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cells form and function > midterm 1 > Flashcards

midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is malaria

A

immortal, single cells protozoan- infects RBC, causes them to burst – has a polar ring to penetrate RBC
feeds on hemoglobin- releases merozoites

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2
Q

water, organic and inorganic molecules make up how much?

A

75-80% of cells volume

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3
Q

what amino acid is found in proteins and what is found in cells

A

I amino acids and d-glucose

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4
Q

proteins

A

most abundant and versatile- makes AA into its shape and function

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5
Q

phospholipids

A

building blocks of life and bilayer + amphipathic

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6
Q

DNA into AA seq of proteins

A

Step 1. Transcription factors bind to regions- activate those genes
step 2. RNA polymerase begins transcription
step 3. transcript processed to remove non coding regions
step 4. mature mRNA moves to cytoplasm – into a chain

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7
Q

Eukaryotes have

A

lysomes
rough er
mitochondria

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8
Q

Eukaryotes PLANT have

A

chloroplasts
starch granules
vacuoles
cell wall thlayoids

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9
Q

FISH

A

to detect and localize the presence or absence of specific DNA seq on a chromosome

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10
Q

what is the best model organism

A

yeast

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11
Q

protostomes and deuterostomes

A

mouth then anus (spiral) anus then mouth (radial)

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12
Q

eyeless

A

no eyes

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13
Q

pax 6

A

no iris’s

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14
Q

what causes muscular dystrophy

A

dystrophin

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15
Q

Fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS)

A

separates cells based one different levels of fluorescence

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16
Q

(FACS) steps

A
  1. mixed with buffer and go through a laser beam
  2. fluoresce light emitted and light scattered measured- can find size and shape
  3. forced through a nozzle - droplets
  4. each drop goes through an electric field and no charge ones are gone

ones tagged to two cell surface proteins are separated by FACS

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17
Q

MDCK cells

A

good for studying epithelial cells- form a polarized epithelium
- can form cysts in culture

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18
Q

cell fusion and selection to get hybridomas make

A

monoclonal antibody to a specific protein

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19
Q

difference between human and mouse cells

A

fibroblast - programed to stop

mouse cells- immortal and can divide - cancerous

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20
Q

microscopes have _______ NOT Mag

A

resolution - D- the min distance between two objects

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21
Q

bright field has

A

a condenser lens

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22
Q

phase contrast

A

an annular diaphragm- polarized light

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23
Q

fluorescence

A

no condenser or ann – makes use of compounds that absorb light at one wavelength and emit at a longer one

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24
Q

confocal mircoscopy

A

no longer blurry, removed out of focus flur light

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25
florescent samples is a redistricted focal plane can be imaged by total
internal reflection fluorescence microscopy
26
Photoactivaed localization microscopy
not limited by diffraction BUT by the number of localizations
27
light microscopes are limited by what
the wavelength of light
28
immufluorescence
uses antibodies to localize specific components
29
what are technologies to address the cell in native state
lattice light sheet microscopy and adaptive optics
30
electron mircoscopy
high resolution and shorter wavelength that visible light
31
TEM
needs thin specimens and MUST be stained with heavy metals | can detected using antibodies (labeled with gold particles) coated with protein A
32
cryo- EM
obtaining images and 3D reconstructions or macromolecules
33
cryo- EM steps
1. Application 2. blotting 3. vitrification 4. TEM investigation
34
SEM
metal shadowed material reveals the surface features of specimens
35
disruption of cells
1. release cells contents by rupturing the cell 2 suspended in solution with good pH (0.25) 3. can be blended to further break 4. PM can be sheared with homogenizers the swelling of cells weaken it making it easier to rupture
36
differential centrifugation
according to their densities filter homogenate to remove clump and then each step
37
the suspension of phospholipids aggregate into 1- 3 forms
micelles liposomes phospholipid bilayers
38
what are the three classes of membrane lipids
phosphoglycerides, sphingomyelin and sterols (cholesterol)
39
flippases
ATP powered transport proteins from on leaflet to another
40
phosphoglycerides and sphingomyelin
asymmetrically distributed in the membrane | - sterol is even
41
lipid rafts
micro domains that contain cholesterol , spin and some membrane proteins that form in the bilayer
42
what are the three membrane proteins
integral membrane- span the phos bilayer lipid anchored- bound to one or more lipids peripheral- bound to membrane indirectly or directly
43
porins
alipathic and aromatic ring side chains. 16 beta strands forms a sheet
44
Acylation
carry acetyl chins to N terminal Gly
45
Prenylation
phenyl groups to 1 or 2 cys residues
46
GPI anchor
abhor links it to the protein
47
Ionic detergent
Na deoxycholate and SDS
48
Non-ionic detergents
Trix 100 and octyl B-D- glycopyranoside
49
what are the 5 criteria for picking a detergent
1. solubility 2. denaturing or inactivation 3. removal from samples 4. interference with assays 5. effiencey of extracting the protein
50
saturated and unsaturated fatty acids are components of what
phospholipids and sphingolipids
51
fatty acids are synthesized from
acetyl- CoA and modified in the ER
52
initial steps of biosynthesis of cholesterol takes place where
cytosol and last step in ER
53
what is an aquporin
transports water and glycol into and out of cell
54
plasma membrane
permeability barrier that separates the cytoplasm from exterior environment
55
simple diffusion
down a gradient, no transport proteins
56
types of transmembrane protein movement
channels - specific ions transporters- uni, and anti, sim pumps- use ATP hydrolysis to power
57
Na/K pump
pump Na out and K inside
58
ATP pump
moves against a concentration gradient
59
Unitransport
- faster than simple diffusion and reversible | - there is a Vmax- Km is half of this
60
GLUT1- RBC and GLUT2- liver cells
GLUT1 is higher than GLUT2
61
human GLUT1
unitransports glucose across cellular membrane -outward open -> ligand bound occluded -> inward open -> ligand free occluded
62
Osmotic pressure
if Cb is greater than Ca then water will flow from A to B- OP is applied to B to prevent this flow

cells form and function (1 decks)

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