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Psychology 120 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

How do pink and red differ?

A

Saturation but not hue

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2
Q

Why have color?

A 
Object detection 
Perceptual organization
Segmentation 
Fruit theory 
Object recognition and identification
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3
Q

Additive color mixing

A

Adding light

More photos = whiter light

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4
Q

Subtractive color mixing

A

Adding pigments

In pigment mixing we only see the colors that do net get absorbed

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5
Q

Simultaneous color contrast

A

Two colors simultaneously present

Artists aware of phenomenon before scientists

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6
Q

Successive color contrast

A

Color aftereffects

See complimentary color on same shape after

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7
Q

What kind of light level are rods sensitive to

A

Scotopic: dim light levels at or below the level of moonlight

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8
Q

Can rods discriminate wavelength

A

No because they are sensitive to all wavelengths

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9
Q

What photopigmemtation molecule are all rods sensitive to?

A

Rhodopsin

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10
Q

Can we perceive many different hues at nighttime

A

No because we have to really on rod system

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11
Q

S-cones

A

Cones that are preferentially sensitive to short wavelengths (“blue” cones)

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12
Q

M-cones

A

Cones that are preferentially sensitive to middle wavelengths (“green” cones)

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13
Q

L-cones

A

Cones that are preferentially sensitive to long wavelengths (“red” cones)

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14
Q

Why not just have a single receptor type?

A

Ambiguity in responses of each cone type

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15
Q

The higher the number of absorbed photos

A

The higher the activity

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16
Q

Problem of univariance

A

An infinite set of different wavelength intensity combinations can elicit exactly the same response from a single type of photoreceptor – Thus, one type of photoreceptor, by itself, cannot serve as the basis for color discriminations

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17
Q

Ill-posed problem

A

Problem which lacks the necessary amount of problem to solve

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18
Q

Wavelength mapping

A

One-to-one matching of wavelength to cone type but no the reverse

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19
Q

Metameters

A

Two physically different stimuli that are perceptually identical

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20
Q

Example of metameter in vision

A

Wavelength 580 + 620 = same color as 580

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21
Q

Spectral colors

A

Colors produced by wavelengths in spectrum

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22
Q

Nonspectral hues

A

Colors that can only result from light mixtures e.g. purple magenta

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23
Q

How does brain derive reflectance curve of an object no matter the light?

A

The brain assumes that light follows a normal distribution and the reflectance follows a normal distribution

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24
Q

Related colors

A

Colors that only hold their value by comparison to other hues (gold, silver, brown)

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25
Q

Nonrelative colors

A

Always a particular hue e.g. Red, blue, yellow

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26
Q

Color constancy

A

The principle that certain colors do not change hue based on their environment

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27
Q

Chromatic adaptation

A

The brain habituates to a omnipresent color when the neurons activated to that color become fatigued. Thus discounting the effects of that color on final determinations.

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28
Q

Memory color

A

Characteristic color of familiar objects affects color perception. People judge the familiar objects to have a richer more saturated color than unfamiliar objects

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29
Q

What is an object?

A

Objects are the basic units in our representations of the world

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30
Q

How long does visual object recognition take?

A

50 - 500 ms

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31
Q

Steps in visual object recognition

A

Segmentation of the visual field
Grouping/Unit formation - most objects are partially occluded
Recovering 3d shapes from particular views (we do not know distance)
Describe and represent shape

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32
Q

Object recognition theory

A

The brain creates a description of an object from light and then compares that to objects in memory

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33
Q

Recognition and perception relationship

A

Often used interchangeably now because the processes are difficult to separate

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34
Q

Basic level recognition

A

objects are categorized into ordinal categories (phone not Trevor’s phone)

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35
Q

Information-processing tasks in visual object recognition

A 
Edge detection
edge classification 
Extracting junctions
classifying junctions
boundary assignment
Grouping unit formation 
Shape perception
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36
Q

perceptual phenomenon that occurs when a change in a visual stimulus is introduced and the observer does not notice it

A

Change blindness

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37
Q

You do not notice things you do not deliberately attend to

A

Inattentional blindness

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38
Q

Doctrine of specific nerve energies

A

Nature of sensation depends on which sensory fibers are stimulated, rather than how they are stimulated

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39
Q

Goes from retina and carries visual info to thalamus

A

Optic (II) nerve

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40
Q

Sense processing in the cortex

A

The cortex often becomes polysensory meaning that information from more than one sense is being combined

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41
Q

Event-related potential

A

A measure of electrical activity from a subpopulation of neurons in response to particular stimuli that requires averaging many EEG recordings

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42
Q

MEG (Magnetoencephalography)

