Midterm 1 Flashcards
According to Aristotle, what is the seat of intelligence?
The heart
According to Hippocrates (Ancient Greece) what is the seat of intelligence and organ of sensation?
The brain
What man from the Roman Empire performed animal dissections to study the brain?
Galen
What assumptions did Galen deduce from his animal dissections?
The prefrontal cortex was squishy, possibly sensory function. The cerebellum was rubbery, possible muscle function.
Why did Galen believe that the squishy prefrontal cortex had a sensory function?
He believed to form memories, sensations must be imprinted in the brain. This must occur in the doughy cortex.
What french philosopher believed that the brain could not account for the full range of human behaviour, and that humans posses a God-given soul?
Rene Descartes
According to Rene Descartes, how did the mind interact with the brain/body?
Descartes believed the mind was a spiritual entity that received sensations and commanded movements by communicating with the machinery of the brain via the pineal gland.
How did Galen believe the ventricles functioned with sensory inputs and motor outputs?
The ventricles filled are with 4 fluids. The movement of these fluids to and from the ventricles via the nerves is what facilitated sensory and motor function.
What are the 4 humours and their corresponding meanings?
- Blood = happy/healthy
- Yellow bile = violent
- Black bile = sad
- Phlem/mucus = lazy
What are the two types of brain tissue and what is their relationship?
White and grey matter. White matter is continuous with the body, and contain the fibres that bring info to and from the grey matter.
By what century had the nervous system been completely dissected and its gross anatomy described in detail (CNS and PNS)?
The 18th century.
What are the 4 lobes of the human cerebrum?
Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, and Temporal.
What are gyrus/gyri and sulcus/sulci?
Gyri are bumps and sulci are grooves in the brain.
What did Bell propose in 1811?
The origin of motor fibres = cerebellum
The destination of sensory fibres = cerebrum
How did Bell & Magendie test their theory of the function of nerves & the brain together?
Ablation: destroy parts of the brain and measure the sensory or motor deficit.
What French physiologist provided scientific evidence of the cerebellum being involved in movement, and the cerebrum being involved in sensation/perception?
Flourens.
What did Franz Joseph Gall believe about the brain?
Phrenology: Bumps on brain had different functions, and were the basis of personality traits.
Who was the biggest critic of Phrenology?
Flourens. (He thought the entire cerebrum as a whole held all functions).
How did Paul Broca deduce that the frontal lobe was responsible for speech? (Brocal Region)
By studying the brain of a man who couldn’t speak and noticing a lesion in the frontal lobe.
What experiments did Charles Darwin do to support his Natural Selection and common ancestry theory?
Compared rat’s response to stress to humans and found similarities. (Rats as a model).
The findings of Luigi Galvani and Emil du Bois-Reymond debunked what theory?
The Fluid Ventricle Theory.
What were the findings of Luigi Galvani and Emil du Bois-Reymond?
Muscles twitch when nerves are stimulated electrically, and the brain itself produces electricity.
Whose findings provided evidence for Bidirectional communication and how did they find this?
Bell & Magendie. Cut a nerve and found deficits in both sensory and motor function. Therefore nerves carry both types of info.
What are the two components of a nerve and whose evidence supported this?
Dorsal = sensory
Ventral = motor
Bell & Magendie
What are the 5 levels of analysis in Neuroscience?
Molecular, Cellular, Systematic, Behavioural, and Cognitive.
Studying the molecules and neurotransmitters involved in in neuron signalling, growth, and permeability is analysis at what level?
Molecular Level.
Studying how molecules work together to give neurons special properties, different types of neurons and their functions (ex. rods vs bipolar vs ganglions) is analysis at what level?
Cellular Level.
Studying the constellations of neuronal circuits that exist in the body and their collective functions such as the visual or motor systems, is analysis at what level?
Systematic Level.
Studying how neural systems interact with each other to produce actions in an organism is analysis at what level?
Behavioural Level.
Studying the neural mechanisms responsible for higher human mental activity such as self-awareness, imagination, and language is analysis at what level?
Cognitive Level.
What scientist modelled the neuron as a unit of life and contributed to the cell theory (1839)?
Theodore Schwann.
Who drew a photo of the Olfactory bulb, developed a stain to view nervous tissue under a light microscope?
Camillo Golgi.
A collection of neurons in the CNS is called?
Nucleus.
A collection of neurons in the PNS is called?
Ganglion.
A bundle of axons in the CNS is called?
Tract.
A bundle of axons in the PNS is called?
Nerve.
What is the function of creases in the brain?
Increase surface area.
What are the divisions of the PNS?
Somatic (voluntary movement; skin joint and muscle innervation)
Autonomic (involuntary movement; organ, blood vessel and gland innervation)
What are the divisions of the Autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic (fight or flight)
Parasympathetic (rest & digest)
3 special facts about Dolphins and their brains?
- Deeper sulci (grooves)
- Auditory & Visual regions closer together
- Can be taught to innervate, and do tricks
In the sympathetic nervous system, the first synapse is ______, and the second synapse is ______.
In the sympathetic nervous system, the first synapse is short, and the second synapse is long.
In the parasympathetic nervous system, the first synapse is ______, and the second synapse is ______.
In the parasympathetic nervous system, the first synapse is long, and the second synapse is short.
In the sympathetic nervous system, what neurotransmitters are used in short connection synapses?
noepinephrine & epinephrine.
In the sympathetic nervous system, what neurotransmitters are used in long connection synapses?
acetylcholine.
In the parasympathetic nervous system, what neurotransmitters are used in long and short connection synapses?
only acetylcholine for both.
A dorsal root ganglion attached to the spinal cord provides ______ inputs.
A dorsal root ganglion attached to the spinal cord provides sensory inputs.
A ventral root ganglion attached to the spinal cord provides ______ inputs.
A ventral root ganglion attached to the spinal cord provides motor inputs.
Afferent vs Efferent axons?
Afferent = carry to CNS Efferent = carry from CNS
