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Pharmacology > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 7 rights of Medication Administration

A

Client, Documentation, Dose, Drug, Reason, Route, Time

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2
Q

Define Pharmacokinetics

A

How a drug moves through the body (absorbed, distributed, metabolized and excreted * ADME * )

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3
Q

Define Pharmacodynamics

A

How a drug affects the body (how it works)

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4
Q

Define Pharmacotherapeutics

A

The use of a drug to prevent and treat disease

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5
Q

What factors affect the absorption of medications? Medication and Patient related factors.

A

Medication: Route, Drug Formulation & Other drugs.
Patient: Area of absorptive surface, blood flow, pain, stress, disease and diet.

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6
Q

What factors affect the distribution of drugs?

A

Blood flow, solubility, & protein binding.

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7
Q

What a drug is metabolized it can come one of 3 things. What are they?

A

Inactive Metabolite: No longer able to work in the body
Active Metabolite: metabolized but still able to work in the body
Pro Drug: doesn’t become active until it is metabolized

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8
Q

What are some factors affecting metabolism?

A

Liver failure, genetics, environment and other drugs, and age

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9
Q

Where are most drugs excreted?

A

By the kidneys and leave the body through urine. A small amount of drug may be excreted through saliva, GI, skin, sweat, and breast milk.

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10
Q

What is Half Life?

A

The time it takes for half of a drug to achieve 50% of the original plasma concentration.

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11
Q

What are the 5 reasons we give drugs?

A

Acute, Maintenance, Supportive, Supplemental/Replacement & Palliative

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12
Q

Define Agonist drugs

A

Drugs that produce the same response as the endogenous substance

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13
Q

Define Antagonist

A

Drugs that block the endogenous chemical from acting

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14
Q

Define Therapeutic Effect

A

The desired effect of the medication

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15
Q

Define side effect

A

a documented effect other than the desired effect

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16
Q

Define Adverse effect

A

a side effect that can cause serious harm

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17
Q

Define Contraindication

A

A drug should not be used as it may cause harm

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18
Q

Define Idiosyncratic Effect

A

Non-documented drug effect, likely due to individual genetics

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19
Q

Define Allergic Reaction

A

the patients immune system recognizes the drug as a threat

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20
Q

Define Aanaphyalctic reaction

A

Severe allergic reaction that can be life threatening

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21
Q

Define Additive Effect

A

similar drugs give together to create double the therapeutic effect

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22
Q

Define Synergistic Effect

A

Different drugs give together to increase the action of one of the drugs

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23
Q

Define Antagonistic effect

A

when two drugs compete for absorption or protein binding sites resulting in a less then desired therapeutic effect for one or both drugs

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24
Q

Define Schedule 1 drugs

A

Available only by prescription

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25
Q

Define Schedule 2 drugs

A

Available only by pharmacist and consultation required

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26
Q

Define Schedule 3 drugs

A

Available via open access in a pharmacy or pharmacy area (OTC)

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27
Q

Define Unscheduled Drugs

A

Can be sold in any store without professional supervision

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28
Q

Name 5 reasons why wouldn’t give medication

A
  • drug interactions
  • allergies
  • patient refusal
  • tolerance
  • contraindications
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29
Q

What are the receptor sites associated with parasympathetic systems

A

cholinergic

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30
Q

what are the receptor sites associated with sympathetic systems?

A

adrenergic

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31
Q

Name 4 physiological responses associated with sympathetic nervous system

A
  • dilated pupils
  • vasodilation
  • decrease saliva
  • increase BP
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32
Q

What vitamin is essential for blood clotting?

A

Vitamin K

33
Q

What Vitamins are Fat Soluble and what does Fat soluble mean?

A

A D E K. Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed along with fats in the diet and can be stored in the body’s fatty tissue.

34
Q

What Vitamins are Water Soluble and what does Water Soluble mean?

A

Water-soluble vitamins mean they dissolve in water and are not stored in the body; they include vitamin C and all of the vitamin B complex and , Folic Acid

35
Q

Which vitamin are toxic in large amounts?

A

Fat soluble because they can stay in the body for a long time period

36
Q

What can a deficit in potassium can lead to?

A

Hypokalemia

37
Q

What can an increase in sodium lead to?

A

Hypernatremia

38
Q

Name some safety factors that you would follow after administering a medication

A
  • documenting in the correct place
  • complete assessment
  • check for next medication time and ensure there is enough medication for the next dose
39
Q

What step of pharmacokinetics does protein binding effect and why?

A

distribution - the portion of the drug bound to a protein is unable to elicit a therapeutic response

40
Q

“The drug causes dilation of coronary vessels” Is this is pharmacodynamics or pharmacokinetics and why?

A

pharmacodynamics because this is how the drug works

41
Q

What should a nurse do if he/she made a medication error?