A

High temporal and moderate spatial resolution but very expensive

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43
Q

Computed tomography (CT)

A

Uses X-rays to creates images of slices through volumes of material

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44
Q

fMRI

A

functional magnetic resonance imaging measures blood oxygen level-dependent signal,
high spatial, poor temporal resolution

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45
Q

PET (positron emission tomography)

A

An imaging technology that enables us to define locations in the brain where neurons are especially active by measuring the metabolism of brain cells using safe radioactive isotopes

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46
Q

Definition of perception

A

The act of giving meaning to a detected sensation

47
Q

Sensation

A

The ability to detect a stimulus, perhaps to turn that detecting into a private experience

48
Q

Smallest detectable difference between two stimuli, or the minimum change in a stimulus that enables it to be correctly judged as different from a reference stimuli

A

Just noticeable difference or difference threshold

49
Q

Weber’s law

A

Just noticeable difference is a constant fraction of the comparison stimulus

50
Q

Fechner’s law

A

S = k log R, S = psychological sensation, log R = logarithm of physical stimulus level multiplied by constant K

51
Q

The minimum amount of stimulation necessary for a person to detect a stimulus 50% of the time

A

Absolute threshold

52
Q

Method of constant stimuli

A

The experimenter creates many instances of stimuli with
different intensities and presents these stimuli randomly
Can be somewhat inefficient: Many stimuli are above or
below thresholds, but gives you more information.

53
Q

Method of adjustment

A

Similar to the method of limits, except subject controls
the increase/decrease of intensity
II. Not as reliable, but fast & easy

54
Q

Method of limits

A

Experimenter begins with a set of stimuli that vary in
intensity, but then increases or decreases the intensity of
these stimuli until the stimuli are able to be perceived, or
lose their ability to be perceived, respectively
-Relies on honest

55
Q

A psychophysical method in which the participant assigns values according perceived magnitudes of the stimuli

A

magnitude estimation

56
Q

Steven’s Power Law

A

S = al^b S = sensation, a = constant, b = exponent

57
Q

Color matching study set-up

A

Subjects were given three knobs that controlled three lights and told to match the lights to a forth color

58
Q

Trichomatric theory/Young-helmholtz

A

Only three colors Blue/Green/red

59
Q

Colors that create contrasts

A

Blue/Yellow
Green/Red
Red/Green

60
Q

What explains color contrast (not full) according to trichromatic theory

A

Neurons in one cone become fatigued after a stimulus created high rate of firing so the other cones have higher activity in contrast

61
Q

Which color contrasts can be accounted for and which cannot?

A

blue, yellow = yes

red, green = no

62
Q

Problems for trichromatic theory

A

Why are some colors harder to visualize (reddish green)
color contrast of red + green
Color deficiency have a pattern (blue + yellow)
People rarely describe a color as a comination of blue + yellow or red + green
Yellow seems intuitively like a simple color but is actually complex according to trichrome theory

63
Q

Opponent color theory

A

Perception of color is based on output of three colors
red-green
blue-yellow
black-white

64
Q

Hurvich & Jameson (1957) experiment

A

Subjects are given a knob to add green to blue until it cancels also given knob to add red to green

65
Q

In the Hurvich & Jameson experiment: which color had no unique version

A

There was no unique red because it always had a tinge of yellow in it

66
Q

DeValois 1960

A

Opponent neurons

67
Q

Relationship between trichromatic theory & opponent theory

A

Not mutually exclusive

Trichromatic receptors create response picked up by opponent cells

68
Q

Cerebral achromatopsia

A

color blindness - shows that color processing happens in the cortex

69
Q

How is color represented in the cortex?

A

Color is represented in a distributed way

70
Q

Synapse efficacy

A

if the synapse is strong it is sufficient to excite the neuron it connects to

71
Q

What are the usual dependent variables of psychophysics?

A

Accuracy and reaction time

72
Q

Name of a psychophysical method in which the participant assigns values according to perceived magnitudes of the stimuli

A

Magnitude estimation

73
Q

The ability to match the intensities of sensations that come from different sensory modalities. Ex: matching brightness of light until it matches loudness of sound

A

Cross-modality matching

74
Q

Internal threshold set by observer in signal detection theory

A

Criterion level response

75
Q

What is sensitivity in signal detection theory and how does it function

A

d prime is distance between peak of noise distribution and noise + signal distribution. d’ is 0 if you have no ability to detect signal

76
Q

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve

A

x-axis = false alarms, y-axis = hits

77
Q

Assumptions of SDT

A

Signal + noise curve & noise curve have same variance and are both normally distributed

78
Q

Number of cycles of grating per unit of visual angle

A

Spatial frequency

79
Q

Cycles per degree

A

The number of pairs of light and dark bars per degree of visual angle

80
Q

Aqueous humor

A

Fluid derived from blood that fills the space immediately behind the cornea and lens.

