Midterm 1 Flashcards
(143 cards)
1
Q
Explorers and missionaries
A
Give much of the information written that we know today, written in their language - probably Latin for missionaries and maybe Dutch or English for explorers
2
Q
Neanderthal
A
Extinct species or subspecies of archaic humans in the genus Homo, who lived within Eurasia from 400,000 until 40,000 years ago. Not the oldest form of humans, few before them as well
3
Q
Study of archeology of things they left behind example
A
Cave paintings
4
Q
Atlatl
A
A tool that uses leverage to achieve greater velocity in dart-throwing and includes a bearing surface which allows the user to store energy during the throw, ancient weapon
5
Q
Early games concepts
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Dexterity, children’s games, competition - all forms of games. Could be held in entertainment or religious context (demonstration of competitive or physical skill and strength). Dance was one of the most common activity, large association with religion
6
Q
Tarahumara
A
Indian tribe that lived isolated in the mountains, these people were known for their exceptional running ability. Were able to run long distances for days. Brought down the mountains to lower levels to run in marathons prospects, people figured they would do very well become of their high capacity - often complained the distance was too short
7
Q
Baggataway
A
Religious context, included dexterity task. A form of lacrosse as played originally by the Ojibwe Indians
8
Q
Tlachtli
A
South end of Mexico and top of Central America, form of basketball was played - potential origin of basketball (shoot ball into a hop-like structure). Association of religion context, entertainment. Included teams competing against each other. Some debate on how it was actually played - difference between missionaries’ opinions and archeological evidence
9
Q
Kwakiutl
A
Aboriginal group in Australia that is indigenous to the Pacific coast off of what is now Vancouver. Competitive nature of their sporting games, activities were highly repetitive in nature that they played. Groups came together on particular occasions - celebrating religious context, reunion of families, celebrating harvest (with these events there were always sports or games that took place. Had an abundance of resources living in a lush, more easily sustainable environment than the Aussie Aboriginals (different values)
10
Q
Aussie Aboriginals
A
Lived more in-land in Australia, not on the coast as the Kwakiutl tribe. They lived in a more harsh environment, less water and harvest. Almost opposite to Kwakiutl tribe. Less competition, more cooperation / team activities they engaged in to contribute their on-going existence and survival
11
Q
Rosetta Stone
A
Origination from Egypt, one of th earliest evidence of writing is Hieroglyphics. Found with 3 different interpretations on it (different languages that allowed a better understand of Hieroglyphics, gives us a key of translation). Egypt was formed on a hierarchy with pharaohs and kings in control and servants being inferior with few in between the two
12
Q
Tomb of Beni Hasan
A
Burial sight in Ancient Greece. Evidence of wrestling cult. Potential of entertainment purposes of combat. Hunting on foot or on the chariot. Information / evidence received from pictures and decorations within tombs
13
Q
Crete
A
Island within Mediterranean Sea between Greece, Cyprus and Turkey. Influence of Egypt through hierarchy of high power and servants, few in between. Reformation of paintings or sculptures to give potential evidence through archeology
14
Q
Minoa
A
Is the name of several cities on the coast of Greece and Italy, strong connection with the mythic king of Crete, Minos
15
Q
The inhabitants of Crete
A
Were named Minoans by Arthur Evans, named after the legendary king
16
Q
Sit Arthur Evans
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English archeologists known for uncovering the Palace of Knossos. He defined Cretan scripts linear A and linear B. He terms the people of Crete to be Minoans
17
Q
Minoans’ sports
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Practice several sports including wrestling, bull jumping, acrobatics and boxing
18
Q
Bull-leaping Fresco
A
An art work that was found in majority, other pieces (the white areas of the piece) were not located, found in the Palace of Knossos
19
Q
Boy boxer Fresco
A
Another Fresco painting, not recovered on Crete, but from the island of Thyra, painting of 2 boys boxing (discovered in 1967, dated back to 1700 BC)
20
Q
Details of these Fresco paintings
A
These paintings suggest a high importance of sport for Minoans and may have been a rite of passage
21
Q
Seal stone
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Rings that were sent to loved ones, message located inside
22
Q
Linear A / B
A
This is the earliest form of writing that came from the Crete civilization. Two forms of writing - linear A and linear B. Interpretations took centuries. Linear A still hasn’t been deciphered to this day, but linear B is the basis to Egyptian writing. Writing of linear B gives huge lists of stores of olive oil, food, furniture, etc…gives evidence of the way of living of this time
23
Q
Homer
A
Identified as a blind poet who lived around 700 BC, gave us an oral account of events passed on through generations before him. Provided information for events even 500 years before his time. Poet reciting of events, would have been done in Greek. Early tales of sport of Mycenaean Greece and the Athletic Festival
24
Q
First translation of Homer’s writings
A
First translation written by Alexander Pope in old English
25
After downfall of Crete, there was a migration ..
