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BIOL 1070 > Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Where did zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) come from?

A

Eastern Europe (Black and Caspian Sea)

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2
Q

How did zebra mussels likely migrate to Canada?

A

Most likely transported in ballast water of an ocean liner that crossed the Atlantic Ocean.

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3
Q

When/where were zebra mussels first reported in North America?

A

1988; in Lake St. Clair

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4
Q

How many freshwater mussel species are in North America?

A

About 300

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5
Q

What family of mussels is native to Ontario?

A

Unionidae (41 species)

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6
Q

What is obligate parasitism?

A

The organism (ex. Unionidae mussels) must parasitize a host at some stage to complete their reproductive cycle

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7
Q

What does dioecious mean?

A

Separate males and females (like most Unionids).

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8
Q

How do Unionids reproduce?

A

Males release sperm into water through exhalant siphon, which are taken up by females downstream through their inhalant siphon.

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9
Q

Where do Unionid embryos mature?

A

Embryos develop inside modified pouches of the female’s gills (marsupium)

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10
Q

What are Unionid larvae called?

A

Glochidia

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11
Q

What are lures?

A

Adaptations by adult Unionid mussels to attract a host fish to allow their glochidia to attach to.

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12
Q

What are refuge sites?

A

Shallow areas of water where mussels are likely to be found

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13
Q

What are ‘druce’?

A

Zebra and quagga mussels (both invasive species)

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14
Q

What level of biological groupings is not considered part of a nested hierarchy?

A

Ecosystem, because it contains both environment and communities (comprised of more than just what’s below it).

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15
Q

What factors contribute to threats to native freshwater mussel biodiversity in the Great Lakes region?

A

Invasive species, ability of mussels to disperse, cargo ships, fisheries, habitat destruction, and agricultural runoff. (NOT daily weather fluctuations)

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16
Q

How do conglutinates work?

A

“Baits and Traps”; Glochidia are enclosed in membranous capsules that mimic host prey, then fish will approach and glochidia are released.

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17
Q

How does host capture work?

A

As fish approaches, the mussel physically grips host and pumps glochidia over gills.

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18
Q

What are the levels of biological organization?

A

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and Species

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19
Q

Define biodiversity.

A

Variability at each level, as well as within a species.

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20
Q

Define diversity.

A

Refers to the number of species in a taxonomic group or geographical area

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21
Q

Define ontogeny.

A

An individual’s development (involves significant changes in morphology)

22
Q

Why are bissel threads useful?

A

They prevent juveniles from being washed downstream

23
Q

What do zebra mussel infestations look like?

A

A mass of shells, but there is a big difference in size, colour, stripe pattern, etc.

24
Q

What is intraspecific variation?

A

Variation in morphological traits within species (Can make it difficult to identify native mussels)

25
Q

What is phenotypic plasticity?

A

Same genotype, but different phenotype (possibly due to environment)

26
Q

What are micro satellites, and how are they useful?

A

Parts of the genome that do not code for proteins; allow us to study variation that is invisible to the eye (Same as DNA fingerprinting)

27
Q

Define abundance.

A

Number of individuals in a given area

28
Q

Define disparity.

A

How physically different species are from one another.

29
Q

What is phylogenetics?

A

Ways in which living things are related to one another through common ancestors

30
Q

Define sister taxa.

A

Closest relatives descended from a single recent ancestor

31
Q

What is a root in a phylogenetic tree?

A

Common ancestor shared by all species depicted

32
Q

What are branches in a phylogenetic tree?

A

Connections between ancestors and descendants

33
Q

What are terminal nodes?

A

Usually represent living species, whereas internal nodes are usually extinct ancestors

34
Q

What is topology?

A

Order of branching reflecting ancestor-descendant relationships

35
Q

What is cladistics?

A

Classification based strictly on evolutionary relationships

36
Q

What are clades?

A

Evolutionary groups; group of species that includes the last ancestor that they shared and all its descendants; also known as monophyletic groups

37
Q

What are paraphyletic groups?

A

When one descendant is left out of a clade

38
Q

Define convergent evolution.

A

Features evolve more than once in independent lineages as a similar adaptation under similar environmental pressures (ex. wings)

39
Q

Define homology.

A

Sharing ancestral traits

40
Q

Define homoplasy.

A

Having traits that are similar but evolved independently

41
Q

What is genetic variation?

A

DNA differences among individuals within a population/species; changes by mutation, natural selection, genetic drift and gene flow

42
Q

What are mutations?

A

Random errors in DNA replication (NOT because of challenges); do NOT occur in order to directly benefit the organism

43
Q

What is natural selection?

A

Non-random differences in survival/reproduction among individual entities on the basis of differences in heritable characteristics; populations become more divergent

44
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

Random changes in allele frequencies in a population; Caused by sampling error (Greater impact with smaller sample size); Population becomes more divergent

45
Q

Define founder effects.

A

Subset of a population moves, and creates a new population elsewhere

46
Q

Define population bottleneck.

A

Drastic reduction in population size gives an unrealistic representation of the original population

47
Q

What is gene flow?

A

The sharing of genes among populations; makes 2 different populations more similar; prevents populations from diverging.

48
Q

What is evolution?

A

The study of both adaptive and non-adaptive change over time in populations, the origin and extinction of species, and the relationships among living things

49
Q

What is ecology?

A

The study of interrelationships between organisms and both living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of their environments

50
Q

What is physiology?

A

The study of organism structure and function, including homeostasis and encompassing cells, tissues, organs, and body systems

BIOL 1070 (3 decks)

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