Midterm 1 Flashcards
Largest insect collection in the world?
Musée National d’histoire Naturelle (MNHN)
Largest insect collection in North America?
National Museum of Natural History (NMNH or USNM)
Largest insect collection in Canada
Canadian National Collection of Insects (CNC)
Second Largest collection in Canada and Largest university collection?
Lyman Entomological Museum (LEM or LEMQ)
Lyman Entomological Museum?
Created in 1914
- collection left by Henry Lyman after death on Empress Lyman
- mainly butterflies
Why are insect collections important?
- Long-term data (large library of information)
- specimens available to other researchers
- collection data used in many different studies
Minimum information needed for a specimen?
- locality of capture
- date of capture
Valuable (but optional) information to include with a specimen?
- Name of collector
- type of collecting method
- ecological data
Additional labels added to specimen?
- Identification label
- type label (Holotype or paratype)
- Museum label
- special code (database, donation, separate notes)
Economic value of pinned insects?
$1.50
Economic value of pointed insects?
$2.50
Economic Value of Exotic insects?
+ $0.50
Economic value of dissected insects?
+ $3.00
Economic value of specimen with biological data?
+$0.75
Economic value with specimen identified to genus level?
+ $0.75 (by authority $1.50)
Economic value with specimens identified to species level?
+$1.50 (by authority $3.00)
Threats to insect specimens?
- partially or completely eaten by museum pests
- other problem: mould, fading, Dust damage
- fires
Insect abundance?
- largest biomass of all terrestrials animals
Insect Diversity?
- insects represent more than half of all known living organism
Reasons for insect success?
1) Ancient lineage and low rate of extinction
2) presence of an exoskeleton
3) presence of wings
4) small size
5) complete metamorphosis
6) high reproductive capacity
Advantages of being an old lineage?
- ready to exploit new environment
- less competition
Advantages of having an exoskeleton?
- protection from physical change
- discourage predators
- protective barrier between living tissues and the environment
- protects against desiccation
Advantages of having wings?
- great advantage for finding food, mates and escaping from enemies
- can move freely from one habitat to another to find better conditions
Advantages of their small size?
- need little food
- can exploit a large number of microhabitats
- easy to find places for nesting
Advantages of complete metamorphosis?
- different body forms= different habitats and food–> reduces infraspecific competition
Advantages of high reproductive capacity?
- insects lay large number of eggs
- they have short generation time (populations build up faster, faster rate of mutation)
Beneficial aspects of insects?
- Pollination
- food source
- nutrient cycling
- soil improvement
- control of other organisms
- medicine and genetics
- biological indicators
- commercial products
- aesthetics and cultural use
What is Entomophagy?
the study of insects as human food
Importance of Scavengers?
- involved in decomposition of organic matte
- nutrient cycling
Importance of soil insects?
- Aerate the soil
- improve its physical properties and add to its organic content
What percentage of insects are pests?
1%
Types of Insect pests?
- plant pests
- stored product pests
- household pests
- direct human pests
- livestock pests
What does Phytophagous mean?
insects feeding on plants
Phytophagous insect types?
- Monophagous
- Oligophagous
- polyphagous
Types of direct feeding?
chewing, sucking, tunnelling
Types of indirectly feeding?
- transmission of plant diseases (spread pathogens to new host
Crop Pest Examples?
- Boll weevil
- Colorado potato beetle
- mediterranean fruit fly
- desert locust
Forest Pests examples?
- gyspy moth
- emerald ash borer
- asian longhorns beetle
Boll weevil
- one host: cotton
- most destructive cotton pest in America
- successfully eradicated from many states
- cotton industry uses about 25% of the worlds insecticides
Colorado potato beetle
- most important pest of potato
- feed on potato but also tomato, eggplant, pepper
- well known for its resistance to many insecticides
Mediterranean fruit fly (or Medfly)
- one of world most important fruit pests
- more than 260 different hosts
- attacks most fruits, also flowers, vegetable and nuts
- heavily controlled in US
Deset locust
- large variety of plants- both crop and non-crop plants
Gyspy moth
- feeds on 300 species of trees
- caterpillars feed of foliage and adults don’t feed
Emerald Ash borer
- native to Asia
- one host: ash trees
- larva bore into wood
Asian longhorns beetle
Native to China
- larvae bore into wood
- attack multiple species of trees
What are stored Product Pests?
- pests contaminating large containers of stored food products
- either feed directly on product, or on mold
Examples of Stored product pests?