North towards Troy and Greece. Certain pockets of settlement along Pelocentaresis
26
Greece vs. Crete
People of Greece were more competitive, more muscular than those of Crete. Traces of character that was in part similar to that of Crete but unique in Greece
27
Greece
Sea separated upper and lower Greece. Mycenaean culture of early Greece
28
Troy
Commonality across Greece an Troy - the language of ancient Greece as well as religion, and preoccupation of sport. Gateway to the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, Troy was advantageous in its location between these (ports). Was one of the groups of confederation of early Greece states
29
Heinrich Schleimann
German merchant, passion of archeology, came into a great deal of wealth, one of the first to arrive at gold fields in the US and stroke fortune which he put into his love of archeology (used in excavations of Troy). Discovered many artefacts, many he took away from Turkey and took their place in German museums. Fragments of this collection act as proof of Troy's existence. Gets credit for discovering Troy among the layers of Turkey and some of Homer's works
30
Homer's work
Much of Homer's work takes place in Athens, even though he wasn't from there. Two books including - Iliad (story of tribulations for war) and Odyssey (one of the great Princes in a travel to get home)
31
Chapter 23 of the Iliad
We see the battle of Troy and the attacks involved, many Greek Princes take part including Achilles and Patroclus on the Greek side and on the other side of Troy is Prince Hector. Prince Hector (son of the King of Troy) kills Patroclus, drags body to Greece and Achilles is furious and wants revenge, ends up killing Hector and drags body on the back of chariot
32
Achilles and the athletic festival
Achilles sets of celebrating of the Gods and his friend Patroclus and his death and sets up Funeral games - armed combat, bow and arrow shooting, chariot racing, wrestling and boxing. The festival gives prizes to the winners as well as those who do not win, these prizes are not symbolic but are of good value - gold, silver, meaningful and useful goods (not just trophies)
33
Homer's writing of the athletic festivals - spectators and the Gods
Homer writes a lot of these events in his books and a lot of evidence comes from his passages. Spectators within the stands would talk about how some of the Princes or other competitors reminded them of others in earlier generations, therefore evidence that is not the first Athletic festival to occur. Athletes called upon their Gods for favours during these games to favour their activity and their skills (to enhance their skills). When an event would occur when chariots collided or another unexpected event, they believed it was the fate and actions of the Gods
34
Homer's the Odyssey
Story of one of these athletes named Odysseus and his travels home from the Greek games, many tribulations and trials that he went through. Surviving shipwreck. Odysseus is scrawny because of his hardships but a city still takes him in and throws a banquet for him and then trains him as a discus thrower. He becomes the best discus thrower as shown from his victory over the King whom he challenged, the Prince throws it much further. He success makes others see him as God-like
35
Arete
Ethics reflected by the princes as they competed in the Athletic festival games - the funeral games. Arete means "quest for excellence" - this is the reason for competing in the Funeral games, over competitiveness and over the potential of prizes
36
Greeks view of Gods
Greeks see Gods as themselves but on a superior level. Arete concept, Greeks saw this as giving them a pathway to achieve almost God-like circumstances, raises them above other humans. Those closest to the door were said to have Arete
37
Arete for women
Women could have Arete as well - focused on being the best possible mother, wife, keeper of the home, education (to age 5) and well-being of the children
38
Two cities rose in power
Athens which is a port city in Greece and Sparta, these cities fought each other
39
Problems in the city of Athens
Resources to sustain population of Athens depleted below what they could handle, over time colonization took place across Mediterranean coast, around the Black Sea, along Turkey and Italy - huge stretch of Greek influence as this occurred with the spreading of their culture and religion
40
Spartans' education
Education more of the physical than of the mind
41
Helots
Enslaved population around them in Sparta, Helots sometimes took up these young children abandoned that were not worthy of standard and helped raise them. The helots were members of a class in ancient Sparta, intermediate in status between slaves and citizens. The youngster was taught by the helots to be resourceful and courageous
42
Spartan pride
People born in society that displayed weakness were left to parish - cutting out negative impacts of this ill or weak individuals out of the population (because they had a population issue, too many people for their resources). A lot of pride within the town now a days - based on vision of legacy
43
Lycurgus
One of the political leaders, one of the better thinkers, statue of him within the city made by American sculpture (Greek body and Western head and hair). Commissioned by the elders to go outside the Greek world, went to Crete and parts of Egypt to examine the details of the education system here. He did not go to Athens for this
44
Spartiates