81
Q

Vitreous humor

A

Fluid that fills refracts light and sits between lens and retina
80% of internal volume of the eye

82
Q

What percent of light that arrives at the cornea reaches the retina?

A

Around 50%

83
Q

Accommodation

A

Process by which the eye changes its focus (the lens gets fatter as gaze is directed toward nearer objects)

84
Q

Focal distance

A

Distance between lens and the viewed object

85
Q

Prebyopsa

A

Age-related loss of accommodation which makes it difficult to focus on near objects

86
Q

Emmetropia

A

When the four optical components of the eye are perfectly matched to the length of the eye ball

87
Q

Bipolar cell

A

A retinal cell that synapses with either rods or cones (not both) and with horizontal cells and then passes the signals on to ganglion cells

88
Q

Amacrine cell

A

A retinal cell found in the inner nuclear layer that makes synaptic contacts with bipolar cells, ganglion cells and other amacrine cells

89
Q

Lateral inhibition

A

Antagonistic neural interaction between adjacent regions of the retina

90
Q

horizontal cell

A

A specialized retinal cell that contracts both photoreceptor and bipolar cells

91
Q

Diffuse bipolar cell

A

A bipolar retinal cell whose processes are spread out to receive input from multiple cones

92
Q

Midget bipolar cells

A

A small bipolar cell in the central retina that receives input from a single cone

93
Q

P ganglion cells

A

Receive input from one Midget bipolar cells from cones in the fovea.
Feeds cells in the parvocellular (“small cell”) layer of the lateral geniculate nucleus
70% of ganglion cells

94
Q

M ganglion cells

A

Feed the magnocellular layer of the LGN
Compose 8 - 10% of human retina
Receives input from many diffuse bipolar cells

95
Q

Koniocellular cells

A

Project to koniocellular layers in the LGN

May be part of primordial blue-yellow system

96
Q

depolarizes in response to light

A

ON bipolar cell

97
Q

Hyperpolarises in response to light

A

OFF bipolar cell

98
Q

On-center cell

A
  • Retinal ganglion cell that increases its firing rate when a light shines in the center of its receptor field but decreases its firing rate when the stimuli occurs in the periphery of its receptor field. Turning off the light had the opposite response.
  • Gradations of proximity matter
  • Contrast matters more than average intensity
99
Q

Which has larger receptive fields, P-cells or M-cells?

A

M-cells

100
Q

Contrast sensitivity function (CSF)

A

A function describing how the sensitivity to contrast (defined by the reciprocal of the contrast threshold) depends on the spatial frequency (size) of the stimulus

101
Q

How is the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) organized?

A

Top 4 layers are called parvocellular
Bottom 2 layers are called magnocellular
Left side of LGN receives input from left side of eye
Right side receives input from right side of brain
Layers 1, 4, 6 receive input from right eye
Layers 2, 3, 5 receive input from left eye

102
Q

What do magnocellular neurons respond to?

A

respond to large, fast-moving objects

103
Q

What do parvocellular neurons respond to?

A

Process detail of stationary targets

104
Q

Topographical mapping

A

The orderly mapping of the world in the lateral geniculate nucleus of the visual cortex

105
Q

Cortical magnification

A

The amount of cortical area devoted to a specific region in the visual field

106
Q

Visual crowding

A

The deleterious effect of clutter on peripheral object recognition

107
Q

Orientation tuning

A

The tendency of neurons in striate cortex to respond optimally to certain orientations and less to others

108
Q

ocular dominance

A

The property of the receptive fields of straiate cortex neurons by which they demonstrate a preference, responding somewhat more rapidly when a stimulus is presented in one eye than when it is presented in the other

109
Q

unrelated color

A

A color that can be experienced in isolation

110
Q

related color

A

A color, such as brown or gray, that is seen only in relation to other colors. For example, a “gray” patch in complete darkness appears white

111
Q

Adapting stimulus

A

A stimulus whose removal produces a change in visual perception or sensitivity

112
Q

Neutral point

A

The point at which a color mechanism is generating no signal. If red-green and blue-yellow mechanisms are at their neural points, a stimulus will appear achromatic

113
Q

Assumptions that can be made about light

A

Most light sources are broadband
Spectral compositional curves are usually smooth
Spikes at particular areas are uncommon
Real surfaces tend to be broadband in their reflectances

Psychology 120 (3 decks)

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