Rice weevil, Indian Meal Moth, Foreign grain beetles
What are household pests?
Pests contaminating our food, they damage our clothes and house,or feed on us
Examples of Household pests?
Bed bugs, indian meal moth, ants, cockroaches, clothes moths, carpet beetles, book lice
Direct Human pests?
- can cause minor effects or more serious ones
- directly effect us (ie. bites)
- can transmit disease
Biological vectors
insect plays a major role in the life cycle of the pathogen
Mechanical Vectors?
insect is a passive carrier, carrying pathogen on its body or mouthparts
Examples of direct human pests?
Mosquitoes, bees, wasps, lice, botfly
Types of livestock pests?
- biting insects
- endoparasitic insects
- ectoparasitic insects
Examples of biting livestock insects?
stable flies, mosquitoes, black flies, horse flies
Example of endoparasitic livestock pests?
bot flies
Example of ectoparasitic livestock pest?
fleas
How do humans affect populations of pest species?
- Monoculture
- irrigation canals
- intercontinental transport
- overuse of insecticides
Annual losses in USA due to detrimental insects?
$5 Billion
Annual benefits in USA due to beneficial insects?
over $19 Billion
Insects are a part of what phylum?
Arthropoda
What does Arthros mean?
joint
What does Poda mean?
foot
General characteristics of class Insecta?
1) Presence of exoskeleton
2) Bilateral symmetry
3) body divided into segments or metameres
4) Jointed appendages
5) Open circulatory system
6) respiration by means of spiracles and trachea or gills
7) brain and ventral nerve cord
8) complete digestive system
9) excretory system (Malpighian tubules) for waste disposal
What are the three distinct regions of tagmata of an insect?
1) Head
2) Thorax
3) Abdomen
What are magmata composed of?
metameres
Tagmosis?
organization of the body into major units
What is the head specialized for?
Specialized for sensory function and feeding
What is the thorax specialized for?
specialized for locomotion
What is the abdomen specialized for?
specialized for reproduction (but also contains part of the circulatory, digestive and excretory systems)
What are jointed appendages modified into?
numerous specialized organs
General Properties of Exoskeleton?
- support body and maintains its form
- lines the tracheal system and portions of the digestive and reproductive system
- provides surfaces for muscle attachment
- sclerotized regions provide structural rigidity, membranous regions between sclerites permit movement and flexibility
- contains color pigments and patterns
Why are colour pigments and patterns important?
- important in defence (warning/aposematic colouration, mimicry, distraction, camouflage
- important in courtship and infraspecific recognition
- important in thermoregulation
Types of Insect Colours?
1) Pigmental
2) Structural
Pigmental colour?
some pigments are derived from plants (ie. carotenoids) and others derived from pigment deposition (ie. melanins)
Structural colour?
- also called physical colouration
- derived from the cuticle and its irregularities
Three main layers of the exoskeleton?
- Cuticle
- Epidermis
- Basement Membrane
Characteristics of Cuticle?
Acellular, complex, multilayered
- secreted by epidermis
Characteristics of Epidermis?
Cellular layer: secretes the cuticle
- forms external sensory receptors
- major role during molting
Characteristics of Basement membrane?
- Acellular, thin
- separates hemocoel from epidermis
Cuticle Split into…?
Epicuticle and Procuticle
Procuticle split into?
Exocuticle and endocuticle
Epicuticle?
protection and impermeability (contains wax layer)
Cuticular extensions that are rigid and Non-articulated?
1) Spines- large, heavily sclerotized
2) Microtrichia- very small, hair like structures
Cuticular extensions that are movable articulated?
- setae (sensory hairs)
What are Setae?
Sensory hairs
- are multicellular, and associated with 3 specialized epidermal cells
What are the 3 specialized epidermal cells that Setae are associated with?
- Sensory Cells
- Trichogen cells
- Tormogen cells
What do sensory cells do?
Detect movement
Examples of specialized types of setae?
Bristles, trochoid sensible and hairs
What is molting?
the entire process of preparing for, undergoing and recovering from ecdysis
What is Ecdysone?
hormone produced to activate epidermal cells to secrete a new exoskeleton
What is Apolysis?
separation of the old cuticle from the epidermis
What is Ecdysis?
process of shedding the old cuticle
What is the exuvia (pl. exuviae)?
the old cuticle
what is a teneral?