"Those who are alike" were the males of Sparta known to the Spartans as peers or men of equal status
45
Education System of Spartans
At age of 7, the boys were taken from the home and grouped into units - called herds, in a military-like base. From young age, Spartiates were trained for battle and put through gruelling challenges intended to craft them into fearless warriors. Teachings until around 18 years of age and this education system was controlled and quite rigid until they were ready to embark into military. Constant physical challenges (hand in hand with physical combat at the time) mastery of weapon use and hand to hand combat
46
Education System of Spartans - girls
Girls went through a similar program, not quite as violent, but still physically-focused. The girls were not taken from the home, they went home every night
47
The focus of the education system of Sparta
Ethnocentric - state-supported / state constructed education system
48
After the education system over 18 years
When you become 18 years of age, you graduated into about 12 years of mandatory full-time military service, could not be married. At 30 years, you passed from a military to Spartan citizen and only then could you get married and start a family
49
Women in Sparta - role in education
Women were the major property owners, main provider of education to their children u until age 6-7 years and often part in sports as well
50
Festival of Artemis Orthia
This is a festival to show how successful their education was in Sparta. This celebration involved a demonstration of how well the system was working. Included activity of the boys demonstrated which one could withstand pain for the longest without crying out. The winner who did not call out - was known as the altar-conqueror (supreme, prestigious title to have)
51
Sparta's downfall of the education system
Focuses so highly on physical development of the body but not as much focus on intelligence and development of the mind
52
Education of Athens
The state only said that every child should be education, but education was not run by the state, it was a private system - described as egocentric
53
Palaestra
Wrestling ground, chief venue for the education of youth, included more than just physical education, also instruction and music and swimming (sea-located community where trade was a large thing). Palaestra would become the universities of ancient Greek - more mental / focus on the mind. Education system of Athens
54
Paidotride
Paid employe, a form of athlete who knew something about training and the body. Part of the education / training system of Athens
55
Palaestra and training
Palaestra eventually was abandoned once you got part your youth and then if you were an athlete you would train in a gymnasium
56
The body in Greek societies ..
Both in Athens and Sparta, the body was an important element of strength, athletic ability and beauty (particularly in Athens)
57
Olive oil in Greek culture
It was often traded and sold, olive oil was used after exercising to heal the body as well as before training for athletic performances
58
Evidence of sporting competition began with ...
Homer
59
Greek Mega-Festivals and Sporting Competitions
Sporting festivals celebrated and honored the Gods in ancient Greece
Oldest of the Greek festivals are the Ancient Olympic Games - 776 BC - this was the first record of an event but probably isn't actually the first one
Record of someone's time from one point to another in a race
This transitioned into the stag race - length of one stadium
477 BC - some evidence of use of weapons, competitions in pottery, etc...so this is probably linked to a festival but not clear evidence for this
60
Zeus
Father of Greek mythology, father of the Olympians (Olympic family), led fight against the Titans and came out victorious
Gods are associated with specific sporting festivals
Zeus specifically associated with the Olympic Games
61
Heracles
Part of the family of Gods, muscular build therefore only God that appears naked in art, myth persists that if Heracles wanted to get ahead in life, he would have to complete certain tasks / labour given by the King of the area of Olympia and one of these was to kill a lion, price was him taking over the ruler in that area, he may have been the first God associated with the Olympic games, but quickly moved to Zeus
Patron God of the athlete
62
Hill of Kronos
Kronos was the father of Zeus, Zeus was said to have made this hill after his father ruled, joins with the grounds of Olympia
63
Olympia games
Do not have all the records of the winnings for the Olympia games of 776 BC, stadium - athletes entered through a tunnel. Tourists gather around the stadium. Two sets of starting blocks on either side of the stadium - all races started on one side and ended on the other side. Games involved just running down the length of the stadium for different distances involving more lengths
64
Temple of Hera
Zeus's mother because women were not able to be at the Olympia games, therefore worshipped Hera outside of the grounds at the temple of Hera instead of at the other temple on the grounds for the men
65
Frequency of the Olympic games
Occurred every 4 years
66
Pythian Games at Delphi
The second most important games, celebrated God of Apollo (not Zeus), celebrated every four years. At southern most part of the Northern part of Greece (Delphi) on high side of mountain side. Seats with elevating high differs from those of Olympia. Started in 582-588 BC (almost 200 years after the first Olympia games)
67
Pythian games included ...
