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EPHE 241 > midterm 1 > Flashcards

midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

PNS - afferent division

A
  • somatic senses

- special senses

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2
Q

PNS - efferent division

A

Somatic nervous system
- controls skeletal muscle

Autonomic nervous system

  • Sympathetic and parasympathetic
  • -> smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, glands
  • Enteric
  • -> smooth muscle and glands of GI tract
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3
Q

Sensory function of NS

A

Sensory receptors detect external or internal stimuli, and relay sensory information to the brain and spinal cord for integration

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4
Q

Integration function of NS

A

CNS analyzes sensory information, and makes decisions for appropriate responses

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5
Q

Motor function of the NS

A

Motor information is conveyed from the CSN through cranial and spinal nerves of the PNS to appropriate effectors (muscles and glands)

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6
Q

Astrocytes

A

Neuroglia of CNS

  • most numerous
  • help maintain BBB
  • maintain extracellular chemical environment
  • guide neurons during development
  • play role in synapse formation
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7
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Neuroglia of CNS

- form and maintain myelin sheath in CNS

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8
Q

Microglia

A

Neuroglia of CNS

- phagocytes –> removes debris, damaged cells and pathogens

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9
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Neuroglia of CNS

- Produce and assist in the circulation of CSF

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10
Q

Schwann cell

A

Neuroglia of PNS

  • form and maintain myelin sheath in PNS
  • participate in PNS axon regeneration
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11
Q

Functions of the myelin sheath

A
  • Electrical insulation
    increases speed of conduction of action potentials
  • Found in both CNS and PNS
    (Schwann cell = PNS)
    (Oligodendrocyte = CNS)
    **makes up white matter
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12
Q

Plasticity

A

what can we do and can we change neurons through different types of adaptations
e.g. can you change size or quantity of muscle fibre composition

ABILITY TO CHANGE THROUGHOUT LIFE

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13
Q

Repair

A

regeneration after damage

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14
Q

Regeneration of PNS

A

occurs if:

  • cell body is still intact
  • Schwann cell remains active (produces myelin sheath)

Schwann cells form regeneration tube to guide and generate regrowth of axon
*dont always get regeneration, conditional on type of damage

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15
Q

Regeneration of the CNS

A

little to none can occur due to:

  • inhibitory proteins from the neuroglia
  • absence of growth stimulating cues
  • scar tissue formation
  • *CNS damage is permanent
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16
Q

Basic principles of electricity

A

1) force generated by the separation of charge = VOLTAGE
- this force has the potential to move charge = POTENTIAL
2) if charge can move then = CURRENT

17
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

all cells under resting conditions have a potential difference across their plasma membranes
- inside of cell = negative charge compared to outside
(intracellular space/fluid is more negatively charged than extracellular)

**magnitude of potential ranges from -5 to -100mv (always negative) depending on cell type

18
Q

Concentration gradient of cells

A

Inside of cell:

  • more negative
  • high K+ levels
  • low Na+ levels
  • if it can, potassium will always leave the cell

Outside of cell:

  • more positive
  • high Na+
  • low K+
  • sodium will always go into cell if poss
19
Q

Ion channels

A

specialized channels in cell membranes that allow the passage of charged Ionas across the membrane
–> because charged, moves as electrical current generated
(focus on Na+ and K+)

20
Q

Leak ion channels

A

randomly alternate between open and closed positions

  • Na+ pump constantly working to fight but resting potential maintains
  • *typically leak channels are for potassium
21
Q

Ligand-gated ion channels

A

opens or closes in response to a specific ligand (chemical/hormonal) stimulus

  • channel stays closed until proper signaller binds to it
    e. g. change in pH from lactic acid buildup will cause some to open (surplus of hydrogen atoms)
22
Q

Mechanically-gated ion channels

A

opens or closes in response to mechanical stimulation in the form of

  • touch
  • pressure
  • tissue stretching
  • vibration
    e. g. found in bladder (stretch is most typical)
23
Q

Voltage-gated ion channels

A

opens in response to a change in membrane potential (voltage)
- hitting a certain threshold

24
Q

Graded potential

A

small deviation from resting membrane potential (minor because only 1 or 2 at a time)
localized current changes –> mechanically or ligand gated)
*if strong enough initiates action potential
generated by thermal, chemical, pressure and REQUIRED to cause action potential

25
Q

Depolarizing

A

makes the membrane potential less polarized

becomes more positive/less negative

26
Q

Hyperpolarizing

A

makes membrane potential more polarized (more negative)

position ion leaves the cell

27
Q

Action potentials

A

rapid, large changes in the membrane potential from depolarization to a reversal in polarity to depolarization to hyperpolarization

  • all or none with same amplitude
  • used to communicate over long distances
    • on membranes with voltage gated channels
28
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

No stimulus will produce another action potential (regardless the strength)

  • Na+ channels are inactive
  • Membrane must depolarize
  • “No go zone”
29
Q

Relative refractory period

A

Supratheshold stimulus can produce action potential

  • membrane is in hyper polarized state
  • can last up to 10-15ms
  • stronger stimulus than usual can initiate potential
30
Q

Steps for communication across a synapse

A

1) action potential
2) voltage-gated Ca channels open
3) Calcium triggers exocytosis
4) Neurotransmitter diffuses and binds to receptor
5) Response in cell (then terminated by removing NT from synaptic cleft)
6) Degradation
7) Reuptake
8) Diffusion

EPHE 241 (2 decks)

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