A

Call physician or clarify with the prescriber

42
Q

Where are narcotics stored? What is a narcotics sheet?

A

Locked narcotic cupboard. Narcotic sheet- monitor movement of narcotics. Inventory of narcotics. Start of shift, a shift count of narcotics.

43
Q

In order for medications to work, they must combine with a cellular receptor. What happens if they bind to a protein?

A

If a medication is bound to a protein, that means it is bound and not free. It is not free therefore it is inactive.

44
Q

What medical conditions is most likely to cause medication toxicity?

A

Relate organs in metabolism and excretion- liver failure and kidney failure or any liver and kidney related.

45
Q

What occurs during the process of metabolism?

A

The drugs are detoxified and changed into a water soluble form. Getting ready for excretion. Excretion is urine based.

46
Q

Contrast medication abuse vs misuse

A

Abuse- when a drug is used more frequently or in higher doses. Stimulants and CNS depressants.
Misuse- using the medication for purposes for which it was not intended for.

47
Q

What do adrenergic blockers do?

A

Block alpha and beta receptor sites. Indirectly inhibit the release of norepi and epi.

48
Q

How do anticholinergics work?

A

Blocks receptors for ACh. Blocks action of Ach. Inhibit para impulses. Induces fight or flight response.

49
Q

What medications mimic the neurotransmitter acetylcholine? What are they used to treat?

A

Cholinergic agonists. Direct acting cholinergic agonist- to increase smooth muscle tone- used by patients with urinary retention.

50
Q

What vitamin is given with calcium to enhance absorption?

A

Vitamin D

51
Q

What are some possible adverse effects of K+ supplementation?

A

Changes in cardiac rhythm, skeletal muscle irritability, damage to veins (IV)

52
Q

What are some signs that your Parasympathetic system is activated?

A

Pupils constrict, HR slows, Bronchi constrict, Intestinal motility stimulated, bladder contracts

53
Q

What are some signs that your Sympathetic system is activated?

A

Fight or Flight: Pupils dilated, HR increase, Bronchi dilate, Inhibit stomach motility, bladder relax

54
Q

What is the primary autonomic nervous system neurotransmitter for the Sympathetic system?

A

Norepinephrine

55
Q

What is the primary autonomic nervous system neurotransmitter for the Paraympathetic system?

A

Acetylcholine

56
Q

What do Cholinergic Agonists do?

A

Mimic the parasympathetic neurostransmitter acetylcoline

57
Q

What does Vitamin A do?

A

Helps with Epithelial tissues, skin, eyes, hair, bone growth

58
Q

What does Folic Acid do?

A
  • Needed for DNA synthesis
  • Essential for CNS development of a fetus
  • Aids in the production of RBCs
59
Q

What are the five main minerals/electrolytes the human body needs to function?

A

Sodium

  • Potassium
  • Calcium
  • Magnesium
  • Iron
60
Q

Do the Sympathetic and Parasympathetic systems fall under Somatic or Autonomic?

A

Autonomic

61
Q

Do Adrenergic Receptors fall under Sympathetic or Parasympathetic?

A

Sympathetic

62
Q

Do Cholinergic Receptors fall under Sympathetic or Parasympathetic?

A

Parasympathetic

63
Q

Do Alpha and Beta fall under Adrenergic Receptors or Cholinergic receptors?

A

Adrenergic

64
Q

What system is associated with Fight or Flight?

A

Sympathetic

65
Q

What system is associated with Rest & Digest?

A

Parasympathetic

66
Q

What does Beta 1 affect?

A

Heart

67
Q

What does Beta 2 affect?

A

Lungs

68
Q

What are the side effects of Alpha 1 blockers?

A

Orthostatic hypotension

69
Q

What are the side effects of Beta 1 blockers?

A

Dizziness, drowsiness, light headed

70
Q

What is the Chemical Name of a drug?

A

The scientific name that describes the drugs structure

71
Q

What is the Generic Name of a drug?

A

An abbreviation of the chemical name

72
Q

What is the Trade/Brand name of a drug?

A

The name assigned to the drug by the manufacturer/company. For example: N-acetyl-p-aminophenol is a chemical name, acetaminophen is a generic name and Tylenol is the trade name for the same drug

73
Q

How many Chemical names can a drug have?

A

One

74
Q

How many Generic names can a drug have?

A

One

75
Q

How many Trade/Brand names can a drug have?

A

Multiple

76
Q

What is the difference between brand name and generic drugs?

A

Generic drugs are less expensive but they may differ in their bio availability which is the ability of the drug to reach its target tissue and produce its effect.

77
Q

What is drug dependence?

A

The physiological or psychological need for a substance

78
Q

What are Indications?

A

The conditions for which a drug is approved

79
Q

Which drug names would the nurse expect the client to use in a health history?

A

Trade names. Trade names are designed to help the client remember the names of the drug.

Pharmacology (4 decks)

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