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cognitive neuroscience > midterm 1 > Flashcards

midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Phrenology

A

studying the shape of heads in the belief that they reflect personality

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2
Q

neuron

A

basic unit of the brain, needs oxygen or dies, has cell body, axon, dendrite

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3
Q

cerebellum

A

in ventral posterior of brain, controls motor function

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4
Q

equipotentiality

A

mass action, all actors can do the same things

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5
Q

seizure

A

sudden electrical disturbance in brain

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6
Q

Jacksonian march

A

seizure “marches” down the body, limited affect

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7
Q

somatotopy

A

specific part of brain connects to specific part of body

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8
Q

Broca’s/Wernicke’s area and aphasias

A

Broca’s aphasia means that the person knows what to say but can’t get it out. Wernicke is basically like word salad

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9
Q

animal lesion experiment

A

Flourens found that cerebellum lesions caused uncontrolled movement rather than amativeness

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10
Q

brain stimulation experiment

A

the guy in the bed saw the doctor’s face distorting under electrical stim

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11
Q

craniotomy

A

surgical removal of skull to expose brain

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12
Q

neuropsychology/neurophysiology

A

study of behavioral modifications from brain trauma or mental condition/study of central nervous system

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13
Q

anterior

A

front of brain, also known as rostral

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14
Q

frontal lobe

A

‘control panel’ of personality and ability to communicate

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15
Q

posterior

A

back of brain/caudal

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16
Q

cerebral hemisphere

A

The cerebral hemisphere is one half of the cerebrum, the part of the brain that controls muscle functions and also controls speech, thought, emotions, reading, writing, and learning. The right hemisphere controls the muscles on the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls the muscles on the right side of the body.

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17
Q

stroke

A

the brain loses blood and can cause brain damage

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18
Q

diencephalon/thalamus

A

deep in brain+link to endocrine system, contains thalamus and hypothalamus/relays messages between brain and body

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19
Q

cortex

A

outer layer of cerebrum, contains lots of gray matter

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20
Q

hippocampus

A

located in medial temporal lobe. controls memory, part of limbic system

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21
Q

gray matter and white matter

A

gray matter are neuron cell bodies, gray from the glia

white matter are axons, white from myelin

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22
Q

glial cell

A

glial cells regulate neuron functioning

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23
Q

cell body of neuron

A

connects to dendrites and axon

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24
Q

dendrites

A

conduct electrical messages to cell body

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25
Q

myelin

A

insulates axons and enhances their transmission

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26
Q

corpus callosum

A

interconnects the cerebrum with the diencephalon - integrative

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27
Q

ventricle

A

there are four of them, contain CSF, provides nutrition to brain

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28
Q

axon hillock/action potential process

A

contains voltage-gated Na+ channels, opening them depolarizes axon, continues along axon via successive Na+ channels, then axon is repolarized by K+, hyperpolarized by P+, Na/K pump maintains high resting potential

step by step membrane action potential:

1) pumps maintain high rest potential
2) membrane potential depolarized by incoming signals
3) signal repolarized by K+ channels
4) action potential propagates along axon by activating sequential Na+ channels
5) resting potential reached again by action of Na and K pumps

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29
Q

depolarize

A

low action potential, occurs through the opening of Na+ channels in the AH and this continues along axon

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30
Q

synapse/synaptic cleft

A

synaptic cleft transports neurotransmitters from one synapse to another.
synapses connect neurons basically

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31
Q

excitatory neurotransmitter/glutamate

A

pyramidal neurons are usually excitatory, release glutamate onto AMPA receptor
if a ligand-gated channel lets in positive ions like Na+, it’s excitatory and will cause depolarization of post-synaptic neuron

32
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitter/GABA/inhibitory interneuron

A

inhibitory interneurons release GABA onto various GABA receptors
if a ligand-gated channel lets in negative ions like Cl-, it’s inhibitory and will cause hyperpolarization of post-synaptic neuron

33
Q

hyperpolarization

A

axons are hyperpolarized by voltage-gated P+, and the Na+ pumps maintain a hyperpolarized resting potential

34
Q

reuptake

A

neurotransmitters are absorbed back from the synapse into the pre-synaptic neuron

35
Q

local field potential

A

Summed electric potentials from multiple (thousands) of neurons near an electrode)

36
Q

laminar /layering of cortex

A

Different layers (from 1 - 6, or superficial to deep) are defined by •Different connectivity •Feedforward comes in Layer 4 •Feedback comes in at Layer 1 •Different density of cells •Some layers have more cell bodies, some more axons •Different kind of cells •Pyramidal neurons in layer 4 •Other kinds in different layers

37
Q

horizontal/coronal/sagittal plane

A

sunglasses/headphones/ between eyes to the back of head

38
Q

oscillations and synchrony

A

correlated input increases spike probability, uncorrelated reduces
effective phase relation increases, ineffective reduces

