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NRSC333 Pollution and Bioremediation > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

T\F

Pollution rank among the 10 leading causes of death worldwide.

A

F
Pollution rank among the 10 leading ENVIRONMENTAL cause of death worldwide ( drug use, war and murder, road accidents, AIDS, ebola, alcohol use, malnutrition, etc.)

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2
Q

What are the routes of exposure to environmental chemicals?

A
  1. Air (respiratory tract, lungs)
  2. Soils (skin, GI tract)
  3. Water (skin, GI tract)
  4. Food (GI tract)
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3
Q

What are HPV chemicals?

A

High production volume

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4
Q

T\F

There is only 7% of the 3000 HPV chemicals that avec the 6 basic tests needed on risk.

A

T

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5
Q

Name the 6 basic tests on toxicity risk information.

A
  1. Acute toxicity
  2. Chronic toxicity
  3. Developmental and reproductive toxicity
  4. Mutagenicity
  5. Excotoxicity
  6. Environmental fate
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6
Q

What basic toxicant risk test evaluates DNA damage?

A

Mutagenicity

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7
Q

What test evaluates persistance of the chemical?

A

Environmental fate

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8
Q

What kind of toxicity describe toxicity in short term, with high single dose, soon after exposure?

A

Acute toxicity

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9
Q

Chronic toxicity testings are done on how much time?

A

Usually >10% of organism’s lifespan

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10
Q

T\F

Chronic toxicity testing are often a lower dose\mixture

A

T

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11
Q

What model do you use to define how toxic a chemical is?

A

Exposure-disease model

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12
Q

T\F

Ecotoxicology is an integrative science

A

T

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13
Q

What defines the science or study of poisons?

A

Toxicology

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14
Q

What defines the toxicity and toxicology of environmental pollutants in air, dust, sediment, soil and water, and natural toxins in the environment?

A

Environmental toxicology.

Often refers to human health, focuses on effects at the level of the individual.

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15
Q

What defines the study of fate and effect of toxic substances in ecosystems?

A

Ecotoxicology

It also looks at the levels of biological organization and space-time continua(effects).

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16
Q

What describes any substance consisting of atoms or molecules (liquid, gas or solid)?

A

Chemical

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17
Q

What describes a substance present in greater than natural concentration as a result of human activity?

A

Contaminant

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18
Q

Define Pollutant.

A

A substance present in greater than natural concentration as a result of human activity AND which has a deleterious effect on living organisms.

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19
Q

How do we call a chemical that is foreign to a biological organism?

A

Xenobiotic (often man-made)

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20
Q

What is a Toxicant?

A

Any toxic substance

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21
Q

How do we call a toxicant produced by a living organism?

A

Toxin

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22
Q

T\F

CO2 is xenobiotic

A

F

CO2 is not foreign to a biological organism

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23
Q

T\F

Mercury can be a a chemical, a contaminant, a pollutant, a xenobiotic (?) and a toxicant.

A

T

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24
Q

Chemical, contaminant, pollutant, xenobiotic, toxicant and\or toxin.
What is snake venom?

A

Chemical, xenobiotic, toxicant and toxin.

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25
Q

What’s the difference between a contaminant and a pollutant?

A

A pollutant infer a substance that have a deleterious effect (both are present in greater concentration than natural conditions as a results of human activity).

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26
Q

Pesticides are chemical, contaminant, pollutant, xenobiotic and toxicant.

A

T

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27
Q

Chemical, contaminant, pollutant, xenobiotic, toxicant and\or toxin.
Which suggest human activity as a source?

A

Contaminant and pollutant.

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28
Q

Chemical, contaminant, pollutant, xenobiotic, toxicant and\or toxin.
Which are natural?

A

Chemicals, xenobiotic, toxicant and toxin.

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29
Q

Chemical, contaminant, pollutant, xenobiotic, toxicant and\or toxin.
Which suggest that the substance is harmful?

A

Pollutant, toxicant and toxin.

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30
Q

What years refer to the ‘‘age of darkness’’ in terms of environmentalism?