Wrestling, boxing, activity similar to mix material arts and running along the stadium, chariot races, pentathlon
68
Prize of the Pythian games
Laurel wreath
69
Isthmian games
Stadium does not exist, but the starting gate does still exist - runners would be set free (almost like race horses) when the starting barrier went down. Celebrated every two years in the even years. Festival of athletic and musical competitions in honour of the sea God Poseidon
70
Prize of the Isthmian Games
Pine
71
Location of the Isthmian Games
Isthmia, Sicyon
72
Nemean Games
Horse-shoe shaped stadium at the great Temple of Zeus in Nemea in Argils (Corinthia). Held in honour of Zeus like the Olympic games. Held every 2 years. Laboratories present to study archeology facts. Established 583 BC
73
Prize of the Nemean Games
Wild celery
74
Crowning games
Olympic games, Pythian games, Isthmian games, and Nemean games known as crowning games as the winner was deemed with a crown
75
Panathenaen Games
Held in Athens, celebrated Goddess Athena. This is more of a regional game compared to the four crowning games. For the 2004 modern Olympic games, this stadium was actually still intact, the athletic event hosted here in this year was archery. 1896 - it was at this stadium where the first modern Olympic games were hosted. Most flamboyant of all of the regional games. The stadium was all in marble until 1896 but then replaced with wood
76
Prize of Olympic games
Olive wreath (Kotinos)
77
Aphrodisias
Small ancient Greek Hellenistic city in Turkey. Philip II and his son Alexander the Great started to take power over the East (parts of Egypt, Iran, Turkey, Israel, etc..). Extended Greek culture among the places / regions that they conquered, advanced engineering
78
Aphrodisias stadium
High in the mountains, end of the stadium was curved and acted as foundation of Colosseum. Tunnels on either end. Price money differed between the running races and the different events - the highest paid were those of high violence including wrestling, boxing and pankration
79
Epidaurus
Theatre with high elevation above the floor of the stadium for spectators
Acoustics are so great that they people liked to sing in the middle of it
Dedicated to the ancient Greek god of medicine, Asclepius
80
Skamma - Halteres
Focused on overall excellence rather than specialization in one event. Triad events - jump, javelin and discus throw were competed in first and then fourth was the stadium run and fifth was wrestling
Jumper would carry weights in their hands - thought the jumper could jump further with them and aid in balance
The landing pit of the jumping competition was called the Skamma. May have been close in nature to the triple jump or may have been multiple of 5 jumps
Halteres - "leap, spring" were a type of dumbbells used in ancient Greece as weight lifting and as weights in long jump (which was probably a set of 3 jumps), they would hold them in their hands as they jumped to go further
Events always accompanied by music - double barrel flute (Dualus)
81
Aristotle / Plato
Thinkers of their day, Aristotle was Alexander the Great's tutor, and Plato was Aristotle's tutor they had differing opinions on the games. Plato discouraged the pentathlon for those would couldn't win any of the individual events. Aristotle though pentathlon was the greatest event as the athletes had to have the greatest amount of skill
82
Accolade
Javelin was thrown by the means of an elastic at the middle called an accolade in the same region that running occurred, it was measured for distance
83
Fighting / combat in ancient Greece
General fitness and fighting occurred in the gymnasium. The program of sporting events of Olympia was copied by many other major festivals in the events they would include. Wrestling, boxing and pankration were the 3 main types of fighting events
84
Boxing
Was an exercise in which the boxers attempt to give lethal blow to opponent to knock them out or make them give up
Boxing match in the Iliad of Homer - the people who boxed during this time wore primitive boxing glove, a thong of material around the hands
Gloves used to protect the hands but also used hand strap around the knuckles to give out lethal punishment to increase capable damage. These gloves were known as Himantes - leather straps worn over the hands
85
Pankration
Did not wear boxing thongs on their hands, was more related to a wrestling context and manipulate fingers freely
Basically anything went in Pankration except for biting to gauging the eyes - would be wiped if they attempted
86
Running events in Olympia
Running events were the most ancient of the events
87
Stade
Most basic form of running events where they would run the length of the stadium. The only running event for about 50 years and then finally someone suggested to run back too - athletes would run around post, usually in counter-clockwise form and this would get crowded around this region
88
Bater