A soft, newly emerged insect (from pupal case or just after ecdysis)
What is tanning or sclerotization?
the stiffening and darkening of the cuticle
Describe the steps in the molting process
1) Ecdysone is released by the prothoracic gland which activates the epidermal cells and the cells increase in size
2) Apolysis- old cuticle separates from the epidermis. The epidermis secretes a molting fluid that will digest the old endocuticle (exocuticle not dissolved by motling fluid)
3) Epidermis secretes new cuticle (epicuticule and undifferentiated pro cuticle)
4) ecdysis starts- insect swallows are or water and the old cuticle splits (usually at the midline of dorsal side) and insect pulls out of old cuticle
5) insect inflates body by swallowing air or water and by increasing hemolymph pressure
6) new cuticle becomes harder and darker (tanning or sclerotization process), the pro cuticle differentiates between the sclerotized exocuticle and softer inner endocuticle
Most insects molt _____ times throughout their life?
4-8 times
Insect bodies consist of ____ primitive segments?
20
Head of an insect consists of ..?
- Eyes
- Paired appendages (antennae, mouthparts)
Head is specialized for?
feeding and sensory perception
Types of mouthparts?
- Mandibulate mouthparts
- Haustellate mouthparts
List the mandibulate mouthparts
Clypeus, Labrum, Mandible, Maxilla, Labium
Role of Labrum (Mandibulate mouthpart)?
- covers the mouth
role of Mandible? (Mandibulate mouthparts)
to grasp, cut and chew food
Role of Maxilla? (mandibulate mouthparts)
food manipulation during mastication
- possesses a pair of palps (maxillary palps)
Role of Labium? (mandibulate mouthparts)
closes the mouth below
- possesses pair of palps (labial palps)
Piercing-sucking mouthparts?
- have elongated proboscis or beak to suck liquid
- external structure is the labium
- encloses 4 piercing stylets: two maniples and two maxillae
Some types of haustellate mouthparts?
Chewing-lapping, piercing-sucking, siphoning, sponging, cutting-sponging
different Mouthpart orientations?
1) Hypognathous
2) Prognathous
3) Opisthognathous
Hypognathous?
- mouthpart orientation
- directed ventrally
Prognathous?
- a mouthpart orientation
- directed anteriorly
Opisthognathous?
- a mouthpart orientation
- directed posteriorly
Main divisions of the antennae?
Scape, pedicel and flagellum
flagellum divided into ?
Flagellomeres
Role of antennae?
to feel (touch), hear and smell
What is the thorax specialized for?
locomotion
what are the three segments of the thorax?
- Prothorax
- Mesothorax
- Metathorax
What is the Notum?
dorsal region of the thorax
What is the Sternum?
Ventral region of the thorax
What is the Pleuron?
Lateral region of the thorax
Parts of the leg?
Coxa, Trochanter, femur, tibia, tarsi (or Tarsus), tarsal claw (pre tarsus)
Pulvilli?
padlike structure at the base of claws
Empodium?
bristle like structure between the claws
Legs adapted for walking?
Ambulatory
Legs adapted for running?
cursorial
Legs adapted/modified for jumping?
Saltatorial
Legs adapted/modified for grasping?
raptorial
Legs adapted/modified for digging?
fossorial
Legs adapted/modified for swimming?
natatorial
At what stage are wings fully function in most insects?
adult stage
Forewing modifications?
Tegmina, Hemelytra and Elytra
Tegmina?
thicker, leathery forewings found in praying mantis, cockroaches, earrings, grasshoppers
Elytra?
heavily sclerotized forewings found in beetles
Hemelytra?
forewings of Heteroptera (true bugs) with thickened basal section and membranous apical section
Role of Abdomen?
carry organs of reproduction,digestion, excretion and respiration
Tergum?
dorsal region of an abdominal segment
Sternum?
ventral region of an abdominal segment (or thoracic segment)
What is the Cerci?
paired appendages at posterior end of the abdomen- normally used as sensory organs or sometimes modified into a defensive organ
aedeagus?
male copulatory organ
Ovipositor?
tubular structure used for egg laying. Sometimes modified for piercing, sawing or stinging
What is a Nymph?
an immature stage of an insect with incomplete metamorphosis
What is a Naiad?
an aquatic gill-breathing nymph
What is a larva?
an immature stage (between egg and pupa) of an insect having complete metamorphosis
What is a caterpillar?
common name for the larval stage of Lepidoptera
What is a grub?
common name for larval stage scarab beetles
What is a maggot?
common name for larval stage of flies
What is a pupa?
a resting, non-feeding stage between the larval and adult stage (complete metamorphosis)
what is a chrysalid?
common name for the pupal stage of butterflies
What is an Imago?
the last stage of development of an insect (adult stage). Sexually mature
What is an instar?
the insect between successive molts
What are the three main patterns of development?