A

1930s-1950s

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31
Q

What time of chemicals were associated with with cross-bill in double-crested cormorants (birds in the Great Lakes, 1970s)?

A

Organochlorines (PCBs)

Were banned in North American in 1977.

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32
Q

Name an ongoing problems that faces actual ecotoxicology.

A

Endocrine disruption hypothesis (Theo Colborn): Are we threatening our fertility, intelligence and survival?

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33
Q

How do we call chemicals that may interfere with the body’s endocrine system and produce adverse developmental, reproductive, neurological and immune effects in both humans and wildlife?

A

Endocrine disruptors (EDCs)

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34
Q

How do we study and regulate chemical use’s in modern ecotoxicology?

A
  1. Improved testing and regulation
  2. In vitro methods
  3. Subtle effects of chronic exposures (epidemiological approach)
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35
Q

Lois Gibbs key toxicants?

A

Chlorinated hydrocarbures residues HAHs (PCBs?)

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36
Q

December 3 1984 key toxicant?

A

Bophal disaster: Organic pesticide (methyl isoyanate)

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37
Q

Agent orange key toxicant?

A

TCDD pesticide (DLCs)

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38
Q

What happened on march 24 1989?

A

Exxon Valley Oil spill (PAHs petrogenic)

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39
Q

What happened on April 20 2010?

A

Deepwater Horizon spill oil (PAHs petrogenic)

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40
Q

What happened on march 11 2011?

A

Japan earthquackl and tsunami (radiation)

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41
Q

T\F

Risk is the possibility of harm.

A

F

Risk is the proBability of harm (how dangerous). Risk = Exposure x Hazard

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42
Q

T\F

Hazard determines the toxicity

A

T

The possibility of harm.

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43
Q

What the dilution paradigm?

A

The solution to pollution is dilution

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44
Q

What means NIMBY?

A

Not in my backyard

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45
Q

What’s the boomerang paradigm?

A

What you throw away can come back and hurt you

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46
Q

What’s the precautionary principle?

A

A duty to prevent harm, when it is within our power to do so,, even when all the evidence is not in.

-Absence of scientific evidence to take precautions does not mean that precautions shouldn’t be taken

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47
Q

What are PBTs?

A

Persistent Bioaccumulative Toxic (level of concern class)

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48
Q

What are POPS?

A

Persistant Organic Pollutant (level of concern class)

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49
Q

Name 2 types of toxicants that are classified according to their mode of action.

A 
Endocrine disruptors (EDCs)
Neurotoxicants
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50
Q

Name a toxicant classified on its organic chemistry.

A

PCBs : polychlorinated biphenyls

51
Q

What do we worry about chemicals?

A

PBT + resistant to metabolism

52
Q

Name 3 types or organic contaminants.

What are their characteristics?

A
  1. PAHs: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
  2. HAHs: halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons
  3. Organic pesticides
  4. At least <1 C-H
  5. Low polarity, low water solubility (increases with O)
  6. Fate depend upon chemistry
  7. Natural and anthropogenic sources
53
Q

T\F

PAHs = 3 > fused benzene rings up to 7 and are persistent

A

F

PAHs = 2 > fused benzene ring up to 7 and are persistent

54
Q 
What PAHS has
2?
5?
7?
Benzene rings
A

2- Naphthalene
5- Benzo-(a)-pyrene
7- Coronene

55
Q

How to molecularly identify petrogenic PAHs ?

A

Gr alkyle (CH3)

56
Q

T\F

Pyrogenic PAHs have LMW

A

F

Pyrogenic PAHs have HMW

57
Q

Name natural sources of pyrogenic PAHs

A

Forest\grass fire, volcanoes, wood and animal decay, and forest\grass fires.

58
Q

Name anthropogenic sources of petrogenic PAHs

A

Oil spills, burning of fossil fuels, cigarettes.

59
Q

T\F

HMW PAHS molecules are more likely to be carcinogens that be acutely toxic and have more than 3 rings.