Line of starting blocks - meaning starting point or threshold in Greek
89
Diaulos
Double run of the state race (ran there and back)
90
Dolichos
Term used for a long run introduced in 720 BC. Races became longer and longer with more advances past the pole
91
Balbis
Discus-type event occurred on the Balbis, it did not involve rotation as it does today but more of a throw at the point of the Balbis
92
Raising armour
Carried shield and wore shin guards, ran along stadium, turned around, then ran again for about 800m
93
Olympic Truths
Myth that military wars would come to a halt during the times where people were traveling to and from the games (in place for about a month) but not necessarily during the times of the actual games
94
Judges at the Olympic games
Known as the Hellanodikas - started with only 1 and then grew up to 12 judges, they were the general organizers and were present at every ceremony and even presented the crowns and palm branches to the winner
95
Equestrian-related events
Evidence in Homer's descriptions of the games. Chariot races started at Olympic quite a time after track and combat events
First chariots were simple with only 1 horse, and then advanced to 2 and then 4 horses (the chariot itself became more elaborate with time as well)
Another event where the rider would ride the horse and then jumped off, ran beside the horse for some time and then would jump back onto the horse - not liked much
Event after this included just the horse itself in the race. Real winners were the ones who owned the horses - they were members of the wealthy and elite, they won the prices and got the recognition
Female crown - Spartan women who owned the horse that won the race (this is one of the only female winner's evidenced)
96
Accommodations at Olympia
The area would be deserted after the games were over and then managed before the next games four years later, therefore accommodations were poor
Only the most wealthy had somewhere to stay - the dignitaries (those who were singers, musicians, educators, etc..). Most spectators would camp out
97
Phayllos of Croton
(of Italy) - known for strong military and athletic state, known for stepping on components, never competed at Olympia, jumper. Competed at Isthmian games and won the pentathlon twice and the sprint
Jumped five feet past the jumping pit and broke his ankle (had to be more than just one jump, probably a five-jump event)
98
Milo of Croton
Was a wrestler, at Olympia there were 3 divisions of competition (boys 14-18 years, adults /seniors of 18 and above and then the beardless group 12-14 years), trained by carrying a calf on his shoulders
Started in the beardless age group and he continued to win every wrestling match in each division for 30 years
Finally beaten by his own student
99
Chionis of Sparta
Sparta dominated most of the games, one of these Spartan athletes was Chionis who was a 3-time winner of the stade race at Olympic, was also a great jumper
100
Theagenes of Thassos
Highly professional, travelled and competed at majority of the festivals, his town raised a statue for him, fame was so great that he started to say he was a descendent of the Gods
Had over 500 victories. Made a living through competing
101
Diagoras of Rhodes
Competed at Olympia, he was married with sons, his two older sons followed him to Olympia and both won
His younger son finally qualified to compete at Olympia and myth has it that the mother wanted to see her youngest son compete but women are not allowed to be there so she disguised herself as a trainer using a robe and she went into the stadium, watched her son win and then after the event someone stepped on her robe taking off her disguise
Sit in a stone seat in one of the two facilities there for people to watch
Women caught would typically be thrown off a cliff, but because of the distinction of her sons and husband she was spared of this punishment
102
Prices of these sporting festivals
With enough success, statue of yourself in your city state (satisfaction of fame). The winner of Olympia may be able to eat for free at a place in town, may not have to pay taxes, etc...received favours from politicians. Cities would try to induce athletes to come to their city and represent them instead
103
Solon of Athens
In 6th century BC, Solon of Athens was ruler of Athens, revolutionized the law code, removed debt from being in prison sentenced, winner of Olympia would receive 500 drakma (normally yearly salary was 100 drakma)
104
Akoniti
Means without a fight, without sand / dust. An athlete from a combat sport won without entering the dusky sandpit where the matches took place because the athlete had so much respect or fear from his opponents they didn’t want to fight them
Very rare type of victory in running events
Saw as an honorable event for the winner because they received so much respect from their opponents
Term that refers to when someone pulls out of a fight / event whether they gave up during it, they were injured, etc..