39
Q

rostral/caudal

A

front/back

40
Q

dorsal/ventral

A

top/bottom

41
Q

Electricorticography

A

records electrical activity from cerebral cortex

42
Q

visual field

A

part of the world we can see - visible light

43
Q

fovea

A

point of focus - highest acuity - most cones

44
Q

scotoma

A

area of bad vision within a field of good vision

45
Q

optic nerve/optic chiasm

A

connects brain to eye/the point where optic nerves cross

46
Q

retina

A

layer of photoreceptors(rods+cones) that convert wavelengths of light to electrical changes
retinal ganglion cells interpret to the brain
bipolar cells integrate activity of these

47
Q

retinal ganglion cells

A

can be on and off-center, 1.5m of them vs 16m cones, on center are responsible for edge detection
interpret retina -> brain

48
Q

retinotopy(retinotopic organization)

A

mapping between retina and neurons

49
Q

cortical magnification/feature detection/orientation selectivity

A

80% of cortex V1 is dedicated to retina(ie. fovea)/

different cells fire depending on orientation

50
Q

laminar organization of V1

A

IV is the primary input layer with ocular dominance columns

51
Q

Electroencephalography (EEG)

A

summed electirc potential from millions of neurons, has great temporal resolution but poor spatial resolution

52
Q

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

short magnetic pulse can depolarize neurons close to skull surface and cause them to fire

53
Q

alpha oscillations/phosphenes

A

Alpha oscillations modulate phosphene perception •Alpha amplitude reflects the “excitability” of early visual cortex

54
Q

basilar membrane

A

converts vibration into electrical signal via hair cells mechanically opening ion channels

55
Q

tympanic membrane

A

the eardrum, receives air pressure waves from outside and causes vibration first step

56
Q

ossicles

A

connect tympanic membrane and cochlea

57
Q

cochlea

A

has fluid which vibrates to distort different parts of basilar membrane

58
Q

ganglion

A

a structure containing a number of nerve cell bodies

59
Q

auditory nerve

A

its neurons are triggered by the basilar membrane’s hair cells, they then synapse into the brainstem, then the medial geniculate nucleus, then the primary auditory cortex

60
Q

place code and rate code

A

where the basilar membrane is stimulated and how frequently the neurons of the auditory nerve fire to represent sounds in the brain

61
Q

fourier transform

A

mathematical thing to describe spectral decomposition

62
Q

interaural intensity difference (IID) and interaural timing difference (ITD)

A

Interaural timing difference (ITD): the difference in when a signal arrives to each ear
•Interaural intensity difference (IPD): the difference in the intensity of a signal at each ear, caused by the heads ‘acoustic shadow’

63
Q

tonotopy

A

in the primary auditory cortex V1 different layers are linked to different frequency (Hz)

64
Q

somatosensation

A

Somatosensation really encompasses: •Mechanoreceptors: cells that detect touch/pressure/vibration of the skin
•Nociceptors (pain): cells that detect tissue damage/extreme temperature
•Thermoreceptors: cells that detect ranges of temperature
•Proprioceptors: cells that detect how much different muscles in the body are stretched/relaxed

65
Q

damage to temporal and parietal cortex

A

Damage to temporal cortex impacts a task the requires identifying objects, but not identifying relative spatial locations
•Damage to parietal cortex impacts a task the requires identifying relative spatial locations, but not identifying objects (that much)

66
Q

Dual streams hypothesis

A

Dorsal visual pathway involved in recognizing where objects are and how to interact with them
•Ventral visual stream more involved in recognizing objects on the basis of shape, texture, color, detail, etc…
•Supported by later work with human lesion patients

67
Q

visual agnosia

A

Damage to inferior temporal and inferior occipital brain areas •Developed visual agnosia (inability to recognize objects!)

68
Q

dorsal and ventral visual pathway

A

Dorsal and Ventral pathwayV1 —> V2 —> MT —> MST —> PPC
V1 —> V2 —> V4 —> IT•The circuits are even way more complicated than this! •Feedback at every stage •Loops to the thalamus at every stage!

69
Q

object recognition in IT

A

•Highly dependent on stimulus but not location (i.e., location-invariant)•Many are also size invariant•Huge receptive fields (~10 to 30 degrees)

70
Q

hierarchical feature combination/grandmother cell theory

A

This would mean that every new percept would rely on a new neuron at the top of the hierarchy2.How would the brain “know” how many neurons to allocate?3.Removing one neuron would mean I can no longer recognize my grandmother

71
Q

combination coding or reduction method

A

Show real objects to a monkey while recording from IT •Find the object and viewpoint that really drives the cell •Render the object as a 2-D drawing •Create a simplified cartoon of the drawing with a few elements •Begin removing elements and see when the neuron stops responding

72
Q

binding problem

A

a problem with combination coding how do these neurons which represent different features combine their inputs!

73
Q

face recognition in inferior temporal cortext

A

pics of faces could not be reduced without causing neuron to stop firing

74
Q

parvo and magnocellular layers in the lateral geniculate nucleus

A

Parvocellular pathway carries information primarily from ConesMagnocellular pathway carries information primarily from Rod

75
Q

bipolar cells

A

in retina, integrate activity of retinal ganglion and photoreceptors(rods/cones)

cognitive neuroscience (2 decks)

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