- Ametabolous
- Hemimetabolous
- Holometabolous
What is Ametabolous development?
Development with no metamorphosis. Insect goes from Egg to nymph to adult. Insect just gets larger and becomes sexually mature
What is Hemimetabolous development?
Development with incomplete metamorphosis. Insect develops wings as adult. Insect goes from egg to nymph (or naiad) to adult
What is holometabolous development?
development with complete metamorphosis. The larval stage is very different from adults. Insect goes from egg to larva to pupa to adult.
Why are insect muscles important?
- Body support and help maintain posture
- locomotion
- flight
- movement of viscera
Types of Insect muscles?
- Skeletal muscles
- Visceral Muscles
What are skeletal muscles?
muscles attached to integument, move various parts of the body including appendages. Includes flight muscles
What are visceral muscles?
surround the heart, digestive tract, and reproductive system. Produce peristaltic movements
What are direct flight muscles?
- primitive state of wings
- muscles connected to wings
What are indirect flight muscles?
- muscles are attached to notum and sternum
- deformation of thoracic segment gives wing movement
What are apodemes?
ingrowths of the insects exoskeleton
Transverse commissures?
connect trachea on opposite sides of body
Longitudinal tracheal trunks?
Connect tracheae from adjacent spiracles on same side of body
How many pairs of thoracic spiracles?
2
How many pairs of abdominal spiracles?
8
What is cutaneous respiration?
gas exchange by diffusion through the body wall or through tracheal gills
What are gills?
special extensions of the body with a rich tracheal network, through which gas exchange occurs
What is Hemolymph?
watery fluid (plasma) which contains water, ions, blood cells, amino acids, lipids etc that is responsible for all chemical exchanges between tissues
Role of Dorsal vessel?
collects hemolymph in the abdomen and conducts it forwards to the head
Ostia?
openings/valves in the dorsal vessel that ensure the one way flow of haemolymph
Role of the the aorta?
carry the blood into the head
Role of the accessory pulsatile organ of antenna?
assist with blood pumping into appendages
Role of dorsal diaphragm?
facilitate circulation by diving body cavity into compartments
Foregut?
Ingestion, temporary storage and grinding
Midgut?
production and secretion of digestive enzymes= Digestion&absorption
Hindgut?
absorption of water, salts, and other molecules. Elimination of waste products through anus
What is the proventriculus?
a grinding organ (present in insects that feed on solid food)
What is the role of the crop?
food storage
Role of gastric caecum?
provides extra surface area for secretion of enzyme or absorption of water and other substances
Role of the ventriculus?
primary site for enzymatic digestion of food and absorption of nutrients
role of the perithrophic membrane?
protects digestive cells without inhibiting absorption of nutrients
Role of the Ileum, colon and rectum?
regulate the absorption of water and salts from waste products
Foregut organs?
- Pharynx
- oesophagus
- crop
- proventriculus
Midgut organs?
- Gastric caecum
- ventriculus
- peritrophic membrane
hindgut organs?
- ileum
- rectum
- anus
- colon
- Malphigian tubule
What is the Malpighian tubule?
an excretory organ that removes nitrogenous waste from haemolymph
Neuron?
specialized cell. Basic component of nervous system
What are the types of neutrons?
- Sensory neurons
- Interneurons
- Motor Neurons
What are sensory neurons?
located near integument, in the peripheral nervous system and are associated with sense organs
- receive stimuli from insects environment an transmit info to central nervous system
What are interneurons?
located within ganglia of the central nervous system and receive sensory neutrons and transmit it to motor neurons
What are motor Neurons?
located within the ganglia of the central nervous system
- receive info from interneurons and transmit it to muscles
Types of Nervous systems of insect?
- Peripheral nervous system
- central nervous system
- visceral nervous system
What is the peripheral nervous system?
consists of all the sensory neutrons of the sense organs and the motor neurone axons
What is the central nervous system?
principal division- series of ganglia: brain, sub oesophageal ganglion and ganglia of ventral nerve cord
What is the visceral nervous system?
innervate parts of the gut, reproductive organs, tracheal system including spiracles
Brain?
made up of 3 pairs of fused ganglia. Handles all signals arriving from the body
Sub oesophageal ganglion?
control mouthparts and salivary glands
Ventral nerve cord?
is double with a series of ganglion. Ganglia innervate legs, flight muscles and control activities of each segment
Types of sensilla?