105
Elis
8 miles from Olympia, there was this stadium where people competed in similar events to Olympia in order to determine someone's skill and potential and see if they were capable and worthy of competing at Olympia
106
Euripides
One of the great Athenian playwrights and poets of Ancient Greece. Known for the tragedies he wrote
Also criticized sports
107
Xenophanes
Traveling poet and sage with philosophical learnings. Philosopher, theologian, poet and social and religious critic
One of the earliest sophists around 400 BC, even before Serotise
Started to criticize athletics
108
Rise of Criticism of Sport
Middle of 400 BC - criticism began to grow on the view of athletes in society, usually by poets or in philosophers (Xenophanes). Beginning of criticism, at the same time athletics were growing in professionalization. Beginning to exercise on a daily basis and spectators watching and following success grew professionalization. This was followed by even greater criticism - particularly towards those who were spectators and being lazy and not competing themselves (not moving their body and being healthy themselves). Criticism accelerated with Plato and Aristotle. Legacy of the good times in Greece was preserved through generations
109
Increased focus of intelligence and the mind
Rise of the focus on the mind and those of greater intelligence - driven by Plato and Aristotle (and other philosophers). Problems of the Greek world could be better solved by mechanisms of the mind rather than combat and fights or physical competition
Philosophers started to share their ideas with their society - this developed into colleges and educational centers (Aristotle and Plato's contributions)
Foreign influence, particularly from Rome - the instruments of war were changing, becoming more sophisticated, less demand of manipulation of weapons in combat and 1:1 fighting
Became more about manipulation of the mind and out thinking opponent, therefore less focus on physical training and the gymnasium
More passive lifestyle began as the focus of society began to change
110
Religion in Greece
Most festivals were done through celebrating one of the Gods or Goddess - there was always some type of religious context. Sweeping increase in Christianity - opposed by the Greek religious. Christianity - more related to kindness, humbleness
111
Religion and the Games in Greece
One by one sporting festivals were lost. In 393 CE - in today's Istanbul (in Turkey), Christian emperor put into an affect a Christian decree to put an end to the Olympic festival / the Olympic games
Gradual process over centuries as the sporting festivals were lost
The Olympic games existed for about 1,000 years
112
Virgil
Details of Rome was written by Virgil in the Aeneid - literary piece that told about the land and the events of Italy
113
Etruscan population
Rome became population with immigrants from Troy and mixed with other people of Europe as they settled in what is now Italy and became the Etruscan population
114
Spartan culture
Surrounded by physical ability and the body, more cruel and strong individual - they set the bases of the Roman people and prepared them for war
115
Greek's force of Roman and Spartan culture
Etruscan population became paranoid to protect their spirit of influence from Greek forces - Greek pressed against Italy and Turkey, resistance of this spread of power, it became a military entity - led Roman armies to be dominant
116
Roman education
Republic Rome was an era influenced by Hellenistic period, expansion of culture through education. Education in Roman period spread to all, in the hands of the mother for the most part and then the role fell onto the father (private tutor). Learning weapons, development of the body (physicality) encased in Roman education for young males
117
Language rise in influence in Rome
Latin - this would in time become the language of the Christian church
118
Twelve tables
The code of Law, set of laws that they had to memorize and live by, wealthy citizens could buy out of this law once they were older
119
Toga Praetexta
The garment that you would wear once you reached adulthood (16 years). The wealthy or the elite would transfer into pre-military class
120
Classes of society during republic and into empire
Patricians, equites, plebeians and slaves
121
Patricians
The elite, the wealthy, they controlled the economics and politics of society
122
Equites
Middle and lower ranks of the military, also included the business class and carried the businesses
123
Plebeians
Lower in ranking in terms of power (ex. This would be university students), lower class with their level of wealth and power, generally the artisans, welfare or unemployed but still citizens of Rome
124
Slaves
The lowest class of society, included professional athletes, especially Gladiators
125
Roman society
One of the main focuses was to keep people busy and entertained. One of the ways the power structure thought to entertain these people were 2 exercise events - the Gladiator fights and the chariot races