A

T

60
Q

What are the 3 types of HAHS?

Name characteristics.

A
  1. Dioxins
  2. Furans
  3. PCBs
  4. Developmental abnormalities
  5. Carconogenic
  6. Endrocrine disruption
  7. Immune effects
61
Q

T\F

PCBs are natural, like PAHs

A

F

PCBs are manufactured compounds , like found on dielectric fluids, that were banned.

62
Q

T\F

PCBs are PBTs

A

T

63
Q

T\F

Dioxins and furans are manufactured.

A

F

Products of hight temperature incineration

64
Q

How to recognize dioxins and furans?

A

Dioxins = 2 benzene rings link by 2 O

Furans: 2 benzene ring linked by a furan (1 O)

65
Q

How are part of DLCs? What are their common point?

A

Dioxins, furans and non-ortho (no Cl on 2, 6 ,2’ or 6’) PCBs (all HAH except ortho PCBs).
They all bind to AHR

66
Q

What’s the name of the enzyme metabolized when contaminants bind to Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor?

A

CYP-1A

67
Q

T\F

PAHs bind to AHR

A

T

PAHs are well metabolized by CYP-1a, but the product of metabolism can be carcinogenic.

68
Q

Name 3 classes of pesticides.

A
  1. Organochlorines (PBT)
  2. Organophosphates : inhibit acetylcholinesterase (neurotransmitter) ex: monocrotophos
  3. Neonicotinoids ex:imidacloprid
69
Q

What killed hawks in Argentina?

A

Monocrotophos, an organophosphates (toxic to birds)

70
Q

T\F

Generally speaking, metals are promoter of reduction.

A

F

Oxidation (most metals are positive)

71
Q

Metals can bind on what group on proteins?

A

Sulfhydryl (thiol) groupe on methionine and cysteine..

72
Q

Name 3 non-essential metal.

A

Cadium, lead, mercury.

73
Q

2 types of metals?

A

Essential, non-essential.

74
Q

What classes of chemical mercury is belonging?

A

Neurotoxicant (methylated form aka methylmercury biomagnifies, fishes).

75
Q

How do we calls chemicals that are manufactured for the first time and or have not historically been considered as contaminant?

A

Emerging contaminants ex: flame retardants

76
Q

Where can we find classes of emerging contaminants?

A

Pharmaceuticals, personal care products, flame retardants, nanomaterial, plasticizers and rare earths elements.

77
Q

What are BFRs and OPFRs?

A

Brominated Flame Retardants and Organophosphate Flame Retardants.

78
Q

What defines where contaminant originates or is released from?

A

Source

79
Q

What do we define any single identifial source of pollution from which pollutants are discharged?

A

Point source (ex: pipe, ship, factory)

80
Q

Whats a non-point source?

A

From diffuse source, mainly due to precipitation. ex: fertilizers

81
Q

What happens to a chemical once it enters the environment is called…

A

Fate

82
Q

What are the 3 factors influencing chemical fate?

A
  1. Environment conditions
  2. Properties of chemicals
  3. Pattern of Use
83
Q

Name 3 contaminant key physical-chemical properties

A
  1. Solubility in water (Kow)
  2. Vapor pressur
  3. Susceptibility to degradation\transformation
84
Q

T\F

Kow>1 = lipophilic, usually non-polar large molecules (many Cl, C-H)

A

T

85
Q

T\F

log Kow <1 = hydrophobic

A

F

log Kow < 0 = hydrophobic . Kow <1 =hydrophobic

86
Q

T\F

HMW PAHs are hydrophilic

A 
F
LMW PAHS (2-3) are hydrophilic)
HMW PAHS (>3 ) are hydrophobic
87
Q

T\F

More chlorine atoms = high Log Kow More rings = higher Log Kow

A

T

88
Q

How do we call the phenomenon that describes contaminants that are transported from warmer to colder regions?

A

Global Distillation or Grasshopper Effect

89
Q

How can you absorb chemicals?