- mechanoreceptors
- chemoreceptors
- photoreceptors
Sensilla?
also called receptors
- are sensory organs
Mechanoreceptors?
detect physical forces: tough, tensions, or vibrations in the substrate
chemoreceptors?
detect aqueous chemicals (tastes) and airborne chemicals (Smell)
Photoreceptors?
detect light energy
Mechanoreceptors are tactile receptors?
perceive stimuli which arise outside the insect (touch, movement)
Mechanoreceptors as proprioceptors?
respond to the deformations, tensions, and compressions in the body- also provide info on posture and position
Mechanoreceptors as auditory receptors?
respond to vibration
Trochoid sensilla?
- type of mechanoreceptors- can be tactile receptors, auditory receptors or proprioceptors
Campaniform sensilla?
- type of mechanoreceptors- act as proprioceptors responding to pressure and cuticle deformation
Chordontal sensilla?
mechanoreceptors: can be proprioceptors or auditory receptors
Johnston’s organ?
highly evolved auditory organ that is formed by chordontal sensilla clustered together
Tympanal organ?
specialized auditory organ found in a few insects and are very sensitive to airborne vibration
Olfactory receptors?
- a type of chemoreceptor
- perception of chemicals in a vapour state (airborne)
- also called distant receptors
- smell
Gustatory receptors?
- a type of chemoreceptor
- perception of chemicals in aqueous state
- also called contact receptors
- taste
Stemmata?
- also called lateral ocelli
- photoreceptors in insect larvae (holometabolous insect development)
Main functions of female reproductive system?
- egg production
- receive and store sperm
Spermatheca?
receive and stores sperm
Spermathecae gland?
provides nourishment for stored spermatozoa
Functions of the accessory gland in females?
- secrete material used to glue of cement eggs to substrate
- secrete protective coating on the eggs
- secrete silken stalk in lacewing
- act as a poison gland in many Hymenoptera
- act as a milk gland in tsetse flies
Main functions of male reproductive system?
- production and storage of spermatozoa
- transport of spermatozoa to the reproductive tract of the female
functions of accessory glands in males?
- produce seminal fluid to nourish spermatozoa/carrier for the spermatozoa
- altering female behaviour
- formation of the spermatophore
- formation of a mating plug
Sexual reproduction?
most common form of reproduction in insects. Involves fertilization of the eggs. Sperm transfer may be direct or indirect
Asexual reproduction?
development from unfertilized eggs. May be obligatory or facultative
Haemocoelic insemination?
- also called traumatic insemination
- injection of sperm into body wall of females
Oviparity?
production of eggs that hatch outside the body- embryonic development starts outside body
Viviparity?
give birth to live young. Embryonic development is completed within body of the female
Methods used in location and recognition of a mate?
swarming, flashing, singing, pheromones etc
What is courtship?
close-range attraction mechanism that induces sexual receptivity before and sometimes during mating
Examples of courtship??
visual displays, tactile stimulation, pheromones, singing nuptial gift
What are Hormones?
chemicals released inside the body on an individual and transported by the circulatory system to specific sites where they influences a variety of physiological processes
Hormones released by what system?
Endocrine system
Ecdysone?
a hormone that initiates melting process
- released by prothoracic gland (which is a type of endocrine gland)
Juvenile hormone?
a metamorphosis inhibiting hormone that is released by a specialized endocrine gland: Corpora allot, located behind the brain
Semiochemicals?
chemical substances released outside the body to communicate with individuals of the same species (pheromones) or with different species (allelochemicals)
Semiochemicals released by ____ glands?
exocrine glands
What are exocrine glands?
glands having docs that discharge secretions outside body
Examples of pheromones?
- sex pheromones
- aggregation pheromone
- spacing pheromones
- trail-marking pheromones
- alarm pheromones
- social pheromones
What are sex pheromones?
pheromones used in attracting mate of the same species
- often produced by females to attract males
What are aggregation pheromones?
chemicals that cause individuals of the same species to crowd around the source of the pheromone
What are spacing pheromones?
chemicals that cause individuals to keep their distance from each other
What are trail marking pheromones?
chemicals often used to communicate information on the location of a food source
What are alarm pheromones?
chemicals that are used to signal a danger which cause the insects to disperse away from the source of danger or to attack the enemies
What are social pheromones?
chemicals that are used in regulation of colony structure
What are allelochemicals?
chemical substances released outside an individual and producing a behavioural response by a second individual of a different species (not always an insect species)
What are kairomones?
chemicals that benefit the receiver but disadvantage the producer
What are allomones?
chemicals that benefit the producer by modifying the behaviour of the receiver (have a neutral effect on receiver or may disadvantage the receiver)
What are synomones?
chemicals that benefit both the producer and the receiver
First great radiation of insects occurred when?