Form of activity that the power structure used to manipulate the people - it was effective for the most part
There were some Gladiator rebellions over the years
126
Chariot races
Stadium built for athletic events called a Circus (curriculum - round, flat circle), about 3 football fields long and 1 wide. Horses ran CCW in a circle pattern / track around the stidum. Almost 2,000 people in the stadium
127
Circus Maximus
Most glorious of the Circuses found in Rome, everywhere Rome went, circuses went
128
Diocles
Raced 4,500 times during his lifetime (chariot racer)
129
Chariot races and spectators
Slaves would not necessarily be spectators but would aid their owner
The lay out of spectators within the stadium - where people would sit in the Circus was according to social hierarchy (higher classes = lower in the Circus)
130
Factions of fans
Groups of fans that would worship certain teams of racers - black, green, red and white (found on the chariots and the riders to represent their teams), colour per team, these factions were known as Circus factions
131
Gladiatorial combat
Gladiatorial Combat - looking upon this fight required more elevation to be able to see it therefore used facilities like the Colosseum or enlarged / expanded theatres to make the half circles, full circles (which already had good elevation)
These arenas had good display of these fights, often against an enemy to fight against (whether another Gladiator or an animal). Purpose was to entertain people. Arenas were used to manipulate the people to keep their minds quiet and off of their ills - function of sports in Ancient Rome
Ability for Emperor to gain political favour, votes and support through these fights
Does not really have to do with economics at all
Gladiators were Etruscans, they celebrated the death God of the Etruscan people, some were condemned criminals, some wanted the glory of winning. Gladiators were well taken care of as long as they lived
132
Lanistae
The trainers for the Gladiators
133
Retiarii
Class of Gladiators that fought with tridents - a spear, fought in the style of a fishermen with a net and spear
134
Beastiarii
Class of Gladiators that fought animals (ex. lions and bears)
135
The importance of exercise and sport of the body in Italy
More for entertainment purposes, less of a focus on it then Greece
Religion-connotation not so much in Rome, more in Greece as they celebrated the Gods with each event
Gladiators and circuses - served function of introducing and substantiating the population to violence in both civic and military natures (constant reminders to what it took to preserve Rome)
These events which unfolded one after the other was used as means of controlling and entertaining the masses - keeping their rebellious nature at a minimum (occupying them with something to do)
136
Nero
Emperor in Rome, just after Christ, who would be perhaps the best example of corruption during his reign, ego-maniac
Once an Olympic competitor in chariot races (every other athlete bailed out and so he won the Olympic crown)
137
Decline and fall of the Roman empire
There was a population problem in Rome with too many people. Army became full of volunteers rather than forced
Roman army became full of people of other lands that they ended up conquering rather than Romans themselves
Lack of Roman leadership impacted Roman power - power decreased
Rise in Roman lifestyle of bathing - thermae - public baths substantially increased after Christ, huge public baths were built (over 1,000 people in them). Baths were more of a social event, some have exercise area
Abandonment of physical exercise and replaced with the lifestyle of bath - the thermaic affect of relaxation rather than taking care of the body through exercise
Rise in Christianity
Many spectacles of the arenas were the persecution of Christians and their leaders - human inhumanity
138
Mens sana in corpore sano
Strong mind and strong body, Romans didn’t really care too much about this, Greeks valued this more
139
Acceleration of Christianity
Rome itself began to decrease to be replaced by the concentrated popularity of Christianity (became new Rome and became the center of Christianity)
140
Nova Roma
Was the capital of this new Rome and it was the center for Christian emperors
The one activity that remained popular especially in Istanbul and Nova Roma were the chariot races (not many other athletic competitions stayed)
141
Emperor Theodosius II
393 A.D declared a law outlining bringing the end to the Olympic festivals in Greece (which was already on its last legs anyway)
Did not actually write the decree, Theodosius I wrote it then died and left it for his son to actually decree
This date often considered the end of the Greek era - the end of sports, the end of the care of the body
142
Seneca
Lived just before Christ and was put off by the scenes in the Colosseum (didn't like the violence that took place, how inhumane these episodes were)
143
Byzantium sport
The area of Nova Roma where Christianity really blossomed
Chariot races were popular here
