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NESC 2470 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

According to Aristotle, what is the seat of intelligence?

A

The heart

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2
Q

According to Hippocrates (Ancient Greece) what is the seat of intelligence and organ of sensation?

A

The brain

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3
Q

What man from the Roman Empire performed animal dissections to study the brain?

A

Galen

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4
Q

What assumptions did Galen deduce from his animal dissections?

A

The prefrontal cortex was squishy, possibly sensory function. The cerebellum was rubbery, possible muscle function.

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5
Q

Why did Galen believe that the squishy prefrontal cortex had a sensory function?

A

He believed to form memories, sensations must be imprinted in the brain. This must occur in the doughy cortex.

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6
Q

What french philosopher believed that the brain could not account for the full range of human behaviour, and that humans posses a God-given soul?

A

Rene Descartes

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7
Q

According to Rene Descartes, how did the mind interact with the brain/body?

A

Descartes believed the mind was a spiritual entity that received sensations and commanded movements by communicating with the machinery of the brain via the pineal gland.

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8
Q

How did Galen believe the ventricles functioned with sensory inputs and motor outputs?

A

The ventricles filled are with 4 fluids. The movement of these fluids to and from the ventricles via the nerves is what facilitated sensory and motor function.

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9
Q

What are the 4 humours and their corresponding meanings?

A
  1. Blood = happy/healthy
  2. Yellow bile = violent
  3. Black bile = sad
  4. Phlem/mucus = lazy
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10
Q

What are the two types of brain tissue and what is their relationship?

A

White and grey matter. White matter is continuous with the body, and contain the fibres that bring info to and from the grey matter.

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11
Q

By what century had the nervous system been completely dissected and its gross anatomy described in detail (CNS and PNS)?

A

The 18th century.

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12
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the human cerebrum?

A

Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, and Temporal.

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13
Q

What are gyrus/gyri and sulcus/sulci?

A

Gyri are bumps and sulci are grooves in the brain.

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14
Q

What did Bell propose in 1811?

A

The origin of motor fibres = cerebellum

The destination of sensory fibres = cerebrum

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15
Q

How did Bell & Magendie test their theory of the function of nerves & the brain together?

A

Ablation: destroy parts of the brain and measure the sensory or motor deficit.

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16
Q

What French physiologist provided scientific evidence of the cerebellum being involved in movement, and the cerebrum being involved in sensation/perception?

A

Flourens.

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17
Q

What did Franz Joseph Gall believe about the brain?

A

Phrenology: Bumps on brain had different functions, and were the basis of personality traits.

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18
Q

Who was the biggest critic of Phrenology?

A

Flourens. (He thought the entire cerebrum as a whole held all functions).

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19
Q

How did Paul Broca deduce that the frontal lobe was responsible for speech? (Brocal Region)

A

By studying the brain of a man who couldn’t speak and noticing a lesion in the frontal lobe.

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20
Q

What experiments did Charles Darwin do to support his Natural Selection and common ancestry theory?

A

Compared rat’s response to stress to humans and found similarities. (Rats as a model).

21
Q

The findings of Luigi Galvani and Emil du Bois-Reymond debunked what theory?

A

The Fluid Ventricle Theory.

22
Q

What were the findings of Luigi Galvani and Emil du Bois-Reymond?

A

Muscles twitch when nerves are stimulated electrically, and the brain itself produces electricity.

23
Q

Whose findings provided evidence for Bidirectional communication and how did they find this?

A

Bell & Magendie. Cut a nerve and found deficits in both sensory and motor function. Therefore nerves carry both types of info.

24
Q

What are the two components of a nerve and whose evidence supported this?

A

Dorsal = sensory
Ventral = motor
Bell & Magendie

25
Q

What are the 5 levels of analysis in Neuroscience?

A

Molecular, Cellular, Systematic, Behavioural, and Cognitive.

26
Q

Studying the molecules and neurotransmitters involved in in neuron signalling, growth, and permeability is analysis at what level?

A

Molecular Level.

27
Q

Studying how molecules work together to give neurons special properties, different types of neurons and their functions (ex. rods vs bipolar vs ganglions) is analysis at what level?

A

Cellular Level.

28
Q

Studying the constellations of neuronal circuits that exist in the body and their collective functions such as the visual or motor systems, is analysis at what level?

A

Systematic Level.

29
Q

Studying how neural systems interact with each other to produce actions in an organism is analysis at what level?

A

Behavioural Level.

30
Q

Studying the neural mechanisms responsible for higher human mental activity such as self-awareness, imagination, and language is analysis at what level?

A

Cognitive Level.

31
Q

What scientist modelled the neuron as a unit of life and contributed to the cell theory (1839)?

A

Theodore Schwann.

32
Q

Who drew a photo of the Olfactory bulb, developed a stain to view nervous tissue under a light microscope?

A

Camillo Golgi.

33
Q

A collection of neurons in the CNS is called?

A

Nucleus.

34
Q

A collection of neurons in the PNS is called?

A

Ganglion.

35
Q

A bundle of axons in the CNS is called?

A

Tract.

36
Q

A bundle of axons in the PNS is called?

A

Nerve.

37
Q

What is the function of creases in the brain?

A

Increase surface area.

38
Q

What are the divisions of the PNS?

A

Somatic (voluntary movement; skin joint and muscle innervation)
Autonomic (involuntary movement; organ, blood vessel and gland innervation)

39
Q

What are the divisions of the Autonomic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic (fight or flight)

Parasympathetic (rest & digest)

40
Q

3 special facts about Dolphins and their brains?

A
  1. Deeper sulci (grooves)
  2. Auditory & Visual regions closer together
  3. Can be taught to innervate, and do tricks
41
Q

In the sympathetic nervous system, the first synapse is ______, and the second synapse is ______.

A

In the sympathetic nervous system, the first synapse is short, and the second synapse is long.

42
Q

In the parasympathetic nervous system, the first synapse is ______, and the second synapse is ______.

A

In the parasympathetic nervous system, the first synapse is long, and the second synapse is short.

43
Q

In the sympathetic nervous system, what neurotransmitters are used in short connection synapses?

A

noepinephrine & epinephrine.

44
Q

In the sympathetic nervous system, what neurotransmitters are used in long connection synapses?

A

acetylcholine.

45
Q

In the parasympathetic nervous system, what neurotransmitters are used in long and short connection synapses?

A

only acetylcholine for both.

46
Q

A dorsal root ganglion attached to the spinal cord provides ______ inputs.

A

A dorsal root ganglion attached to the spinal cord provides sensory inputs.

47
Q

A ventral root ganglion attached to the spinal cord provides ______ inputs.

A

A ventral root ganglion attached to the spinal cord provides motor inputs.

48
Q

Afferent vs Efferent axons?

A 
Afferent = carry to CNS
Efferent = carry from CNS

NESC 2470 (1 decks)

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