A

Inhalation, dermal contact, ingestion, maternal transfer

90
Q

Whats the name of a biological process which transform xenobiotics into more water soluble forms that can be excreted?

A

Biotransformation(liver)

91
Q

How do we call the biotransformation analogy?

A

Hitch and Trailer

92
Q

Name 3 types of phase 1 reactions.

A
  1. Hydrolysis
  2. Reduction
  3. Oxidation
93
Q

Epoxide hydrolases do reaction of…

A

Hydrolysis

94
Q

Cytochrome P450, alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase are reaction of…

A

Oxidation

95
Q

What’s the caffeine metabolite toxic to dog? What enzymes is involved, and in what phase of biotransformation?

A

TheoBromine, CYP1A2, Phase 1 biotransformation

96
Q

What enzymes that cant keep up is the cause of hangover?

A

ALDH Acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (oxidation)

97
Q

Does MeHg biomagnify with a log Kow of 2.54?

A

Yes: binds to protein thiols

98
Q

Whats the problems with PAHs and AHR?

A

PAHs are metabolize to carcinogenic epoxide.

99
Q

T\F

Species that have an AHR that is more easily activated are more sensitive to DLCS

A

T

AHR pathway is ineffective (carcinogenic metabolites) and dangerous (stays on).

100
Q

What defines build up of concentration in an organism to a concentration that is higher than the concentration in the medium?

A

Bioconcentration

101
Q

What defines build-up of contaminant within the tissues of an organism (includes bioconcentration and dietary intake)?

A

Bioaccumulation

102
Q

Increase in concentration of contaminants as you move up the food chain is…

A

Biomagnification

103
Q

What are the 3 Assumptions of dose-response curves?

A
  1. Response is due to the chemical
  2. Magnitude of response associated with dose
  3. Quantifiable method to assess response
104
Q

Whats the name of the real amount of chemical an org was exposed to?

A

Actual

105
Q

Whats the name of the quantity you think the org have been in contact with?

A

Nominal

106
Q

How to we call the concentration of a contaminant required to produce a certain effect?

A

Potency

107
Q

How do we call the magnitude of the response?

A

Efficacy

108
Q

What is NOAEL, or LOAEL?

A

No observed adverse effect level

Lowest observed adverse effect level

109
Q

Whats the name of a beneficial effect resulting from exposure to low doses of a toxic agent?

A

Hormesis

110
Q

Whats linear no threshold model?

A

Assumes damage is directly proportional to dose

111
Q

A biological response to a chemical that gives a measure of exposure and sometime a toxic effect is a…

A

Biomarker

112
Q

What are the tree characteristics of biomarkers?

A
  1. Biological
  2. Measurable (quantitaive)
  3. Marker for something else
113
Q

T\F

Gold Standard biomarkers can be used to diagnose a problem without chemical data

A

T

114
Q

What standard need more research to be linked to specific exposures or outcomes?

A

Bronze ex: thyroid hormones

115
Q

Whats vtg

A

Estrogenic compound vitellogenin , egg yorlk precursor protein not normally found in male fish.

116
Q

T\F

Estrogenic binds to Estrogen Receptor ER and induces transcription of vitellogenin VTG

A

T

117
Q

What is the presence of female gonadal tissue in male gonads or reverse?

A

Intersex

118
Q

What is imidacloprid?

A

A neonicotinoid organic pesticide

119
Q

Do imidacloprid bioaccumulate?

A

No

120
Q

Name a characteristic about imidacloprid

A

Sensitive to photolysis

121
Q

What targets imidacloprid?

A

nAChR

Nicotinic AcetylCholine Receptor (neurotransmitter)

122
Q

Whats ERA?

A

Environment Risk Assessment = prediction of the likelihood of harmful effects occuring to prganisms exposed to environmental stressors

123
Q

What describes exposure assessment?

A

Type, magnitude, frequency route and duration of exposure

ex: Neonicotinoids in seeds, EDC in water

124
Q

What assessment quantify relation between dose and response?

A

Hazard

NRSC333 Pollution and Bioremediation (1 decks)

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