- carboniferous period (285-360 MYA)
When did primitive winged insects appear?
350 MYA
When did first hexapods appear?
400 MYA
When was the second great radiation of insects?
during the Cretaceous period (65-145 MYA)
The second great radiation of insects corresponds to?
Flowering plants first appearing
Orders in the class Entognatha?
Protura, Collembolan, Diplura
Class Entognatha?
concealed mouthparts, enclosed wishing folds of the head
Class Insecta?
Ectognatha (true insects)
- mouthparts visible externally
Characteristics of Order Protura?
- lack eyes and antennae
- forelegs enlarged with many sensillae
- cerci absent
- unusual development (amorphsc): abdominal segments added during the first 3 molts
Characteristics of order Collembola?
- globular to elongated body
- most familiar and most abundant of the entognathous orders
- cerci absent
- have a furcula for jumping
- have a collophore (or glue peg)
Order Collembola (common name?)
springtails
Characteristics of Diplurans?
- elongated body, unpigmented
- lack eyes
long antennae and a pair of cerci - some parental care behaviour in some diplurans
Apterygotes?
Primitively wingless. Insects that never had wings
Pterygotes?
winged or secondarily wingless- believed to have been derived from a winged ancestor
Primitive wingless orders (in class insecta)
- Archeognatha (jumping bristletails)
- Zygentoma (firebrats and silverfish)
Apterygote orders?
Archeognatha and Zygentoma
Paleoptera?
Primitive wings, cannot fold wings over abdomen
Neoptera?
New wings
Pterygota split into _____ and ______?
Paleoptera and Neoptera
What are the two surviving paleoptera orders?
Ephemeroptera (mayflies) and Odonata (Dragonflies and damselflies)
Ephemeroptera?
Mayflies
Odonata?
Dragonflies and damselflies
Suborders of Odonata?
- Anisoptera (Dragonflies)
- Zygoptera (Damselflies)
Anisoptera?
Suborder containing dragonflies
Zygoptera?
Suborder containing damselflies
Order Orthoptera
Grasshoppers, crickets and katydids
Suborders of Orthoptera?
- Caelifera (short-horned orthoperta)
- Ensifera (long-horned orthoptera)
Family Acrididae?
Grasshoppers
Locusts belong to which suborder?
Caelifera
Family Romaleidae?
Lubber grasshoppers
Family Tetrigidae?
Pygmy grasshoppers
Ensifera?
long-horned Orthoptera
Caelifera?
Short-horned Orthoptera
Families belonging to suborder Ensifera?
- Gryllidae (Crickets)
- Tettigoniidae (Katydids)
Family Gryllidae?
Crickets
Family Tettigoniidae?
katydids
Order Phasmatodea?
Stick insects and leaf insects
Order Grylloblattodea?
Rock crawlers
Order Mantophasmatodea?
African Rock crawlers
Most recently discovered insect order?
Mantophasmatodea (african rock crawlers)
Superorder Dictyopteran includes what orders?
Mantodea, Blattodea, Isoptera
Order Mantodea?
Mantids or Mantises
Ootheca?
Egg case
How many Mantodea species in Canada?
3
What Mantid species are found in Canada?
European Mantid, Chinese Mantid, and Ground Mantid
Order Blattodea?
Cockroaches
Native north American Cockroach examples?
Wood Cockroach, Hooded Cockroach
Ovoviviparous?
Egg development inside body, give birth to live young
examples of Cockroach pests in Canada?
Oriental Cockroach, American Cockroach
Order Isoptera?
Termites
Nasute termites?
Soliders have reduced mandibles but instead, a forward prolongation of the head that can eject a sticky poisonous substance
Termitaria? (Sing. Termitarium)
A termite nest
Ecological and Economic importance of termites?
- extremely important in soil aeration and enrichment and for wood decomposition and nutrient cycling
- major course of atmospheric methane
- among the most destructive insects of human wooded structures
