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cells form and function > midterm 1 > Flashcards

midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is malaria

A

immortal, single cells protozoan- infects RBC, causes them to burst – has a polar ring to penetrate RBC
feeds on hemoglobin- releases merozoites

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2
Q

water, organic and inorganic molecules make up how much?

A

75-80% of cells volume

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3
Q

what amino acid is found in proteins and what is found in cells

A

I amino acids and d-glucose

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4
Q

proteins

A

most abundant and versatile- makes AA into its shape and function

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5
Q

phospholipids

A

building blocks of life and bilayer + amphipathic

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6
Q

DNA into AA seq of proteins

A

Step 1. Transcription factors bind to regions- activate those genes
step 2. RNA polymerase begins transcription
step 3. transcript processed to remove non coding regions
step 4. mature mRNA moves to cytoplasm – into a chain

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7
Q

Eukaryotes have

A

lysomes
rough er
mitochondria

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8
Q

Eukaryotes PLANT have

A

chloroplasts
starch granules
vacuoles
cell wall thlayoids

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9
Q

FISH

A

to detect and localize the presence or absence of specific DNA seq on a chromosome

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10
Q

what is the best model organism

A

yeast

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11
Q

protostomes and deuterostomes

A

mouth then anus (spiral) anus then mouth (radial)

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12
Q

eyeless

A

no eyes

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13
Q

pax 6

A

no iris’s

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14
Q

what causes muscular dystrophy

A

dystrophin

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15
Q

Fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS)

A

separates cells based one different levels of fluorescence

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16
Q

(FACS) steps

A
  1. mixed with buffer and go through a laser beam
  2. fluoresce light emitted and light scattered measured- can find size and shape
  3. forced through a nozzle - droplets
  4. each drop goes through an electric field and no charge ones are gone

ones tagged to two cell surface proteins are separated by FACS

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17
Q

MDCK cells

A

good for studying epithelial cells- form a polarized epithelium
- can form cysts in culture

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18
Q

cell fusion and selection to get hybridomas make

A

monoclonal antibody to a specific protein

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19
Q

difference between human and mouse cells

A

fibroblast - programed to stop

mouse cells- immortal and can divide - cancerous

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20
Q

microscopes have _______ NOT Mag

A

resolution - D- the min distance between two objects

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21
Q

bright field has

A

a condenser lens

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22
Q

phase contrast

A

an annular diaphragm- polarized light

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23
Q

fluorescence

A

no condenser or ann – makes use of compounds that absorb light at one wavelength and emit at a longer one

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24
Q

confocal mircoscopy

A

no longer blurry, removed out of focus flur light

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25
Q

florescent samples is a redistricted focal plane can be imaged by total

A

internal reflection fluorescence microscopy

26
Q

Photoactivaed localization microscopy

A

not limited by diffraction BUT by the number of localizations

27
Q

light microscopes are limited by what

A

the wavelength of light

28
Q

immufluorescence

A

uses antibodies to localize specific components

29
Q

what are technologies to address the cell in native state

A

lattice light sheet microscopy and adaptive optics

30
Q

electron mircoscopy

A

high resolution and shorter wavelength that visible light

31
Q

TEM

A

needs thin specimens and MUST be stained with heavy metals

can detected using antibodies (labeled with gold particles) coated with protein A

32
Q

cryo- EM

A

obtaining images and 3D reconstructions or macromolecules

33
Q

cryo- EM steps

A
  1. Application
  2. blotting
  3. vitrification
  4. TEM investigation
34
Q

SEM

A

metal shadowed material reveals the surface features of specimens

35
Q

disruption of cells

A
  1. release cells contents by rupturing the cell
    2 suspended in solution with good pH (0.25)
  2. can be blended to further break
  3. PM can be sheared with homogenizers

the swelling of cells weaken it making it easier to rupture

36
Q

differential centrifugation

A

according to their densities filter homogenate to remove clump and then each step

37
Q

the suspension of phospholipids aggregate into 1- 3 forms

A

micelles
liposomes
phospholipid bilayers

38
Q

what are the three classes of membrane lipids

A

phosphoglycerides, sphingomyelin and sterols (cholesterol)

39
Q

flippases

A

ATP powered transport proteins from on leaflet to another

40
Q

phosphoglycerides and sphingomyelin

A

asymmetrically distributed in the membrane

- sterol is even

41
Q

lipid rafts

A

micro domains that contain cholesterol , spin and some membrane proteins that form in the bilayer

42
Q

what are the three membrane proteins

A

integral membrane- span the phos bilayer
lipid anchored- bound to one or more lipids
peripheral- bound to membrane indirectly or directly

43
Q

porins

A

alipathic and aromatic ring side chains. 16 beta strands forms a sheet

44
Q

Acylation

A

carry acetyl chins to N terminal Gly

45
Q

Prenylation

A

phenyl groups to 1 or 2 cys residues

46
Q

GPI anchor

A

abhor links it to the protein

47
Q

Ionic detergent

A

Na deoxycholate and SDS

48
Q

Non-ionic detergents

A

Trix 100 and octyl B-D- glycopyranoside

49
Q

what are the 5 criteria for picking a detergent

A
  1. solubility
  2. denaturing or inactivation
  3. removal from samples
  4. interference with assays
  5. effiencey of extracting the protein
50
Q

saturated and unsaturated fatty acids are components of what

A

phospholipids and sphingolipids

51
Q

fatty acids are synthesized from

A

acetyl- CoA and modified in the ER

52
Q

initial steps of biosynthesis of cholesterol takes place where

A

cytosol and last step in ER

53
Q

what is an aquporin

A

transports water and glycol into and out of cell

54
Q

plasma membrane

A

permeability barrier that separates the cytoplasm from exterior environment

55
Q

simple diffusion

A

down a gradient, no transport proteins

56
Q

types of transmembrane protein movement

A

channels - specific ions
transporters- uni, and anti, sim
pumps- use ATP hydrolysis to power

57
Q

Na/K pump

A

pump Na out and K inside

58
Q

ATP pump

A

moves against a concentration gradient

59
Q

Unitransport

A
  • faster than simple diffusion and reversible

- there is a Vmax- Km is half of this

60
Q

GLUT1- RBC and GLUT2- liver cells

A

GLUT1 is higher than GLUT2

61
Q

human GLUT1

A

unitransports glucose across cellular membrane

-outward open -> ligand bound occluded -> inward open -> ligand free occluded

62
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

if Cb is greater than Ca then water will flow from A to B- OP is applied to B to prevent this flow

cells form and function (1 decks)

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