factors in patient population problem: -hypergigilance
ways of changing health behaviours
- educational appeal: popular person providing a message
- fear appeal: scaring someone
- message framing: message that stress benefit
loss: works better for high risk behaviour
models of health behaviour change
- social cognition model: promote the things you value
- health belief model: your presented with a treat and the end result
- planned behaviour model:behaviour is result of intervention
- transtheoretical model: includes stages of change and has treatment goals
theory of planned behaviour
- my attitude towards the action
- the subjective norms around me towards that action
- perceived behaviour
transtheoretical model
pre contemplation contemplation preparation action maintenance
cognitive behavioural approaches
- engage in behaviour that will be successful and they value
- cognitive behavioural therapy CBT
- individualized approach
factors included in CBT
self-observing classical conditioning operant condition modelling stimulus control self control
preventable injuries
- unintentional injury that could have been prevented
- causes lost of life and injuries cost money
cancer related health behaviour
best cancer: regular imaging
sun tanning: choosing to tan and using sunscreen
exercise
exercise +medication is amazing Biologically your body will feel better Psychological- helps relieve stress and anxiety Socially- you can form a community 150 minutes for min 10 minutes intervals
Diet
- eating healthy is hard
- health vs. image
- restrictive, expensive and laborious plans
obesity
- social drivers
- how to fix it: educate, close window of vulnerability
Factors that contribute to obesity
family history
SES and culture
stress
emotions
Health compromising behaviour
problem/risk behaviour
characteristics of health compromising behaviour
- window of vulnerability
- self presentation
- gradual development
- common predictive factor
- similar profile of substance abuse
- clear socio-economic driver
DSM-4 definition of substance dependence
- if you continue to use…
- develop tolerance
- dependence
- consuming to avoid withdraw
American psychiatric association definition
physical dependence, tolerance, addiction, withdrawal
Harms reduction
limit how much something will hurt
focus on risk and consequences
types of drugs
opiates
cocaine
cannabis
amphetamine-type stimulants
consequences of drugs
physical damage
rebound depression
misjudgment
problem drinker
psychological and medical problems resulting from alcohol
factors that influence treatment
age socio-economic status access to care and social support preventative approaches health
effects of smoking
synergistic effects
- cardiovascular disease
- more stress events
- breast cancer
- getting cancer
factors that influence why people smoke
Genetics Social drivers- family/friends Body image Self image Mood state
nicotine
- dopamine
- reward pathway
two strategies for stoping behaviour
Prevention (long term benefit)
Cessation (short term benefit)
treatment strategies
Changing social view
Nicotine replacement therapies
Cognitive behavioural therapy
Treat comorbid issues
vaping
pros:
safer,environment, control, cost
cons:
uncertain, inappropriate, options
potential causes of eating disorders
cultural standards
Overcompensation of weight loss
Over working out
Typically start during adolescence
anorexia
starvation
bulimia
bing eating then purging
what is stress
- negative emotional thing
- that creates a biochemical reaction
- physiological response
stressors
-event that causes stress
person-environment fit
-perception of stressor is individual
- the ressources you have determine your appraisal of stressor
adequate ressources vs inadequate
fight-or-flight model
-runs on sympathetic nervous system
general adaptation syndrome
- stressors produce the same physiological reaction
- alarm
- resistance
- exhaustion
limitations to general adaptation syndrome
- does not account for psychological factors
- assumes all responses to stressors are uniform
- assumes that stress is only evident in the presence of a stressor
tend-and-befiend model
- how to deal with stress in regards to a social component
- coming together and becoming friends
consequences of stress
- wear and tears in the system
- chronic stress
psychological appraisal of stress
- primary appraisal
- secondary appraisal
- person environment fit
physiology of stress
-2 system affected by stress SAM,HPA
SAM
- cerebral cortex
- hypothalamus
- fight or flight response
- medulla
- epinephrine, norepinephrine
- sympathetic arousal
HAP
when does this start
long term stress
- allostatic load
- cortisol
what makes events stressful
- personal assessment
- uncontrollable/unpredictable
- ambiguous
- how loaded it
- central-life vs. peripheral
adapting to stress
- Psychological adaptation
- Physiological adaptation
what is coping
image in notes
negative affectivity
neuroticism
poor health outcomes, lower coping skills
pessimistic explanatory style
- negative affectivity
- lower coping skills
perfectionism
-unrealistic goals, inability to reach perfection, leads to strss
perfectionism
-unrealistic goals, inability to reach perfection, leads to stress
dispositional optimism
- positivity promotes coping symptoms
- better mental and physical health
how to cope with stress
self compassion, gratitude, psychological control, self-esteem
self comparisson
personal tool
care about yourself and be compassionate
gratitude
the more thankful you are the more positivity there is in your life
positive coping style
psychological control
when things are ambiguous it increases the level of stress
Perceived control of stressful event =better health and = better outcomes of coping strategies
self-esteem
high=less illness
ego strength
coping style
avoidant
or approach
external factors that affect coping
- lower SES scale
- multiple stressors
sources of resilience
- hard to change your personality
- can change by adding things supportive of psychological displacement
- add positive life events
coping interventions
midfulness-based strress reduction,disclosure and coping, stress management, interactive stress-management programs
mindfulness- based stress reduction
- learn to compartmentalize
- focus and self-reflect
- exclude all other problems
disclosure and coping
- verbalize what’s bothering you
- say it or write it
stress management
- learning in groups
- identify stressors
- practice
- giving yourself the tools to deal with this stress
interactive stress-management program
- online based
- targeted to sub populations
social support
- tangible assistance
- informational support
- emotional support
- implicit vs. explicit social support
